日本感性工学会論文誌
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1 Vol.9 No.3 pp Verification of Contraction of Frontalis Muscle as An Indicator of Resistance to Drowsiness Asami ICHIMURA*, Kenji ISHIDA** and Masayoshi KAMIJO* * Graduate School Shinshu University, Tokida Ueda-shi Nagano , Japan ** DENSO CORPORATION, 1-1 Showa-cho Kariya-shi, Aichi , Japan Abstract : This paper describes an experiment designed to verify whether contraction of the frontalis muscle indicates resistance to drowsiness. Electromyograms (EMG) of the frontalis muscle were monitored while the subject operated a driving simulator under the following two conditions : (1) Dozing not permitted, (2) Dozing permitted. We measured the resulting data of the 15 tested subjects and analyzed the contraction of the frontalis muscle by comparing the results taken from the two conditions listed above. The results showed that the contraction of frontalis muscle observed in condition (2) was smaller than that which was observed in condition (1) by a significant degree. It was concluded that contraction of the frontalis muscle indicates a resistance to drowsiness. There were significant differences in frontalis activity between condition (1) and (2) during the early stage of the test before dozing occurred. We have concluded that frontalis muscle activity is a viable method to detect early stage drowsiness. Keywords : Driving behavior, Drowsiness, Facial muscle activity W 158 cm D 267 cm H 207 cm m W 161 cm H 121 cm cm p-p 25 cm 22 s 2.5 cm 2 Received Accepted
2 日本感性工学会論文誌 中央を通過するようにステアリングを操作させ 眠気に対す る抵抗を生じさせるため 途中で眠くなっても眠らないよ Vol.9 No 測 定 項 目 以下に測定項目とその測定方法について示す う 被験者に指示した 一方 条件②では ステアリング操 顔画像 メータ付近に設置された暗視用 CCD カメラで肩か 作はさせず 上から下に連続移動する 2 本のカーブの左右中 ら上の頭部全体の正面動画像を撮影し DVCAM 央を自動的に通過する注視点マーカーを単に観察させ 眠気 レコーダに記録した カメラは レンズ部分以外を に対する抵抗が生じないように 被験者に眠らないよう指示 黒い暗幕で覆い 目立たないように配慮した また照度は しなかった 表 1 なお 室温は 25.5 ± 0.5 C 筋電図 眠気に対する抵抗が現れると考えられる前頭筋及び シート左横に設置された白熱灯照明により 運転席付近にお 咬筋 図 3 の筋電図を測定した 測定部位は右顔 いて約 30 lx であった 面とした 測定にはテレメトリ筋電計 ｷｯｾｲｺﾑﾃｯｸ 社製 MARQ と小型アクティブ Ag-AgCl 皿電極 2.2 被 験 者 被験者は 代の健常者 19 名 男性 8 名 女性 11 名 を用いた 電極の外形は 6 mm 電極部の直径は 3 であった 本研究は 信州大学ヒト倫理委員会の承認を得た mm で 6 mm 間隔で配置した アース電極は頚椎 点においた サンプリング周波数は 1000 Hz で コ 上で実施した 実験前に 本研究の内容 研究中断の権利が ンピュータに記録した 生体増幅器のローパスフィ あること 対象者の個人情報を明らかにしないことを書面で 説明し 同意を得た また 実験後には対価を支払った ルタは 500Hz に設定した 心電図 直径 4 cm のディスポーサブル電極を用いて胸部双 極誘導により測定した テレメータ GE 横河メディ 2.3 実験プロトコル カルシステムズ社製 MT-11 を用いて サンプ リング周波数 500 Hz で コンピュータに記録した 以下に実験手順を示す 1 被験者に実験内容などの説明を行い インフォームド 3. 