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1 Lexilogus Lexilogus James Legge A lexilogus of the English, Malay, and Chinese languages: comprehending the vernacular idioms of the last in the Hokkeen and Canton dialects (119)

2 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 Hok-keen vernacular Hok-keen colloquial 4 19 Douglas 1873 Schlegel Lexilogus 243 (120)

3 Lexilogus American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions David Abeel, Sew-Tsae 6 Wylie 1867: New Brunswick Elijah Coleman Bridgman Samuel Robbins Brown Koo-lang-seu Griffis 1902: (121)

4 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 Williamson 1848: Samuel Dyer A vocabulary of the Hok-Këen dialect as spoken in the county of Tshëang- Tshew Walter Henry Medhurst 1832 A dictionary of the Hok-këèn dialect of the Chinese language vii-viiirobert Morrison A dictionary of the Chinese language Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 Medhurst (122)

5 Lexilogus 2011 Dyer : Medhurst Wikipedia 2013b:27 Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 Medhurst :492011:20 Carstairs Douglas Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy 8 Dyer : (123)

6 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 Dyer s/*s 3 1 Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 ch ch h Medhurst 1832 ts tsh xxxiii ch cheep chch h ch ch 9 *t *t ʰ *ts *tsʰ Dyer 1838 tsh c h tsh nutshell tsh c h church ch Dyer 1838: A treatise on the tones of the Hok-keen dialect 5 10 Medhurst (124)

7 Lexilogus Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 *ts Medhurst Dyer 1838 tsh church Dyer 1838 c h ch p h h ch Dyer 1838 c h *ts *t ʰ 1 1 ch 1 tsh ch 12 *ts ch 13 tsh ch Medhurst 1832 ch/*t ch h/*t ʰ Dyer 1838 tsh/*ts c h/*t ʰ tsh/*ts ch ch/*t ʰ 238 (125)

8 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 chá 1 tshá 4 chay 11 tsháy 35 chë n à 9 tshë n à 24 chéy ng 1 tshéy ng 0 chin 4 tshin 4 14 chóo 1 tshóo 2 chwâ 1 tshwâ 0 ch tsh tsh yh 3 15 chĕyh 5 tshit 1 chit 1 tshö y 2 chö y 6 Medhurst 1832 j xxxiii j j pleasure precision crosier s 16 * j *d 2011:108 *dz Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 j j 237 (126)

9 Lexilogus Medhurst 1832 j * 2.3 Medhurst 1832 Dyer Medhurst 1832Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 ay ai ng ey oe Dyer 1838 ey er n oe eĕh ey ng ay o o ng ĕh ey ey ng ay oe n oe ĕh ëĕh Medhurst 1832 it ëem/p ëung/k ee ng wui ng e ng Dyer 1838 it ëum/p ëong/k e ng ooi ng u ng it id ëem/p ëum/p ëung/k e ng ooi ng u ng Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 id eng/k 236 (127)

10 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 ey ay Medhurst ay ey ay ay Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 ay a care a bear wear ea 17 ey Ke-ay e dey bey ey 18 ay * ey *e *ĭe *ei *e ey Dyer 1838 ay ey Medhurst 1832 ay ey ey ay 19 Dyer 1838 ey ey *ay *e Medhurst 1832 ay ai ng Dyer 1838 ey ng ey ng ey ng /*ɛ Medhurst 1832 yh Dyer 1838 ĕyh ĕyh/* eng/k eng Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832Medhurst (128)

11 Lexilogus eng lengthen leng ke-eng 20 *e *ĭe *e 1993:562011: [ ~ i] Medhurst eng ek Dyer 1838 ng/* *ek oe n oe Medhurst o oe Medhurst 1832 oe toe hoe ko-oo 22 * ko-oo oo *u * u o o oe *ɔ u Medhurst 1832 n oe Dyer 1838 o ng n oe o ng Medhurst 1832 n oe uy un/t uy Dyer (129)

