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1 No.8

2

3 OECD market-type mechanism 2000 IT 1 1 1

4 2 cap 19 OECD(1993) Friedman(1962) IC 11 Steuerle(2000) 2 Bradford and Shaviro (1999) Rosen(1995) Steuerle(2000)Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2 nd edition unabridged 2

5 3

6 3 IT

7

8 IT

9 5 1 voucher out 5 7

10 12 West(1996) The Fraser Institute(1999) 90 1 Witte(1996) 90 Greene, Howell and Peterson (1997) Pell Grant , HOPE 12 1,000 1,000 Lifetime Learning Credit 3 5,

11 employability 98 Individual Training Account Youth Credit91 10 Learning Credit OECD(1999)

12 ,500 4, European Commission(1996) Titre emploi service Lloyd, Granger and Shearman (1999) entitlement Hall and Eggers(1995) OECD(1993) Group Chèque Déjeuner Chèque Domicile

13 /3 OECD(1993) 2 Kemp (1997) Bradford and Shaviro(1999)OECD(1993) (1998) 13 Bradford and Shaviro(1999)OECD(1999) 11

14 child-care voucher flat-rate service voucher 21 income-related service voucher 1 1,0003,500 FIM 3703,360 FIM , / The parents organize Municipal day care Private day care Pre-primary education6 Pre-primary education 6 Pre-primary education , , Pre-primary education4, FIM =

15 Social Insurance Institution private care allowance system FIM flat-rate Espoo 21 Legal allowance: 700 FIM Legal income related: 0800 FIM Espoo Extra National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and HealthSTAKES 95 3, ,740 5,

16 Mäntsälä /

17 FIM FIM kommun 10 preschool FIM

18 Nacka kommun Taby kommun

19

20 nursery voucher scheme , Office for Standards in Education OFSTED 1, Kensington and Chelsea, Norfork, Wandsworth, Westminster 33 1 = Statistical Bulletin No.10/

21 4 97 playgroup reception class 5 36 House of Commons (1998) Electronic Telegraph (1996, 1997) 19

22 ,500 3 block grant Besharov and Samari (2000) ,500 European Commission2 1, , foundation stage

23 quasi-voucher system state funding subsidy NZ$2.432 NZ$ Education Review Office (1998) NZ$1=

24 IT 22

25 IT 23

26 Electronic Telegraph (1996), Nursery voucher scheme is closing playgroups, Electronic Telegraph (1997), Vouchers force nurseries to shut, European Commission (1996), First Report on Local development and Employment Initiatives, Working Paper November 1996, SEC(96)2061. Besharov D. J. with N. Samari (2000), Child-Care Vouchers and Cash Payments, Chapter 7, Vouchers and Related Delivery Mechanisms: Consumer Choice in the Provision of Public Services, ed. by C. E. Steuerle, R. Reischauer, Van Doorn Ooms and G. Peterson, Urban Institute Press and Brookings Institution Press. Besharov D. J. with N. Samari (2001), Child Care After Welfare Reform. Bradford, D. F. and D. N. Shaviro (1999), The Economics of Vouchers, NBER Working Paper Department for Education and Employment (1998), Nursery education - the facts. Dohmen, D. (2000), Vouchers in Higher Education A Practical Approach, Paper presented at the ECER Conference, September 2000, Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie, Köln. Duncan, A. and C. Giles (1996), Should We Subsidise Pre-School Childcare, and If So, How? Fiscal Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3. Educational Review Office (1998), Report of the Education Review Office for the Year Ended 30 June The Fraser Institute (1999), The Case for School Choice: United States, Critical Issues. Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press. Greene, J. P. (2000), A Survey of results from Voucher Experiments: Where We Are and What We Know, Civic Report, The Center for Civic Innovation at the Manhattan Institute. Hall, J. and W.D. Eggers (1995), Health and Social Services in the Post-Welfare State: Are Vouchers the Answer? Policy Study No Heikkilä, M., S. Törmä and K. Mattila (1997), Service Vouchers for Day Care of Children. Evaluation Report from a Nation-wide Experiment, STAKES, Report 216, Helsinki. House of Commons (1998), Column 267. Kemp, P. A. (1997), A Comparative Study of Housing Allowances, HMSO. Lloyd, P., B. Granger and C. Shearman (1999), The Third System, Employment and 24

27 Local Development, European Commission. Lloyd, P. and P. Ramsden (2000), Local Enterprises in Enterprising Localities: Area Based Employment Initiatives in the UK, European Commission. Michaela Kreyenfeld (1997), EIN NEUES ORGANISATIONSMODELL IN DER KINDERBETREUUNG: KINDERKASSE, BETREUUNGSGUTSCHEINE UND QUALITATSKOMMISSIONEN, Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Ministry of Finance, Finland (1999), Product and Capital Market Reforms in Finland, Adopted by Cabinet Committ on European Union Affairs on the 26 November, Nechyba, T. J. (1998), The Economics of Education: Vouchers and Peer Group Effects, Treasury Working Paper 98/5, New Zealand. OECD (1992), Vouchers: Social housing and Nursing Homes, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, MARKET-TYPE MECHANISMS SERIES N 4. OECD (1993), Managing with Market-type Mechanisms. OECD (1999), Voucher Programs and Their Role in Distributing Public Services, PUMA/SBO(98)7/FINAL. Piecyk, J. B., A. Collins and J. L. Kreader (1999), Patterns and Growth of Child Care Voucher Use by Families Connected to Cash Assistance in Illinois and Maryland, A Report of the NCCP Child Care Research Partnership, National Center for Children in Poverty. Rosen, H. S. (1995), Public Finance, 4 th edition, Chicago, Richard D. Irwin. Sparkes, J. and A. West (1998), An Evaluation of English Nursery Voucher Schemes, Education Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2. Steuerle, C. E. (2000), Common Issues for Voucher Programs, Chapter 1, Vouchers and Related Delivery Mechanisms: Consumer Choice in the Provision of Public Service. Urban Institute (1999), Vouchers: Looking Across the Board. West, E. G. (1996), Education Vouchers in Practice and Principle: A World Survey, HCO Working Papers. (1998),. (1993),. (2000),, 7. (2001), , 2. 25

28 (1999), 3. (2000),, 1. (1999),, 3 3,. (1999),. (2001),. (2000),. (1998),,. (1997),. 26

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