The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 17 : (2012) 1 2 1,3 1, * DC Effectiveness of conservation-ori

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 17 : (2012) 1 2 1,3 1, * DC Effectiveness of conservation-oriented agricultural practices on amphibians inhabiting Sado Island, Japan, with a consideration of spatial structure Haruka Uruma 1, Raita Kobayashi 2, Shota Nishijima 1,3 and Tadashi Miyashita 1, * 1 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2 Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, 3 JSPS Research Fellow AIC 2 Abstract: Throughout the world, agricultural landscapes have replaced natural grasslands and wetlands, often leading to drastic decreases in biodiversity. Recently, conservation-oriented agricultural practices aimed at restoring agricultural ecosystems have been increasingly implemented. The present study investigated the effectiveness of two types of practice, winter paddy flooding and the construction of a small ditch around paddies (a practice called Ye ), on three amphibian species that use paddies, partially, for breeding (Rana ornativentris, Hynobius nigrescens, and Rana sp.) on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. These two practices are among several conservation-oriented agricultural practices occurring on Sado Island that have the goal of restoring populations of the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). We examined the abundance of the three amphibians in 20 clusters of paddy fields (a total of 159 individual paddy fields) and used generalized linear models (or generalized linear mixed models) and Akaike s information criterion to explain their distributions at two levels (cluster and individual paddy fields). We found that R. ornativentris and R. sp. were positively affected by either or both types of practice. Rana ornativentris responded to different practices at different spatial levels, suggesting the importance of establishing suitable spatial scales. In terms of * Laboratory of Biodiversity Science, Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan tmiya@es.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp

2 landscape factors, intermediate levels of surrounding forest cover were necessary for R. ornativentris and H. nigrescens, although the effective spatial scales differed; no landscape factors were important for R. sp. To assess the effectiveness of conservationoriented agricultural practices in heterogeneous landscapes such as Satoyama, we propose that it is necessary to identify species that reflect differences in local potential habitats, rather than seek indicator species that could be used across all landscapes. Keywords: indicator species, landscape structure, spatial scale, winter flooding Elphick 2000 Bennett et al Krebs et al Robinson and Sutherland 2002 Tscharntke et al Natural England farming/funding/es/default.aspx Nipponia nippon Ciconia boyciana keityo/tanbo/index.html

3 3 Rana ornativentris Rana sp. Hynobius nigrescens 調査デザイン対象種 3 3 Sekiya et al Rana rugosa 卵塊数および個体数調査環境要因 cm ph ph Arc GIS ESRI Inc. mha 100 m 100 1,000 m 157

4 統計解析 3 10 ha cm 2 mph 8 ID GLMM ha 2 6 GLM AIC 100 1,000 m 100 m 10 AIC AIC Akaike weight w i / 2 Morans I 500 m 5,500 m Sequential Bonferroni α α α 0.05 d Moran s I 1 11 p d R 環境要因の影響 ~ ~ ~ ~238 1a 2 1b 1,000 m 2a 8 3a a 2 1b 100 m 2b 4 3b

5 1 3 / Akaike weight w i ab 2 3 AIC a bc AIC 159

6 3 a 1,000 m b 100 m a 1b 100 m 2c 1b 空間自己相関 Moran I ,000 m 景観構造にもとづいた潜在分布の推定 6 km 4a 4b 4d 4b 4e 農法の効果 2 Kato et al Kohnsue et al Loman and Lardner 2009 Togane et al

7 4a bcd e 2 1 Kato et al cm 3.7 cm

8 2 最適な景観構造 1,000 m m Osawa and Katsuno a 100 m m Smith and Green 佐渡市の環境保全型農業の影響評価に対する提言

9 COE B Bennett AF, Radford JQ, Haslem A (2006) Properties of land mosaics: Implications for nature conservation in agricultural environments. Biological Conservation 133: Elphick CS (2000) Functional equivalency between rice fields and seminatural wetland habitats. Conservation Biology 14: (1984) 14., 15.. () (). pp ,. Kato N, Yoshio M, Kobayashi R, Miyashita T (2010) Differential responses of two anuran species breeding in rice fields to landscape composition and spatial scale. Wetlands 30: Kohnsue W, Matsui M, Hirai T, Misawa Y (2001) Age determination of wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa with special reference to high variation in postmetamorphic body size (Amphibia: Ranidae). Zoological Science 18: Krebs JR, Wilson JD, Bradbury RB, Siriwardena GM (1999) The second silent spring? Nature 400: Loman J, Lardner B (2009) Does landscape and habitat limit the frogs Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria in agricultural landscapes? A field experiment. Applied Herpetology 6: (1989).,. Osawa S, Katsuno T (2001) Dispersal of brown frogs Rana japonica and R. ornativentris in the forests of the Tama Hills. Current Herpetology 20:1-10. Robinson RA, Sutherland WJ (2002) Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: Sakai S, Yamaguchi N, Momose H, Higuchi H (2011) Seasonal shifts in foraging site and prey of Grey-faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus), breeding in Satoyama habitat of central Japan. Ornithological Science 10: Sekiya K, Ohtani H, Ogata M, Miura I (2010) Phyletic diversity in the frog Rana rugosa (Anura: Ranidae) with special reference to a unique morphotype found from Sado Island, Japan. Current Herpetology 29: Smith MA, Green DM (2005) Dispersal and the metapopulation paradigm in amphibian ecology and conservation: Are all amphibian populations metapopulations? Ecography 28: (2010). 2. pp 1-50.,. (2010). 64: Togane D, Fukuyama K, Kuramoto N (2009) Size and age at sexual maturity of female Rana porosa porosa in valley bottoms in Machida City, Tokyo, Japan. Current Herpetology 28: Tscharntke T, Klein AM, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C (2005) Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters 8: (1995) (Rana rugosa).. (2011). 66:

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22.Q06.Q 57 2220045770 Journal of the University of the Air, No. 222004pp.5770 1 2 Participatory Measures of Protection for Crested Ibis Nipponia Nippon and its Habitat Comparative Case Study of Yang County, China