評 価 方 法 コンセントを得た 2 実験方法を教示し 3 分間練習を行わせた 3 洗顔をさせ 測定箇所をアルコールで拭き取り 電極 を皮膚表面に貼り付けた 3.1 顔 表 情 評 定 被験者 19 名のうち 条件①で眠気表情が取得できた 15 名 4 覚醒状態の無表情時の筋電図を約 2 分間測定した について顔表情評定を行い 眠気レベルを求めた 実験開始 5 条件①の実験を 60 分間させた 実験の直前後に疲労 直後から居眠り状態に至るまでの顔表情の正面動画像データ 10 およ 覚醒主観評価 Roken Arousal Scale RAS を 5 秒ごとの動画像に区切り 17 inch 液晶ディスプレイに び状態不安尺度 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI 提示した直後に評定者に評定してもらった 眠気レベルは X-1 11 を回答させた 北島ら 12 の評定基準に 眠っている を追加した以下 6 6 約 60 分間の休憩をとった 段階とした 7 条件②の実験を 60 分間させた 実験の直前後に RAS 10 および STAI X-1 11 を回答させた 8 安静閉眼を 3 分間させた 9 電極を取り外し 外した測定箇所をアルコールで拭き 実験を終了した 0 全く眠くなさそう 2 眠そう 4 非常に眠そう 1 やや眠そう 3 かなり眠そう 5 眠っている 評定者は 北島らの評定基準を理解し 5 回以上の評定経 験を持つ 3 名とした 同一の画面を見ながら 評定は個別に 実施した 寺下ら 13 の手法に則って 評定結果の安定 性を図るため 同ディスプレイの左に同サイズの別ディスプ レイを設置し 実験開始直後の 0 全く眠くなさそう 時 表 1 実験条件 図1 568 ステアリング操作 眠らないよう指示 条件① あり あり 条件② なし なし ドライビングシミュレータ 図 2 スクリーン上の画面 図 3 顔面筋電図の測定部位
3 Hz HPF DC 2 RMS 15 RMS RMS RMS RMS EMG t 0 T 3.4 R R-R 1 Hz 5 5 HR HR HR HR HR B 569
4 日本感性工学会論文誌 Vol.9 No.3 定された前頭筋の筋電図の例を図 5 に示す 本図は HPF を 指示した条件に比べ 指示しなかった条件では 前頭筋の収 施した後の筋電図波形である 条件①に比べ 条件②では筋 縮が弱まることが確認された 電図の振幅が全体的に小さく 前頭筋の収縮活動が弱まる傾 条件①では 条件②より眠ってはいけないという意識が強 向が確認された 同様の傾向が 他の被験者にも観察された く 視界を確保し続けようとするために 前頭筋の収縮を強 図 6 に 全解析対象区間における 基準化 RMS の被験者 15 名全員の平均値を 両条件間で比較した結果を示す 条 件①では 基準化 RMS が 1 を上回るため 実験前の覚醒状 めることによって眉上げ行動が行われるのではないかと考察 態に比べて前頭筋が収縮することが確認された 条件②で 件①に比べて弱まったものと推察される 以上のことから は 基準化 RMS がわずかに 1 を上回る程度であるため 実 眠気亢進に伴う前頭筋の収縮は 眠気に対する抵抗が起因と 験前の覚醒状態とほぼ同様の前頭筋の活動であることが確認 なって生じる生体反応であると考えられる される 一方 条件②では 眠ってしまっても構わないこと から 視界を確保し続ける必要がなく 前頭筋の筋収縮は条 された 対応のある t- 検定を実施した結果 両条件間には危 RMS は 条件①に比べて低い値を示すことが確認された また 全解析対象区間における基準化 RMS の平均値につい て 被験者ごとに両条件間で比較した 15名中13名 各眠気レベルにおける傾向 各眠気レベルの前頭筋の基準化 RMS を 両条件間で比較 した結果を図 7 に示す 同図は 各眠気レベルについて 225 区間 全 15 名 15 区間 の平均値と標準偏差を示して において 条件①に比べて条件②では低い値を示し 対応の いる 同図によれば 全眠気レベルにおいて条件②の基準化 ある t- 検定を実施した結果 両条件間には危険率が 1 の水 RMS は条件①に比べて低い値を示した 対応のある t- 検定 を実施した結果 眠気レベル 1 5 において両条件間には危 険率が 1 の水準で有意な差が得られた このことから 条 険率が 1 の水準で有意な差が得られ 条件②の基準化 準で有意な差が得られた これらのことから 眠らないよう 件②では眠気が亢進すると その眠気レベルに関係なく 前 頭筋の収縮は条件①に比べて弱まると推察される また 両 条件間における筋活動量の差は 眠気レベル 1 4 にかけて 眠気の亢進に伴って増加傾向にあり 居眠り状態である眠気 レベル 5 になると減少した このことより 眠気に対する抵 抗を表すと考えられる前頭筋の収縮は 居眠り状態に至る前 段階で大きく生じるものと推察される a 持続的な筋収縮が顕著な条件①の典型例 筆者ら 16 は トラッキングエラーや反応時間などの パフォーマンスは ほぼ居眠り状態で急激に悪化することを 確認している いち早くドライバを支援するためには パ フォーマンスの悪化よりも早期にドライバの覚醒低下を捉え る必要がある これに対し 前頭筋は 居眠りに至る前段階 である眠気レベル 1 4 の覚醒低下状態で筋活動量の差が増 加している 従って 顔画像から眉上がりを捉えられれば 居眠りに至る前段階で眠気を検知できる可能性が高いと考え b 持続的な筋収縮が顕著でない条件②の典型例 図 5 前頭筋の筋電図測定結果の典型例 られる その他の筋が眠気に対する抵抗の指標となる可能性 条件①に比べて条件②の前頭筋の収縮活動が弱まらなかっ 図 6 両条件間における前頭筋の筋活動量の比較 15 名の平均値 570 図 7 両条件間における前頭筋の筋活動量の比較 眠気レベルごと
5 L O RMS 8 t- 2 1 RMS HR 15 HR 1 t- 1 HR t HF 22 R-R CVRR 5. 8 L O
6 Vol.9 No Vol.36 No.5 pp PIONEER R&D Vol.14 No.3 pp Vol.58 No.12 pp No pp Kenji ISHIDA et. al. : A STUDY OF FACIAL MUSCU- LAR ACTIVITIES IN DROWSY EXPRESSION, Kansei Engineering International Journal, Vol.9, No.2, pp57-66, CD-ROM H pp pp RAS pp STAI Vol.22 No.2 pp C Vol.63 No.613 pp pp Vol.39 No.3 pp pp Vol.40 No.3 pp pp pp pp pp PIONEER R&D Vol.13 No.2 pp R-R Vol.50 No.3 pp pp CPEJ IEEE 572
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