野生復帰-第4巻.indd
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1 Feeding habits of released free-living Oriental White Storks Ciconia boyciana based on monitoring data of storks for 9 years * Kota Tawa, Shiro Sagawa and Kazuaki Naito Graduate School of Regional Resource Management, University of Hyogo, Shounji, Toyooka, Hyogo Pref., Japan Hyogo Park of the Oriental White Stork, Shounji, Toyooka, Hyogo Pref.,Japan Since, Oriental white storks Ciconia boyciana have been continuously reintroduced by Hyogo Park of the Oriental White Stork in the Toyooka Basin, Hyogo prefecture, Japan. Additionally, since, storks have bred in there every year. The drastic decrease of animals inhabit paddy fields is one of the main causes of extinction of wild stork population in Japan in, but there are only few information about their feeding habits. We studied feeding habits of reintroduced storks based on monitoring data of the total individuals in and around Toyooka Basin from to. A total of categories were listed as food items of storks. Loaches, crucian carps, other fish, crayfishes, frogs, insects, and earthworms were preyed upon by storks all year around, while grasshoppers, locusts, tadpoles and snakes were intensively eaten in summer and autumn. Storks have preyed on these items in various habitatsriver, channel, wetland, paddy field and short grassland. We suggested that these environments have important role of prey fields for storks not only in spring, summer and autumn but in winter. Then, vegetable matters were observed in food items, it was unclear whether storks preyed on these items intentionally. Food habit,, Reintroduced storks, River, Toyooka Basin, Ciconia boyciana Hancock et al. Yoon et al Naito and Ikeda a
2 Fig.. Map of the Hyogo Park of the Oriental White Stork, Iza base, Miho base, and Nagadome nest tower. Table.A list of the storks monitored from to. The number of Mating indicates total number of male and female. Year Released Mating Stork Nonmating Juvenile Total Fig Total b Table
3 Fig.. Number of animal and vegetable contents preyed upon by storks from to. Fig Procambarus clarkii Table Table Appendixa
4 Class Ordar Family Species name Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Cypriniformes Siluriformes Perciformes Osmeridae Cyprinidae Cobitidae Siluridae Odontobutidae Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis Carassius spp. Cyprinus carpio Cobitidae spp. Silurus asotus S. asotus (dead)* Gobioidei spp. Odontobutis obscura Neopterygii spp. Amphibia Anura Caudata Hylidae Ranidae Salamandridae Anura spp. Anura spp. (larvae) Hyla japonica Pelophylax nigromaculatus Lithobates catesbeianus L. catesbeianus (dead)* L. catesbeianus (larvae) Cynops pyrrhogaster Reptilia Squamata Squamata Testudines Viperidae Colubridae Serpentes spp. Elaphe climacophora Sauria sp. Cryptodira spp. Mammalia Soricomorpha Talpidae Talpidae spp. Talpidae spp. (dead)* Oligochaeta Oligochaeta spp. Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Viviparidae Viviparidae sp. Arachnida Arachnida sp. Chilopoda Chilopoda sp. Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Potamidae Procambarus clarkii Brachyura spp. Geothelphusa dehaani Insecta Odonata Orthoptera Mantodea Hemiptera Catantopidae Gryllidae Gerridae Insecta spp. Odonata spp. O. spp. (larvae) Orthoptera spp. Catantopidae spp. Gryllidae sp. Mantodea spp. Gerridae spp. Dried grass Dead leaves Weed Lichen, moss Total Table. A list of foraging contents based on monitoring data of storks from to. Black dots indicate preyed upon by storks. Preys with an asterisk were excluded from total numbers of contents.