12 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 Medhurst 1832Medhurst 1832 uy quiet qui Koo-wy 23 *u i 2011:109 wae/*uai [ui] wy [wai] Koo-wy [kuai] [ui] un ut Medhurst 1832 un Koo-un 24 *u n ut *u t 2011:109 wan/*uan [un] un [ n] Koo-un [ku n] [un] ëem/p Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 ëem ëep Medhurst 1832 ëem ke-yem ke-y m key them em key- em 25 *iæm *i m Dyer 1838 ëem ëum e u *i m *i m ëen 233 (130)

13 Lexilogus ëen Medhurst 1832 Ke-en Ke-yen Ke- n ëen ëen ëem ëem ëem ëum ëem t h ëum t t h /iam/ *t *tʰ e u *t *tʰ *iæm 3 /iam/ /ian/ m n Medhurst 1832 ëem/*iæm i m ëen/*iæn Dyer 1838 ëum/*i m i m ëen/*iæn ëem/*iæm t h- ëum/*i m t-, t h- ëen/*iæn ëem ëep 2 ëep ëup ëep t ëup t /iam/ *iæp 232 (131)

14 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 ëung/k Medhurst 1832 ëung young këong song 26 ëung *i *i * *i *i /i/ Dyer 1838 ëung ëong u o ëong ëung o u *iɔ ëung ëuk ng/* *iɔ k it it id Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 tshid chid hid tshit chit hit la/*la ay/*e sonorant *t *t id 231 (132)

15 Lexilogus Medhurst Dyer 1838 Medhurst böĕyh böĕ yh böĕ yh böĕyh böĕyh (133)

16 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 x 4 xh tsh ch x h, x ng * h 23 2 böĕ y böĕ yh ch t sh t shap chap b h 15 8 hô bô ng h yëōng 73 9 tshĕ h yëō ng tshĕ h p h pht h thk h kh kh t shān tshān 229 (134)

17 Lexilogus 9 15 teŏ h tëŏ h tëoh tëŏh tshō n á tshö n á b h p t k tŏ k to kmedhurst 1832 h/* h 2.4 bak 1 ba k 8 jip 4 ji p 2 lat 4 la t 5 pek 1 pe k 2 sit 6 si t 1 tok 7 to k t h yh 1 t hă yh 34 tshap 3 tsha p (135)

18 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 tshit tshi t p/*p p h/*pʰ b/*b m/*m t/*t t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l 桌 tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g gn/* h/*h _/*Ø c/*k f/*f 2.2 *ts ch gn gnóegnōegn y ng *m *ŋ a/*a ae/*ai aou/*au am/*am an/*an ang/*a 227 (136)

19 Lexilogus ey/* ay/*e e/*i ew/*iu im/*im in/*in eng/*e o/*o oe/* u ong/* oo/*u uy/*u i un/*u n ëa/*ia ëaou/*iau ëem/*iæm ëen/*iæn ëang/*ia (ëum) ëo/*io ëung/*iɔ wa/*ua wae/*uai wan/*uan öey/*ue a/*ã ae ng /*ãi ey ng /*ɛ e ng /* ë n a/*iã ëo ng /*iõ ö n a/*uã ooi ng /*u h/*a aŏuh/*au ap/*ap at/*at ak/*ak ĕyh/* yh/*e ĕh/*i ip/*ip it/*it ek/*ek (ëĕh) (id) 226 (137)

20 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 ŏh/*o 桌 ë h/*ia ëep/*iæp (ëup) ut/*u t ëet/*iæt ok/* k ëak/*iak ëŏh/*io ëuk/*iɔ k w h/*ua wat/*uat öĕyh/*ue ĕ ng h/* u m /*m u ng /*ŋ ew yewim yimin yinuy wuyun wun ëa yëaëaou yaouëem yëemëen yëenëo yëoëung yung ë n a yë n aëo ng yëo ng ooi ng wooi ng it yitut wutë h yë h ëak yëakëŏh yëŏh Medhurst ĕh ëĕh it id ëem ëep ëum ëup *m *n * *a *o ma [mã] noh [nõ ] 225 (138)

