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1 The Significance of the Current Portuguese Orthographic Reform in the Global Era Tomoko YOSHINO With the aim to unify the two official Portuguese orthographies one adopted by Brazil and the other by the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries, an Orthographic Agreement was signed by the Portuguesespeaking countries. The agreement entered into force in Brazil and Portugal in This article briefly outlines some significant changes proposed in the agreement, and analyzes how the orthographic reform has been linked to the extra-linguistic context in Brazil and Portugal, by examining the social responses to the agreement in both countries. It argues that currently, in the global era, the significance of the orthographic agreement should be considered in relation to three aspects: the identity of the Portuguese-speaking world Lusophony, Portuguese as an International Language, and the diversification of Portuguese varieties as World Portugueses. Furthermore, it indicates some possible future pronunciation changes caused by the simplification of spelling and discusses how the spelling change will affect learners of Portuguese as a Foreign Language. World Portugueses 1. variant norm 57
2 Teyssier, 1989: /ɨ/ 2 Fiorin, 2009: Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa the Spelling Agreement of the Portuguese Language Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa: CPLP CPLP CPLP Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa CPLP 58
3 Carvalho & Cabecinhas, 2013: International language World Portugueses World Portugueses 6 59
4 k, w, y crêem creem 3 para pára para 3 Ledur 2009:48 60
5 Ledur 2009 Portal da Língua Portuguesa 5 mão-de-obra mão de obra Porto Editora Houaiss Verbo Editorial Míni Aurélio Minidicionário Houaiss que qui gue gui u trema u ü 50 u cinqüenta cinquenta 2 ei e /ɛ/ /e/ /ɛ/ 61
6 idéia ideia ei /ey/ /ɛy/ 2 /ɐy/ Teyssier, 1989:37 vôo voo Janeiro janeiro 2 consoante muda silent consonant director adoptar acção c p c p consoante muda: silent consonant e o a /ɨ/ /u/ /ɐ/ redução: reduction /ɛ/ /ɔ/ /a/ /ɛ/ /ɔ/ 6 62
7 0.54% haver de haver de haver de haver de : Fiorin, 2009; Carvalho & Cabecinhas, Fiorin 2009:
8 Ledur, 2009: / Carvalho & Cabecinhas University of Minho Melo-Pfeifer 2016 Público
9 Melo-Pfeifer 2016: Folha de São Paulo BBC Melo-Pfeifer, 2016:429 65
10 BBC 15 Carlos Reis 40 7 Carvalho & Cabecinhas 2013 Melo-Pfeifer 2016 Carvalho Expresso, Jornal de Notícias Carvalho 2011 Carvalho & Cabecinhas BRICS 66
11 Carvalho & Cabecinhas 2013 Melo-Pfeifer Carvalho & Cabecinhas BBC 16 Melo-Pfeifer Fiorin, 2009:10 67
12 Fávero & Aguiar, 2009:134 ibid. CPLP Fiorin 2009 CPLP CPLP CPLP Carvalho Oliveira, 2015: ibid. 68
13 17 Miniwatts Marketing Group % 19 73% 20 Ethnologue Oliveira 2014:28 ateh até cm como q que pq porque português arcaico Cagliari, 2009:51 69
14 Oliveira 2014: CELPE- Bras CAPLE Oliveira 2015:36 Fiorin Fiorin 2009:17 World Englishes World Englishes World Portugueses World Portugueses : 70
15 331 e /ɨ/ /ɛ/ /ɨ/ 1993: ei /ey/ / y/ /ɛy/ u u 24 u spelling pronunciation 1945 u qüinquagésimo 45 quinquagésimo Academia das Ciências de Lisboa u u 71
16 deliquescência qüe 45 que u u u u IPA IPA 2 ideia /ɛy/ éi cinquenta qü êle ele ê Collins IPA IPA 72
17 CPLP 8 Vocabulário Ortográfico Comum da Língua Portuguesa 25 IPA 7. acordo agreement desacordo disagreement 1 acordo ortográfico orthographic agreement acordo agreement desacordo disagreement Evanildo Bechara 26 World Portugueses Mateus et al
18 Lewis et al CPLP, 2012:33 World Portugueses 1 Cunha & Cintra, 1985:24 2 /ɨ/ / / Academia das Ciências de Lisboa /ɨ/ Porto Editora / / 3 II: AnexoII. Nota explicativa do Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa 1990, 1. Memória breve dos acordos ortográficos =1990b Portal da Língua Portuguesa 5 Vocabulário de Mudanças: Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa II: AnexoII. Nota explicativa do Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa 1990, 4. Conservação ou supressão das consoantes c, p, b, g, m e t em certas sequências consonânticas base IV sa.org/acordo.php?action=acordo&version=1990b Borges, Wanja. Novo Acordo Ortográfico é adiado para 2016 ; Brasil Escola
