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1 EFFECTS OF REPEATED EXERCISE ON MUSCLE SORENESS, CREATINE KINASE ACTIVITY AND WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT KEIKO INOUE, SHINHACHI NISHIKAWA, NAOTO KIMURA and KOICHI HIROTA Abstract A study was conducted to investigate changes in muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and white blood cell (WBC) count following exercise bouts spaced three weeks apart. The subjects were six male students (aged 23 `25 yr), who had not participated in any training program for over 18 months. They performed muscular exercise of the nondominant arm using elbow flexors. Twenty percent of maximum voluntary contraction was used as the exercise intensity. After three weeks, the subjects repeated the same exercise bout. Perceived muscle soreness, CK activity and WBC count were assessed before, immediately after, 6 h after and over 9 days after each exercise bout. After the first exercise bout (1 st Ex), the subjects experienced muscle sorenss for 3 `7 days. Also, a large increase of CK was found in five subjects (266 `763%). When the peak CK efflux was observed (day 3 `4 after exercise), soreness had almost disappeared. WBC count was increased immediately and 6 h after exercise, then returned to the resting level. However, a significant increase (p<0.05) in WBC count was observed again on day 7 after exercise when CK had returned to the resting level. After the second exercise (2 nd Ex), a significant decrease of muscle soreness and the CK response was found in comparison with the 1 st Ex (p<0.41). One interesting feature was that the CK efflux of subjects who had shown a large increase of CK after the 1 st Ex was not increased after the 2 nd Ex. The initial exercise bout may have induced some damage to the muscle fibers or mem. bran. This damage would induce a process of repair in the damaged tissue, which in turn would adapt the muscle to the next stimulus. However, the subjects who showed a slight increase of CK after the 1 st Ex did not show this adaptation. Therefore an adaptive threshold for fiber or membrane damage may exist. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 1992, 41: 156 `165) key words : Repeated exercise, Muscle soreness, Creatine kinase activity, White blood cell count Department of Sports Science, Graduate School, Nippon College of Physical Education, 7-1-1, Fukasawa Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158 Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon College of Physical Education, 7-1-1, Fukusawa Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158
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3 Fig, 1, Pressure points. Fig. 2. Changes in blood lactate after 1 st and 2 nd exercises. Fig. 3. Changes in white blood cell after 1 st and 2 nd exercise. Significant difference from rest. (*p<(0.05 )
4 Fig, 4, Change rates of white blood cell from rest, Fig. 5. Change rates of CK activity from rest. Significant difference between 1 st and 2 nd exercise, (p<0,01)
5 Fig. 6. Progress of muscle soreness after 1 at and 2 nd exercises. Significant difference between 1 at and 2 nd exercise, (p<0,01)
6 Fig. 7. Changes in muscle soreness and CK activity after 1 st and 2 nd exercises. 1 kg/cm2<1.5 kg/cm2<2 kg/cm2<2,5 kg/cm2<(subject EY)
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8 1) Abraham, W. M. (1977): Factors in delayed muscle soreness. Med. Sci. Sports., 9, ) Armstrong, R. B., V. Garshnek and J. A. Schwane (1980): Muscle inflamation: Response to eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 12, 94. 3) Armstrong, R. B.(1984): Mechanisms of exerciseinduced delayed onset muscular soreness: A brief review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 16, ) Armstrong, R. B. (1986): Muscle damage and endurance events. Sports Medicin, 3,
9 5) Bobbert, M. F., A. P. Hollander and P. A. Huijing (1986): Factors in delayed onset muscular soreness of man. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 18, ) Byrnes, W. C., P. M. Clarkson, J. S. White, S. S. Hsieh, P. N. Frykman and R. J. Maughan (1985) : Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running. J. Appl. Physiol., 59, ) Clarkson, P. M., P. Litchfield, J. Graves, J. Kirwan and W. C. Byrnes (1985): Serum creatine kinase activity following forearm flexion isommetric exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 53, ) Clarkson, P. M., K. M. McCormick, L. P. Turcotte and J. S. White(1986): Muscle sorenss and serum creatine kinase activity following isometric, eccentric and concentric exercise. Int. J. Sports Med., 1, ) Clarkson, P. M, and I. Tremblay (1988): Exerciseinduced muscle damege, repair, and adaptation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol., 65, ) Friden, J., M. Sjostrom and B. Ekblom (1981): A morphological study of delayed muscle soreness. Experientia, 37, ) Friden, J., M. Sjostrom and B. Ekblom (1983): Myofibrillar damege following intense eccentric exercise in man. Int. J. Sports Med., 4, ) Fridð n, J., J. Seger, M. Sjð±strð±m and B. Ekblom (1983): Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected to prolonged eccentric training. Int. J. Sports Med., 4, ) Friden, J., U. Kjorell and L. E. Thornell (1984): Delayed muscle soreness and cytoskeletal alterations: An immunocytological study in man. Int. J. Sports Med., 5, ) Friden, J.(1984): Muscle soreness affter exercise: Implications of morphological changes. Int. J. Sports Med., 5, ) Graves, J. E., P. M. Clarkson, P. Lotchfield, J. P. Kirwan and J. P. Norton (1987): Serum creatine kinase activity following repeated bouts of isometric exercise with different muscle groups. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 56, ) Gutmann, I, and A. W. Wahlefeld (1974) : L- lactate determination with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD: Methods of enzymatic analysis. Bergmeyer HU (ed). Academic press, ) Jones, D. A, and D. J. Newham (1985) : The effect of training on human muscle pain and damege. J. Physiol., 365, ) Jones, D. A., D. J. Newham, J. M. Round and S. E. J. Tolfree (1986): Experimental human muscle damage: Morphological changes in relation to other indices of damage. J. Physiol., 375, ) Kirwan, J. P., P. M. Clarkson, J. E. Graves, P. L. Litchfield and W. C. Byrnes (1986) : Levels of serum creatine kinase and myoglobin in women after two isometric exercise conditions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 55, ) Kuipers, H., E. Janssen, H. Keizer and F. Verstappen (1985): Serum CPK and amount of muscle damage in rats. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 17, ) Mayer, S. J, and P. M. Clarkson (1984) : Serum creatine kinae levels following isometric exercise. Research Quarterly, 55, ) Newham, D. J., D. A. Jones and R. H. T. Edowards (1983) : Large delayed plasma creatine kinase changes after stepping exercise. Muscle & Nerve, 6, ) Newham, D. J., D. A. Jones and R. H. T. Edowards (1986) : Plasma creatine kinase changes after eccentric and concentric contractions. Nerve, 9, Muscle & 25) Newham, D. J., D. A. Jones and P. M. Clarkson (1987) : Repeated high-force eccentric exercise : Effects on muscle pain and damege. J. Appl. Physiol., 63, ) Oliver, I. T.(1955): A spectrophotometric method for the determination of creatine phosphokinase and myokinase. Biochem. J., 61, ) Schwane, J. A, and R. B. Armstrong(1983): Effect of training on skeletal muscle injury from down. hill running in rats. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat.
10 Environ. Exercise Physiol., 55, ) Schwane, J. A., S. R. Johnson, C. B. Vandenakker and R. B. Armstrong (1983): Delayed-onset muscular soreness and plasma CPK and LDH actin -ities after downhill running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 15, ) Smith, L. L,, M. McCammom, S. Smith, M. Chamness, R. G. Israel and K. F. O' Brien (1989): Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 58, ) Tiidus, P. M, and C. D. Ianuzzo (1983): Effects of intensity and duration of muscular exercise on delayed soreness and serum enzyme activities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 15,
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