21 Lexilogus 3.3 Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 h/* *a 18 6 Dyer a, ang 2 á, áng 3 à, àng 4h, ak 5 â, âng 7 ā, āng 8 ă h, a k Dyer 1838 Dyer 1838:7 Dyer (139)

22 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 *ai p t k / 223 (140)

23 Lexilogus a/*a h/*a ae/*ai aou/*au aŏuh/*au p/*p 2 3 p h/*pʰ 4 b/*b 4 m/*m 2 7 t/*t t h/*tʰ 3 5 n/*n 7 2 l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* 2 吔 s/*s 2 3 k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g 5 gn/* h/*h 3 7 _/*Ø hāi/*hai 7 taoutshé 吔 Javanese 222 (141)

24 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 am/*am ap/*ap an/*an at/*at ang/*a ak/*ak p/*p p h/*pʰ 1 4 b/*b m/*m 1 t/*t 值 5 8 t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ 1 j/* s/*s 5 1 k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g gn/* h/*h _/*Ø sâmlâm kap ha p kakk hëŏh êng/*e 5 chang tshang/*tsa 1 tok to k/*t k (142)

25 Lexilogus ey/* ĕyh/* ay/*e yh/*e e/*i ĕh/*i ew/*iu p/*p p h/*pʰ 1 b/*b m/*m t/*t t h/*tʰ n/*n 5 l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* 7 5 s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ 4 3 g/*g 5 5 gn/* h/*h _/*Ø nêyan ley long tshày/*tse 3 sáy/*se 2 só/*so 2 tsh yh chĕyh/*t ʰ (143)

26 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 im/*im ip/*ip in/*in it/*it eng/*e ek/*ek p/*p p h/*pʰ 2 4 b/*b 7 5 m/*m 5 t/*t t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ 1 4 g/*g gn/* h/*h 5 4 _/*Ø gīm 迌 t hô Bugis jĕkkek (144)

27 Lexilogus o/*o ŏh/*oʔ oe/* u ong/* ok/* k oo/*u p/*p p h/*pʰ 7 b/*b m/*m 5 t/*t 1 4 桌 t h/*tʰ n/*n 7 4 l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g gn/* 2 h/*h _/*Ø chò poôtshò/*tso 3 3 厝 gô nŏh choe/*t ʰ u 1 厝 218 (145)

28 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 uy/*u i un/*uən ut/*u t ëa/*ia ë h/*ia ëaou/*iau p/*p p h/*pʰ 1 b/*b 5 m/*m t/*t t h/*tʰ 1 7 n/*n 1 l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* 2 s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ 徛 g/*g 8 gn/* h/*h _/*Ø tshëa 徛 këă h hë h yëă h tshëâou/*tsiau (146)

29 ëem/*iæm (ëum) Lexilogus ëep/*iæp (ëup) p/*p 7 4 p h/*pʰ 3 b/*b 7 ëen/*iæn ëet/*iæt ëang/*ia ëak/*iak m/*m t/*t t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l 槤 2 tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* 5 2 s/*s k/*k 5 4 k h/*kʰ 3 4 g/*g gn/* h/*h 7 _/*Ø t hëúm tsháetëup chëĕ p tshëĕ p/*ts iæp 8 tëāng cheang tshëang/*tsia (147)

30 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 ëo/*io ëŏh/*ioʔ ëung/*iɔ ëuk/*iɔ k wa/*ua wăh/*uaʔ p/*p 8 p h/*pʰ 3 b/*b 7 5 m/*m t/*t t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l 8 7 tsh/*ts 眾 ch/*t ʰ 3 7 j/* s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g 2 gn/* h/*h 1 1 _/*Ø tshāy hëungsòngtshāy tshw h ka 蟑 chëó tshëó/*tsio 2 lëo lëŏ h/*lio 8 4 煞 215 (148)