5 Table. A list of foraging sites based on monitoring data of storks from to. Black dots indicate preyed upon by storks. Foraging site Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. River Farmland Tree stump Bare field Silurus asotusodontobutis obscura Appendixb Hyla japonicapelophylax nigromaculatuslithobates catesbeianus Cynops pyrrhogaster Appendixc Gloydius Elaphe climacophora Appendixd Appendixe Appendixf Hancock et al Naito and Ikeda
6 Naito and Ikeda Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Lane and Fujioka Butastur indicuskadowaki et al Hydrilla verticillatal. f.royle Hynobius tokyoensis Anastacuo et al. Rana japonicarana ornativentris
7 Rhacophorus schlegeliirhacophorus arboreusfejervarya kawamurai Glandirana rugosa Lithobates catesbeianus Acrida chinerea Atractomorpha lata Oxya yezoensis Oxya japonica Elaphe climacophoragloydius blomhoffiirhabdophis tigrinus Elaphe quadrivirgata
8 Winter SW Winterpers. comm. Shi Lanius bucephalus Euonymus japonicas Thunb. Rostratula benghalensis Moreno et albeaulieu and SockmanEl- Hacen et al JSPS * Anastacio PM, Vasco SP, Alexandra MCCrayfish
9 effects on seeds and seedlings: identification and quantification of damage. Freshwater Biology, Beaulieu M, Sockman KWComparison of optimal foraging versus life-history decisions during nestling care in Lincoln's Sparrows Melospiza lincolnii through stable isotope analysis. Ibis, El-Hacen EHM, Piersma T, Jouta J, Overdijk O, Lok T Seasonal variation in the diet of spoonbill chicks in the Wadden Sea: a stable isotopes approach. Journal of Ornithology, Bird Research, Hancock J, Kushlan JA, Kahl MPStorks, ibises and spoonbills of the world. Academic Press, New York, p pp pp. Rana limnocharis Elaphe quadrivirgatarhabdophis tigrinus Kadowaki S, Murayama T, Kojima YDifferences in the Utilization of Cultivated and Uncultivated Fields as Hunting Grounds by the Grey-faced Buzzard-eagle, Butastur indicus. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology p p Lane SJ, Fujioka MThe impact of changes in irrigation practices on the distribution of foraging egrets and herons Ardeidaein the rice fields of central Japan. Biological Conservation, Moreno R, Jover L, Munilla I, Velando A, Sanpera C A three-isotope approach to disentangling the diet of a generalist consumer: the yellow-legged gull in northwest Spain. Marine Biology, Naito K, Ikeda HHabitat restoration for the reintroduction of oriental white storks. Global Environmental Research, pp *Shi ZPreliminary observations on the winter foraging ecology of oriental white storksciconia boycianain Jiangsu Province, China. Coulter MC, Wang Q, Luthin GS edsbiology and Conservation of Oriental White Stork Ciconia boyciana. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, South Carolina, pp. *Winter SWNesting of the Black-billed White Stork Ciconia boyciana Swinhoein the middle Amur Region. In Gavrilov VM, Potapov RLedsOrnithological Studies in the USSR, vol. 1. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp Yoon J, Na SH, Kim SK, Park SRUse of the foraging area by captive bred oriental storksciconia boyciana in a closed semi natural paddy field. Journal of ecology and field biology a
10 reintr/index_cate.php b reintr/reintr_file/ind_identif.pdf jma.go.jp/jma/menu/report.html nature/intro/1outline/list/l-ryo-.html Taxon Class Ordar Family Species name Foraging site Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. a Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Osmeridae Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis River Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carassius spp. River Cyprinus carpio Cobitidae Cobitidae spp. River Siluriformes Siluridae Silurus asotus S. asotus (dead) River Perciformes Gobioidei spp. Odontobutidae Odontobutis obscura Neopterygii spp. River b Amphibia Anura Anura spp. River Channnel Farmland Bare field Anura spp. (larvae) Channnel Hylidae Hyla japonica Appendix. A list of (a) Fish (Actinopterygii), (b) Amphibia, (c) Reptilia and Mammalia, (d) Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Arachnida, Chilopoda, and Malacostraca, (e) Insecta, and (f) Vegetable matters preyed upon by storks, and their foraging habitats. Black dots indicate preyed upon by storks.
11 Appendix. Continued. Taxon Class Ordar Family Species name Foraging site Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ranidae Pelophylax nigromaculatus Channnel Lithobates catesbeianus L. catesbeianus (dead) L. catesbeianus (larvae) Caudata Salamandridae Cynops pyrrhogaster Channnel c Reptilia Squamata Serpentes spp. River Farm land Bare field Viperidae Colubridae Elaphe climacophora Squamata Sauria sp. Testudines Cryptodira spp. Mammalia Soricomorpha Talpidae Talpidae spp. Talpidae spp. (dead) d Oligochaeta Oligochaeta spp. Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Viviparidae Viviparidae sp. Arachnida Arachnida sp. Chilopoda Chilopoda sp. Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Procambarus clarkii River Brachyura spp. Potamidae Geothelphusa dehaani e Insecta Insecta spp. Tree stump Bare field Odonata Odonata spp. O. spp. (larvae)
12 Appendix. Continued. Taxon Class Ordar Family Species name Foraging site Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Orthoptera Orthoptera spp. River Bare field Catantopidae Catantopidae spp. Gryllidae Gryllidae sp. Mantodea Mantodea spp. Hemiptera Gerridae Gerridae spp. f Dried grass Dead leaves Weed Lichen, moss Bare field
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