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1 Grammaticalizaition be going to 2 1
2 Abstract My seminar thesis is on Grammaticalizaition. The reason why I chose this as the theme of my seminar thesis was, as I keep on studying English, I wondered how grammar evolves. By doing a research on how English grammar comes about, I thought that I could have a more clear view of English Grammar. However, the study of grammaticalization is very wide, it is very hard for me to write all the details of grammaticalizaition. Therefore, I will focus on one particular law of grammar to explain what is grammaticalization. During the study of English, I was attracted especially to the auxiliary be going to. Therefore, I will to write on the grammaticalization of the auxiliary be going to to understand how the grammar changes. First of all, to know the meaning of be going to, I will analyze the auxiliary according to reanalysis and analogy. Next, I will research on how the meaning changes, by the way of metaphor and metonymy. Next, I will explain that grammaticalization happens unidirectional, which means that grammatical functions develop from content words and become more grammaticalized, not vise versa. I will also explain the pragmatic strengthening of the grammar, the generalization of the meaning, and the bleaching of meaning. It is said that our language changes during our conversation. During conversation, on one hand, we try to become more informative, and on the other, we try to say the information in more easy way. This we call maximize of informative and maximize of economy. Therefore, we can say that pragmatic affects the change of meanings. Lastly, I will analyze how auxiliary be going to is used in the book and in the movie. In the book, future meaning be going to is used most, and in the movie, shorter word gonna is used the most. From the research, I concluded that grammaticalization is the unidirectional change of content words to grammatical functions, or change from grammatical to more grammatical functions. Grammaticalization involves both semantic and syntactic way of thinking. By studying grammaticalizaion, I could have a more clear view of English grammar and I come to like English more. - i -
3 Abstract be going to be going to will be going to will be going to be going to will will be going to Reanalysis Analogy Reanalysis analogy be going to be going to ful ( be going to ii -
4 ( be going to be going to will 1. Heine et al Grammaticalization To show where a lexical unit assumes a grammatical function, or where a grammatical unit assumes a more grammatical function. (Heine et al.1991:2 (,1998:307 Traugott Pragmatic Strengthening and Grammaticalization. The dynamic, unidirectional historical process whereby lexical items in the course of time acquire a new states as grammatical, morphosyntactic forms.(traugott
5 Hooper & Traugott Grammaticalizaition Grammaticalization refers to part of the study of language that focuses on how grammatical forms and conditions arise, how they are used, and how they shape the language. (Hooper & Traugott,1993:1 ( ( 1996: be going to will.be going to 2.1 be going to go be going to (1 I am going to Hawaii. ( (2 I am going to Hawaii to swim in the ocean. (3 I am going to marry Lucy. (4 I am going to go to Hawaii. (5 He is going to like the band. (6 I m gonna watch TV tonight. go (1 (1Hawaii - 2 -
6 (2 (2 (1 (3 marry (3 be going to be going to (3 (4(5 (4 * (5 * go like be going to be going to go be going to gonna 2.2 will be going to will be going to will be going to : Hooper & Traugott Grammaticalization will be going to be going to a (intention (7 Professor McGonagall is not going to let Harry walk home on his own. ( - 3 -
7 (8 What are you going to do about the mess on the floor? ( b / (9 If interest rates are going to climb, we ll have to change our plans.hooper & Traugott,1993:3 ( (10 I think there is going to be a typhoon. ( will (a intention (11 What will you do about the mess on the floor? ( (b (willingness (12 Will you give me a hand? ( (c prediction (13 The ice will melt if the sun comes out. ( will be going to be going to be going to OED (14Thys onhappy sowle was goyng to be broughte into helle for the synne and onleful lustys of her body. (1482, Monk of Evesham [OED go 47b] - 4 -
8 into helle broughte was goyng to was goyng into helle broughte into helle was goyng to be broughte will will Bybee Pagliuca will (animate inanimate subject will 15Gif he us geunnan wile, p (If he will / is willing to grant that we shouldgreet him who is so gracious ( (Beowulf 346-7;Hooper & Traugott,1993:93 Bybee & Pagliuca; The evolution of future meaning,1987:113 will will 3 be going to - 5 -
9 2.2.4 will be going to be going to go be going to will will be going to go (7 Professor McGonagall is not going to let Harry walk home on his own. ( (intention is not going to will not (8 What are you going to do about the mess on the floor? ( (11 What will you do about the mess on the floor? ( (8 (8 (11 (12 Will you give me a hand? ( (16 Are you going to give me a hand? (