31 Lexilogus wae/*uai wan/*uan wat/*uat öey/*ue öĕyh/*ue n a/*ã p/*p 7 p h/*pʰ b/*b 2 4 m/*m t/*t 2 t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l tsh/*ts 1 7 ch/*t ʰ 7 j/* s/*s 3 1 k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g 5 8 gn/* h/*h _/*Ø 3 8 tshö y chö y 214 (149)

32 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 ae ng /*ãi ey ng /*ɛ e ng /* ĕ ng h/* ë n a/*iã ëo ng /*iõ p/*p 7 1 p h/*pʰ 2 7 b/*b m/*m t/*t 7 7 t h/*tʰ n/*n l/*l tsh/*ts ch/*t ʰ j/* s/*s k/*k 3 7 k h/*kʰ g/*g gn/* 7 h/*h 1 _/*Ø 5 5 tshéy ng chë n à tshë n à/*tsiã 3 tshëō ng /*tsiõ (150)

33 Lexilogus ö n a/*uã ooi ng /*uĩ u m /*m u ng /*ŋ p/*p 3 7 p h/*pʰ 3 b/*b m/*m 5 t/*t t h/*tʰ 5 n/*n 7 2 l/*l tsh/*ts 2 5 ch/*t ʰ 5 j/* s/*s k/*k k h/*kʰ g/*g gn/* h/*h 1 5 _/*Ø anlwā kù ng k hù ng 212 (151)

34 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 Lexilogus 3.4 *ts *t ʰ *m *b 5 *m *b b/*b m/*m báng/*ba 2 mang/*ma 1 bīn/*bin 7 mîn/*min 5 Medhurst 1832 *m *n * *b *l *g Dyer :94 2 A vocabulary of words and phrases &c 6 46 bin-bang min-a-tshae *bin min *b *m Dyer 1838 *e *e *e ɛ *e 211 (152)

35 Lexilogus 6 Dyer 1838 Medhurst 1832 Dyer Dyer 1838 ta po lâng /*ta 1 po 1 la 5 tsha po /*tsa 1 po 1 hé tāou /*hi 2 tau 7 hwut tāou /*hut 4 tau 7 hid la /*hit 4 la 1 hid ây ūy /*hit 4 e 5 ui 7 gwán /*guan 2 gwán /*guan 2 gwán tshëah ây lâng /*guan 2 tsia 4 e 5 la 5 ch tsh Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 Dyer Lexilogus 210 (153)

36 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 1 / * 2 3 张 2004: b: a 6 7 The orthography adopted will be found to correspond nearly with that employed in Mr. Dyer's Vocabulary of the Hok-keen Dialect. 8 the author has therefore adopted that mode of spelling which appeared to him the best, following, in most instances, the orthography of Dr. Morrison, in his Dictionary of the Mandarin tongue, where the sounds at all resembled each other; [...] 9 Cheng conveys the initial sound of ch as in cheap. Ch hut gives the initial ch h, which is the ch strongly aspirated, to be pronounced with a whizzing noise between the ch and the vowel. 10The distinction between the sounds written with the initials c h and tsh requires particular notice. The former indicates the hard ch in the word church; but is even still more strongly aspirated, and so it is written with the spiritus asper: the latter indicates the soft sound of tsh as heard in the word nutshell, and must by no means be aspirated :94 tstsʰ 209 (154)