19 8 O Estado de São Paulo Decreto do governo pode adiar acordo ortográfico El País Reforma ortográfica causa polêmica antes de se tornar oficial com/brasil/2014/01/18/sociedad/ _ html O Globo Acordo ortográfico só entrará em vigor em BBC Brasil Imposição do Brasil ou língua do futuro? Acordo ortográfico divide Portugal polemica_mf#orb-banner Giuliana, Miranda. Folha de São Paulo Presidente de Portugal quer fazer revisão do novo acordo ortográfico BBC Brasil Imposição do Brasil ou língua do futuro? Acordo ortográfico divide Portugal polemica_mf#orb-banner Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid. 17 Borges, Wanja. Novo Acordo Ortográfico é adiado para 2016 ; Brasil Escola Miniwatts Marketing Group Internet World Users by Language : Top 10 Languages Ethnologue: Languages of the of the World: Mozambique
20 Ethnologue: Languages of the of the World: Angola Ethnologue: Languages of the of the World: Portuguese Raposo et al. 2013:71 Raposo et al. 2013: % 23 Fiorin Vocabulário Ortográfico Comum da Língua Portuguesa Giuliana, Miranda. Folha de São Paulo Presidente de Portugal quer fazer revisão do novo acordo ortográfico : Cagliali, L. C Aspectos teóricos da ortografia. In Silva, M. ed. Ortografia da língua portuguesa: história, discurso, representações. São Paulo: Contexto, pp Carvalho, M. S. D Análise da cobertura jornalística do novo Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa na Web em Portugal. Congress Minits of SOPCOM, pp Carvalho, M. S. D., & R. Cabecinhas 2013 The Orthographic dis Agreement and the Portuguese identity threat. Lusofonia and its futures, 25, pp Cunha, C. & L. Cintra 1985 Nova gramática do português contemporâneo. Rio de 76
21 Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. Fávero, L. L. & M. R. Aguiar 2009 Nacionalismo linguístico e conservadorismo na ortografia brasileira. In Silva, M. ed. Ortografia da língua portuguesa: história, discurso, representações. São Paulo: Contexto. pp Fiorin, J. L O acordo ortográfico: uma questão de política linguística. Veredas. v. 13, nº 1, pp Ledur, P. F Guia prático da nova ortografia. Porto Alegre : Editora AGE. Lewis, M. P. et al. eds Ethnologue: Languages of Equatorial Guinea. 19ed. SIL International. Mateus, M. H. M. et al Gramática da língua portuguesa. Lisboa: Caminho, 5. a edição, revista e aumentada. Melo-Pfeifer, S Public understanding of language planning and linguistic rights: The debate on the current Portuguese orthographic reform. Language in Society, 45 03, pp Oliveira, G. M Language policy and globalization. In Moita-Lopes, L. P. ed., Global Portuguese: Linguistic ideologies in late modernity Vol. 8. New York: Routledge.pp Raposo, E. P. et al Gramática do português. vol. I. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Teyssier, P Manual de língua portuguesa, trans. Margarida Chorão de Carvalho. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Collins Portuguese Dictionary. New York: HarperCollins, Dicionário da língua portuguesa contemporânea. Lisboa: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva Dicionário Verbo da língua portuguesa contemporânea. Lisboa: Editorial Verbo Grande dicionário da língua portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora, Míni Aurélio: o dicionário da língua portuguesa. Curitiba: Editora Positivo Minidicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa: Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva
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Abstract Among three distinctive types of Japanese writing systems Kanji, Hiragana and Katakana, a behavioral experiment using 97 university students as subjects implies that Katakana is regarded as most
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ABSTRACT The Social Changes and the Sociology of Education in China Jiang Xinghai (Beijin Normal University) In China, it is said that the changes of research paradigm in the field of sociology of education
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