10 (12 (16 be going to (16 (12 (9 If interest rates are going to climb, we ll have to change our plans.hooper & Traugott,1993:3 ( be going to (1992:237 be going to will (9be going to will will be going to will (10 I think there is going to be a typhoon. ( (13 The ice will melt if the sun comes out. ( (10 will (13 will be going to (13-7 -
11 will be going to be going to will (Reanalysis (Analogy 3. Reanalysis Analogy Reanalysis Analogy be going to 3.1 Reanalysis Change in the structure of an expression or class of expressions that does not involve any immediate or intrinsic modification of its surface manifestation (Hooper & Traugott1993:40. Langacker Syntactic reanalysis 58 Traugott (Hooper & Traugott1993 (syntagmatic fusion -hood -dom -ly condition state, realm body, likeness - 8 -
12 (17 cild-had condition of a child ( > childhood freo-dom realm of freedom > freedom man-lic body of a man, likeness of a man > manly Hooper & Traugott, 1993: analogy (18 (18 a. a basket full of apples b. a cupful of tea c. hopeful (Hooper & Traugott,1993:7 (18a (18b l( (18b c full be going to 3.3 be going to be going to - 9 -
13 Hooper & Traugott be going [ to visit Bill ] [be going to] visit Bill [be going to ] like Bill [gonna] like / visit Bill ( Hooper & Traugott,1993:61 going be going to be going to be going to be going to
14 Traugott Langacker maximize of economy maximize of informative Traogott,1993:64., Langacker, R.W Syntactic Reanalysis.( I am going to visit Bill gonna be going to will ll be going to gonna Hooper & Traugott,1993 Universal Grammar
15 Hooper & Traugott,1993: Bybee Pagliuca (Hooper & Traugott,1993:78. Bybee & Pagliuca 1985 Historical Semantics and Historical Word Formation ,1996:210 :102,1996:210 :105 I will give you that idea,1996:
16 The kettle is boiling. :115 Hooper & Traugott Metaphor operates across conceptual domains, while metonymy operates across interdependent (morphosyntactic constituent. Traugott,1993:87 Hooper & be going to be going [ to visit ] [be going to] visit Hooper & Traugott(1993:82 be going to go go to [be going to] be going to (,1996:187 Sweetzer go Sweetser,E.E Grammaticalization and Semantic Bleaching. BLS 14: go
17 Time is Space go to to go go be going to be going [ to visit Bill ] PROG [be going to] visit Bill [be going to ] like Bill Hooper & Traugott,1993: [be going to] go
18 be going to be going to be going to go Hooper & Traugott(1993:7 full full cupfulhopeful 5.2 Hooper & Traugott
19 go to Traugott strengthening, most especially strengthening of the expression of speaker involvement. (Traugott 1988 ( 1996 be going to Hooper & Traugott An increase in the polysemies of a form Hooper & Traugott,1993:96 ( Kurylowicz Hooper & Traugott,1993:
20 An increase of the range of a morpheme advancing from a lexical to a grammatical or from a less grammatical to a more grammatical Kurylowicz, The evolution of grammatical categories : 52 be going to (,1995:64 (19 I am going to wake him up in the up stairs. (20 The bell was going to ring any second now. (21 *Mother s gonna store after having lunch. (22 I will be going to visit White House tomorrow. (19 (20 (21 gonna gonna
21 (22 will be going to go be going to will be going to (22 willbe going to be going to be going to will Traugott 6. ful ful be going to
22 6.1 ful ful ful handful, bagful, mouthful, sackful, armful, cupful, glassful, pocketful, bucketful full 6.2 ( be going to be going to be going to to I m going to London. I m going to visit him. He s going to laugh me
23 gonna I m gonna eat lunch here Todd Strasser The Accident The Accident be going to gonna (5 9 BACK TO THE FUTURE The Accident gonna Back To The Feature be going to gonna The Accident I m going to wake him up. wake be going to The Accident be going to be going to Back To The Feature gonna gonna
24 be going to be going to full -ful be going to 8. will be going to
25 be going to The Accident Back To The Future breakfast ask blow college be bring funeral call cut The assembly care do doeat find out get finish go get pay give remember go go laugh learn live miss practice prove resister say sit sound(v stop talk tell think wake give ring snow(v stop wait night school be the dance break build change clean cost cut eat end up get get angry go touch have kiss leave love make pay protect regret say see spend stand strike succeed take
26 OED: The Oxford English Dictionary Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2 nd edn. Heine et al Grammaticalization : A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Hooper Paul J., Traugott, Elizabeth C Grammaticalization Cambridge University Press Lehmann, Christian, 1995 Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Lincom Europa Traugott, Elizabeth C Pragmatic Strengthening and Grammaticalization. BLS14: Traugott, Elizabeth C., and Berne Heine Approaches to Grammaticalization., vol.1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Strasser, Todd, 1988 The Accident. Laurel-Leaf Book Ungerer, Friedrich & Schmid Hans-Jrg, 1996 An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Addison Wesley Longman Limited F. /H.-J
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