37 Lexilogus 12He particularly regrets the wrong orthography of Chid-ây instead of Tshid-ây, which extends through nearly a third part of the volume, also of tsh yh for chĕyh, and böĕ yh for böĕyh. 13 Dyer 1838 sê-ch yh, a season A treatise on the tones of the Hok-keen dialect 17 ch yh tsh 14 1 tshīn 15 tshă yh 1 16Ji p gives the sound of j very much softened, as the j in French, or like the sound of s, in the English words pleasure, precision, crosier, &c. 17Kay; the a in this word is like the sound of a in care, or like the ea in bear, wear, &c. 18Key is a peculiar sound, sometimes a little drawled out as Ke-ay, but generally pronounced short as the French e, or as the ey in dey, or bey, when these words are applied to the governors of Algiers and Tunis. 19 Dyer 1838 :Introduction 5 ay er er ey 20Keng rhymes with leng in lengthen, and is sometimes a little drawled out, so as to appear to sound like ke-eng, though still but one syllable :91 Dyer 1838 eng [i ] eng Medhurst 1832 Dyer 1838 eng 22Koe rhymes with our English words toe, and hoe, but differs from them in being pronounced with a full mouth, as if written ko-oo. 23Kwuy is like qui, in the English word quiet, or sometimes pronounced a little longer, as if written Koo-wy, though still but one syllable. 24Kwun is pronounced something like Koo-un, enunciated as one syllable. 25Këem contains a double vowel, and is pronounced as if written ke-yem, or according 208 (155)

38 東洋文化研究所紀要第 165 册 to some ke-y m; an idea may be formed of this sound by taking the word key, and em, the contraction of them, and pronouncing them rapidly together, thus key- em. 26Këung is a sound that rhymes with young, but is by some persons written këong, and made to rhyme with song. 27 h böĕ y 2 böĕ yh : tŏ k 7 tòk 2 30 tshid 3 晓 2011 纪 传 闽 语 词汇 统 a 张 2004 闽 专题 辑 : Douglas, Carstairs Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy, with the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner. Dyer, Samuel A vocabulary of the Hok-Këen dialect as spoken in the county of Tshëang-Tshew. [Malacca]: Anglo-Chinese College Press. Griffis, William Elliot A maker of the new Orient: Samuel Robbins Brown: Pioneer educator in China, America, and Japan: The story of his life and work. New York: Fleming H. Revell. Jones, Charles English pronunciation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Medhurst, Walter Henry A dictionary of the Hok-këèn dialect of the Chinese 207 (156)

39 Lexilogus language. Macao: East India Company's Press. Schlegel, Gustaaf Nederlandsch-Chineesch woordenboek met de transcriptie der Chineesche karakters in het Tsiang-tsiu dialekt. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Williamson, G. R Memoir of the Rev. David Abeel, D.D., late missionary to China. New York: Robert Carter. Wylie, Alexander Memorials of protestant missionaries to the Chinese: Giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. Shanghae: American Presbyterian Mission Press : Lexilogus 160: b 15: (157)

40 The Romanized Transcription of Southern Min in James Legge's Lexilogus and Its Phonological System Yo s h i k a w a Masayuki A lexilogus of the English, Malay, and Chinese languages: comprehending the vernacular idioms of the last in the Hok-keen and Canton dialects was compiled by James Legge ( ) of the London Missionary Society in Malacca. He later became one of the most famous Sinologists of the nineteenth century. This work, a collection of model sentences in English, Malay, written Chinese, Southern Min, and Cantonese, was printed at the Anglo-Chinese College Press in The existing literature has paid scant attention to this historical text, even though Lexilogus provides an accurate picture of Southern Min, which is called Hok-keen in this book and was spoken in the early nineteenth century. In this paper, we examine the Romanized transcription of Southern Min pronunciation in Lexilogus and analyze its phonological system from a synchronic perspective with respect to initials and rhymes. A dictionary of the Hok-këèn dialect of the Chinese language, which was compiled by Walter Henry Medhurst, was the first Southern Min dictionary of the nineteenth century. A vocabulary of the Hok-Këen dialect as spoken in the county of Tshëang-Tshew, which was compiled by Samuel Dyer few years after Medhurst s dictionary, adopted Medhurst s orthography, with some revisions. Although Lexilogus essentially adopted the orthography used in Medhurst s dictionary, the two do not exactly correspond. For some initials and rhymes, it adopted Dyer s revised system. However, Lexilogus does not completely correspond to Dyer s system as well. Therefore, the mixture of these two orthographies in Lexilogus can lead us to thinking that the book s sentences originate from two sources. iv

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