非完結性と女性表象 : 今敏『千年女優』におけるナラティヴの螺旋構造とジェンダー

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1 93 I DreamWorks DreamWorks

2 94 Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Vladimir Nabokov Speak, Memory Marcel Proust A la Recherche du Temps Perdu Slaughterhouse-Five 1972 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 Cinderella 1950 The Little Mermaid 1989

Recherche du Temps Perdu 1913 1 1957 1953 54 2 Slaughterhouse-Five 1972

3 95 Mulan TV

4 96 II A Nabokov Speak, Memory our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness 9 Fig.1

5 97 Fig.1 interaction diegetic non-diegetic stage Fig.2 Fig.2 the diegetic narrator

6 98 Fig.3 8 Fig.4 Fig.5 Robert Stam Mikhail Bakhtin

7 99 Fig.3 Fig.4 Fig.5

8 100 Even monolingual societies are characterized by heteroglossia; they enclose multiple languages and dialects that both reveal and produce social position. [... ] [T]he cinematic word can be a sensitive barometer of social pressure and dynamics. (82) graphically parallel 9

9 101 Fig The Outer World Fig.6 The Inner World

10 102 Fig

11 103 B 1923 Z Z

12 104 graphical parallelism Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman 11 Tristram C Marcel Proust

13 105 POV point of view shot POV 30 4 Z

14 III Kon s Tone 28 29

15 Macbeth 15 Roland Barthes 23 spin

16 108 spinster Spinster

17 Z spinster

18 110 Perfect Blue

19 111 IV 16 the diegetic narrator

20 , Susan J. Napier, Bowdwell, AppendixSq.13 Sc.1 Sq.15 Sc Tristram Shandy, Perfect Blue Kon s Tone Yoshimoto, 253 Riche, Kon s Tone 40 Barthes, Roland. Fragments D un Discours Amoureux. Paris: Seuil, Bordwell, David, and Kristin Thomposon, eds. Film Art: An Introduction. 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill, Cinderella. Dir. Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson and Hamilton Luske. DVD. Walt Disney Home Entertainment, Mulan. Dir. Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook. Disney Studios, Nabokov, Vladimir. Speak, Memory. Revised ed. New York: G. P. Putnam s Sons, 1966.

1980 Bordwell, David, and Kristin Thomposon, eds. Film Art: An Introduction. 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill, 1997. Cinderella. Dir.

21 113 Napier, Susan J. Anime from AKIRA to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. New York: Palgrave, Proust, Marcel. A la Recherche du Temps Perdu. Paris: R. Laffont, Riche, Donald. The Films of Akira Kurosawa. Revised ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, Sterne, Laurence. Tristram Shandy. Ed. Howard Anderson. New York and London: W. W. Norton Co., Slaughterhouse-Five. Dir. George Roy Hill. Perf. Michael Sacks and Ron Leibman. Universal Studios, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. DVD. Disney Studios, Stam, Robert. Subversive Pleasures: Bakhtin, Cultural Criticism, and Film. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, The Little Mermaid. Dir. Ron Clements and John Musker. Disney Studios, Yoshimoto, Mitsuhiro. Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, DVD Kon s Tone DVD Perfect Blue

22 114 ( ) Sq.= Sequences, Sc. = Scenes Sq. Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) in-between The Outer World (The real world) 1 1 Z

23 Sq Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) in-between The Outer World (The real world)

24 116 Sq Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) in-between The Outer World (The real world)

25 117 Sq Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) in-between 33 1 The Outer World (The real world)

26 118 Sq Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) SF ( ) ( ) 49 1 ( Z ) in-between The Outer World (The real world)

27 Keeping It Incomplete Sq Sc. The Inner World (Chiyoko's fictional world) in-between The Outer World (The real world) ( ) ( )

28 120 Synopsis Keeping It Incomplete: The Spiral Structure of Narrative and Representations of Women in Satoshi Kon s Millennium Actress Akiko Sugawa In Satoshi Kon s film Sennen Joyu, or Millennium Actress (2001), the memories and true love of a retired actress, Chiyoko Fujiwara, are narrated. Her life is depicted just as a mélange of her various identities in the different time periods and settings of the movies in which she has played a main character. In order to express the cross section of Chiyoko s recollection, Kon employs a unique spiral-like narrative structure in which time streams shift back and forth between the inner world of Chiyoko s past and the outer world of her present. The search for her first love, Mr. Key, is repeatedly displayed through the passages of time in the sequences of her movies and her real life. She, however, never reaches him. Love and marriage dominantly serve to construct the identity of heroines, as seen, for instance, in a series of Walt Disney Studio s princess stories and many Japanese TV animations for girls. How heroines achieve self-fulfillment by being accepted by princes, or their love, has greatly influenced the construction of gender identity among viewers not only in the US but also in Japan. In Millennium Actress, however, autonomous women, who lead lives without male acceptance, are successfully engaged. In this film, with Chiyoko s incomplete love moving in pursuit through the spiral-like narrative structure, the focus on the lives of women deftly shows the value of process rather than 120

29 Keeping It Incomplete 121 outcome. In this paper, I will first explore the unique narrative structure that allows a flexible approach to time and memory. I will also highlight representations of women by analyzing images of incompleteness and circles such as a spinning wheel, the 14 th day moon, and Chiyoko s endless pursuit of her love. 121

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