Kyoto University * * * * Labour and Livelihood of Myanmar Migrants in Ranong under the Current Legal Environments in Thailand FUJ

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1 ****** ****** Labour and Livelihood of Myanmar Migrants in Ranong under the Current Legal Environments in Thailand FUJITA Koichi*, ENDO Tamaki**, OKAMOTO Ikuko*** NAKANISHI Yoshihiro*** and YAMADA Miwa*** Abstract The Thai economy is supported by a large number of unskilled migrant workers from the neighbouring countries, especially Myanmar, since the late 1980s. However, the Thai government s system of receiving migrants has been largely defective, due to internal inconsistencies and conflicts among the different agencies of the government. Based on recent household-level surveys on Myanmar migrants in Ranong, southern Thailand, we delineate their work and living conditions how they work hard for wages lower than the minimum wage that leave them with no surplus for remitting to their home country yet a large amount of debt, as well as the harassment and abuse they suffer in the hands of Thai government officials, etc. We also show the actual situation of Myanmar sex workers, including the serious problem of human trafficking they face. By interviewing various government agencies (including the police, labour department, hospitals, etc.), business associations, and NGOs, we show how the structure in which the Myanmar migrants are situated has emerged and is maintained. Keywords: Myanmar migrants, Ranong, fisheries and processing industries, Thai government policies, NGOs, sex workers NGO * Center for Southeast Asian Studies, kfujita@cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp ** Faculty of Economics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City , Japan *** Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba City , Japan 157

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47 : : C (1): CREI Discussion Paper No (3): : : : (8): : Asia Watch and the Women s Right Project A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand. New York: Human Rights Watch. Brahm Press Untangling Vulnerability: A Study on HIV/AIDS Prevention Programming for Migrant Fishermen and Related Populations in Thailand Migrants Health and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Thailand. Prevention of HIV/AIDS among Migrant Workers in Thailand Project. Chalamwong, Yongyuth Economic Crisis, International Migration and the Labor Market in Thailand. TDRI Quarterly Review 13(1): Chalida, P Interinstitutional Collaboration in Provision of Education for Migrant Children in Thailand: The Case Study of Samut Sakhon Province. PhD dissertation, Osaka University. Chantavanich, Supang et al Cross-border Migration and HIV/AIDS Vulnerability in the Thai-Myanmar Border: Sangkhaburi and Ranong. Asian Research Center for Migration, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University a. Mitigating Exploitative Situations of Migrant Workers in Thailand. Asian Research Center for Migration, Institute of Asian Studies b. Assessing the Situation of the Worst Form of Child Labour in Samutsakhon. Asian Research Center for Migration, Institute of Asian Studies. Clarke, M Over the Border and under the Radar: Can Illegal Migrants Be Active Citizens? Development in Practice 19(8): Fujita, K; Endo, T.; Okamoto, I.; Nakanishi, Y.; and Yamada, M Myanmar Migrant Laborers in Ranong, Thailand. IDE Discussion Paper No. 257, Institute of Developing Economies. 203

48 50 2 Human Rights Watch From the Tiger to the Crocodile: Abuse of Migrant Workers in Thailand. Institute for Population and Social Research (IPSR), Mahidol University Prevention of HIV/AIDS among Migrant Workers in Thailand Project (PHAMIT): The Impact Survey Final Report: A Situation Analysis on Health System Strengthening for Migrants in Thailand (Submitted to World Health Organization). International Labour Organization (ILO), Office of the Education Council and Ministry of Education, Thailand Research Study on Educational Opportunity in Migrant and Stateless Children in Samut Sakhorn. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Thailand International Migration in Thailand Assessment of Mobility and HIV Vulnerability among Myanmar Migrant Sex Workers and Factory Workers in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand Migration and HIV/AIDS in Thailand: A Desk Review of Migrant Labour Sectors International Migration in Thailand. International Organization for Migration (IOM); and World Health Organization (WHO) Financing Healthcare for Migrants: A Case Study from Thailand. Krissanakriangkrai, Oraphin; and Hengboriboonpong, Patchana Malaria Transmission along Thai-Myanmar Border. Journal of Science, Technology and Humanities 5(1 2): Lee, Tang Lay Statelessness, Human Rights and Gender: Irregular Migrant Workers from Burma to Thailand. Leiden: Martinus Najhoff Publishers. Leitner, Karen; Suwanvanichkij, Voraivit; Tamm, Ingrid; Iacopino, Vincent; and Beyrer, Chris Human Rights and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: The Experiences of Burmese Women in Thailand. Health and Human Rights 9(2): Martin, P Thailand: Improving the Management of Foreign Workers: Conclusions and Best Practice Recommendations. Bangkok: IOM, Regional Office The Economic Contribution of Migrant Workers to Thailand: Toward Policy Development. International Labour Organization. Moazzem, K. G.; and Fujita, K The Potato Marketing System and Its Changes in Bangladesh: From the Perspective of a Village Study in Comilla District. The Developing Economies 42(1): National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) Gross Regional and Provincial Products 2000 Series Panam, A.; and Khaing Mar Kyaw Zaw Migrant Domestic Workers: From Burma to Thailand. In Transborder Issues in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, edited by Thaweesit S. et al., pp Mekong Sub-region Social Research Center, Ubon Rachathani University. Regional Thematic Working Group on International Migration Including Human Trafficking Situation Report on International Migration in East and South-East Asia. IOM. Thailand, Department of Employment (Ministry of Labour) Year Book of Employment Statistics 2550/2007. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report World Bank World Development Report World Development Report World Vision Foundation of Thailand PHAMIT Subproject Grant Agreement Using Theory-based Behaviour Change Communication for HIV-Prevention among Burmese Fishermen in Phuket Thailand: An Evaluation Study. 204

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