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1 9 9 Donald Trump Jerusalem Embassy Act of
2 1 No Bill
3 9 ClintonWGeorge W. Bush Barack Obama Michael Richard Pence Benjamin Netanyahu Mahmoud Abbas Palestine Liberation Organization: PLO Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein United Nations Special Committee On Palestine: UNSCOP corpus separatum
4 第1部 中東情勢とエネルギー問題 表1 エルサレムに関する主な国連決議と米国の対応 総会 安保理 決議番号 採択年月日 内容 米国の対応 総会 181 Ⅱ エルサレム国際管理 賛成 総会 194 Ⅲ エルサレム国際管理 賛成 総会 2253 ES-V イスラエルの地位変更措置の無効 棄権 総会 2254 ES-V イスラエルの地位変更措置の無効 棄権 安保理 領土と平和との交換 原則 賛成 安保理 イスラエル軍事パレード非難 賛成 安保理 イスラエル軍事パレード非難 賛成 安保理 イスラエルの地位変更措置の無効 棄権 安保理 基本法エルサレム無効 棄権 安保理 東エルサレムを含む入植活動非難 棄権 出所 国連の記録に基づいて筆者作成 エルサレムは 国連の有効な管理下に置かれるべきである と規定している だが戦争の結果 エルサレムをめぐる状況は一変した イスラエルとヨルダンとの間の 休戦協定によってエルサレムは東西に分断され 旧市街地を含む東側はヨルダンに 西側 はイスラエルにそれぞれ支配された 東西分断という現実は総会決議 181 Ⅱ および 194 Ⅲ に盛り込まれた国際管理構想を事実上 実現不可能にしたのである それでも国連 信託統治理事会は 1950 年 4 月に 国連統治下での他の地域と切り離された地位 corpus separatum を エ ル サ レ ム に 付 与 す る と す る エ ル サ レ ム 市 法 Statute for the City of Jerusalem を採択している しかし イスラエルとヨルダンはエルサレムのそれぞれの支配地域で自らの統治を確立 していった イスラエルは 1949 年 12 月にエルサレムを自国の首都と宣言し 大統領府や 主要な官庁を順次エルサレムに移転した 一方 ヨルダンは 1950 年 4 月に 東エルサレム とヨルダン川西岸を自国領に併合した 2 第 3 次中東戦争以降 エルサレムをめぐる状況は 1967 年 6 月の第 3 次中東戦争で再び大きく変わった イスラ エルは東エルサレム全域を占領下に置き 直後に東エルサレムに自国の法律や行政を適用 した 6 この結果 エルサレムはイスラエルの支配下で再統一された これに対し 国連 総会は同年 7 月 4 日に決議 2253 ES-V を 同 14 日に決議 2254 ES-V を採択し イス ラエルがとったエルサレムの地位を変更する一連の措置は無効であり イスラエルに対し これらすべての措置を撤回するように求めている 翌 1968 年 5 月初め イスラエルは独立記念日の行事の一環として 軍事パレードをエル 132
5 Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel Harry S. Truman
6 ES-V Arthur Goldberg John Kerry Zivotofsky v. Kerry 2003 Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY John Foster Dulles David Ben-Gurion
7 ES-V
8 The American Presidency Project < accessed on January 5-10,
9 Likud Bob Dole
10 Sheldon Adelson 26 American Israel Public Affairs Committee: AIPAC Pew Research Center, How the Faithful Voted: A Preliminary 2016 Analysis, November 9, 2016.
11 Christians United for Israel: CUFI John Hagee6, Frances Fitzgerald A/ES-10/L
12 PLO United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East: UNRWA
13 The White House, Statement by President Trump on Jerusalem, December 6, The White House, Statement on the American Embassy in Israel, June 1, Barak Ravid and Amir Tibon, Behind the Scenes of the Trump Administration s Tug-of-war over the Israel Embassy Move, Haaretz, May 22, Steve Bannon David Friedman Nikki Haley Rex Tillerson James Mattis Herbert Raymond McMaster 4 Shacher Peled, Pence: Trump Actively Considering How to Move Embassy to Jerusalem, Haaretz, November 28, Mark Landler, Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel s Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move, The New York Times, December 6, territories occupied in the recent conflict Ruth Lapidoth, Jerusalem, Oxford Public International Law, May 2013, Para.28. Lapidoth Scott R. Anderson and Yishai Schwartz, How to Move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem: And What It Means, Legally, If Trump Does, Foreign Policy, November 30, United Nations General Assembly, A/PV.1554, July 14, 1967, Paragraphs Department of State and Department of Justice, Menachem Binyamin Zivotofsky, by His Parents and Guardians, Ari Z. and Naomi Siegman Zivotofsky, Petitioner v. John Kerry, Secretary of State: Brief for the Respondent, February 21, 2014, pp.1-2, < accessed on January 7, Jennifer K. Elsea, Zivotofsky v. Kerry: The Jerusalem Passport Case and Its Potential Implications for Congress s Foreign Affairs Powers, Congressional Research Service, September 28, 2015, p David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel, Oxford University Press, 1993, p
14 United Nations General Assembly, A/PV.1554, Paragraph Pew Research Center 77% Bradley Wright, How Many Americans are Evangelical Christians? Born-Again Christians? Patheos, March 28, 2013, < accessed on January 19, R Stephen Sizer, Christian Zionism: Road-map to Armageddon? Inter-Varsity Press, 2004, Chap Pew Research Center, More White Evangelicals than American Jews Say God Gave Israel to the Jewish People, October 3, Pew Research Center, Goal of Libyan Operation Less Clear to Public: Top Middle East Priority: Preventing Terrorism, April 5, Stephen Labaton, Congress Backs Israel Embassy Switch, but Gives Clinton an Out, The New York Times, October 25, S (104th): Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, GovTrack, < s1322>, accessed on January 8, Mark Landler, For Trump, an Embassy in Jerusalem Is a Political Decision, Not a Diplomatic One, The New York Times, December 6, Nathan Guttman, Evangelicals Led Drive to Name Jerusalem As Capital, AIPAC Stayed On Sidelines, Forward, December 6, Pew Research Center, How the Faithful voted: A Preliminary 2016 Analysis, November 9, Kaitlyn Schallhorn, Why Trump s Promise to Move US Embassy to Jerusalem Is So Controversial, Web Fox News, December 6, Pew Research Center, Most White Evangelicals Approve of Trump Travel Prohibition and Express Concerns about Extremism, February 27, Frances Fitzgerald, The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America, Simon and Schuster, 2017, pp Pew Research Center, Stark Partisan Divisions Over Russia Probe, Including Its Importance to the Nation, December 7, David Kirkpatrick, Tapes Reveal Egyptian Leaders Tacit Acceptance of Jerusalem Move, The New York Times, January 6, Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
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