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1 (3DCG) 3D OpenGL GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language) D 3DCG : 0 : 2 : 3 : 4 (): 5 40% 60% 1

2 DCG (CG) CG CG CG () CG 3DCG DCG 3DCG 3DCG 3DCG 3DCG CG 3DCG 2

3 DCG 3DCG 3DCG CAD () CAE ( ) 3DCG 3DCG 3DCG CG Sutherland Sketchpad (interaction) CG CG 1.3 3DCG CG 3DCG AR () GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) GPGPU (General Purpose GPU) DCG ( 1) 3

4 API 1 CG CG ()!!!!!!! /! /! () 4

5 1.4 OpenGL CPU (OS) (API) OS Microsoft Windows Graphics Device Interface (GDI) 3DCG DirectX ( 3DCG Direct3D) API Windows OpenGL API OpenGL Microsoft DirectX Windows 3DCG API OpenGL Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) API IRIX UNIX OS (EWS) OpenGL EWS ( GL OpenGL IRIS GL ) ( OS ) EWS CAD EWS Windows OpenGL OS Windows DirectX OpenGL DirectX Microsoft OS Windows OpenGL Windows 3DCG API OpenGL ( OpenGL ES) OpenGL OpenGL OpenGL Apple OS Mac OS X UNIX Linux X Window System OpenGL OS Apple ios Google Android OpenGL ES 5

6 1.5 GLFW OpenGL OpenGL API GLUT (OpenGL Utility Toolkit) OpenGL Silicon Graphics () GLUT Unix / LinuxWindowsMac OS X GLUT OpenGL OpenGL OpenGL GLUT GLUT freeglut OpenGLUT Mac OS X Mac OS X GLUT OpenGL 2.1 Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion) OpenGL 3.2 Core Profile 10.9 (Mavericks) OpenGL 4.1 () 10.9 GLUT GLFW OpenGL GLUT FLTK QtSDL Qt 3DCG OpenGL Qt GLUT GLFW GLFW ( GLFW OpenGL () zlib/libpng license GLFW GLFW " GLUT Windows / Mac OS X / Linux 1 GLFW Marcus Geelnard Camilla Berglund 6

7 " OpenGL Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion) OpenGL 3.2 Core Profile " GLUT " " GLUT " GLUT () () Mac OS X GLUT " GLFW GLUT GLFW Cube SphereTeapot GLFW GLUT GLUT GLFW OpenGL Core Profile Mac OS X GLUT OpenGL Legacy Profile OpenGL 2.1 " GLFW Reference User Guide 7

8 ( 2) (Bresenham ) ( 3) 8

9 2 3 9

10 2.1.2 "!! ACM COREISO GKSGKS-3DPHIGSPHIGS+ " (API)!! (API) OpenGL DirectX () ( 4) GPU GPU CPU GPU OS 10

11 GPU API 4 GPU 5 11

12 2.1.4 ( 5) CG () API OpenInventor OpenSceneGraph SceniX CryENGINEUnreal EngineUnityOROCHIMascotCapsule Irrlicht chidoridaikokuogre BISHAMON YEBIS CRI-ADX2 PhysX HavokODEBullet DCG 3DCG 12

13 ( 6) " ( 7) 7 " ( 8) 8 13

14 GPU CAD () CAD Hz (Hertz) fps (frame per second) 6 8 fps 15 fps 60 Hz 60 fps 1 1 fps 8 fps 15 fps 60 fps 60 Hz 120 Hz () 240 Hz () 14

15 2.2.4 () CPU CPU GPU GPU PC 3DCG GPU GPU GPU () (throughput) 9 15

16 CPU () 16

17 (Rendering Primitive) (Attribute) () GPU ( ) () () ( ) () ( ) CPU ( ) CPU () ( 12) ( 13) 17

18 CPU GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) T & L (Transform and Lighting) 12 Single-Pipe Multi-Pipe 13 " () ( 14) 18

19 14 " ( 15)

20 y z y y y z x x z z x x " ( 17) (Pixel) () () GPU 20

(Perspective Projection) 18 19 " (View Volume) 2

21 (View Volume) (View Frustum) (Canonical View Volume) (Orthographic Projection) (Perspective Projection) " (View Volume) 2 (Canonical View Volume) ( 18) (Orthogonal Projection) 21

(Perspective Projection) ( 19) (View Frustum, ) y y 1 1-1 O 1 x -1

22 (Perspective Projection) ( 19) (View Frustum, ) y y O 1 x -1 O 1 x " (Clipping) (Normalized Dvice Coordnate, NDC) 22

23 23 " xy (Viewport) (Viewport Transformation) (Screen Mapping) ( 23) O x y w h x y

24 " (Triangle Setup) (, Scan Conversion) 24 " ( ) " () 24

25 25 " (Frame Buffer Object, FBO) 25

26 () 26 26

27 3 3.1 GLFW OpenGL GLFW ( GLFW Windows GLFW ( 32-bit Windows binaries 32bit ZIP glfw-3.x.y.bin.win32.zip (X, Y ) ( C: ) (Visual Studio 2013 ) VC++ " 32bit Windows include GLFW C: ProgramFiles WindowsKits 8.1 Include um lib-msvc120 glfw3.lib C: ProgramFiles WindowsKits 8.1 Lib winv6.3 um x86 27

28 " 64bit Windows include GLFW C: ProgramFiles(x86) WindowsKits 8.1 Include um lib-msvc120 glfw3.lib C: ProgramFiles(x86) WindowsKits 8.1 Lib winv6.3 um x86 Visual Studio VC++ ZIP () CMake ( CMake (cmake-gui) Where is the source code ZIP Where to build the binaries Configure Visual Studio Generate Visual Studio Mac OS X Mac OS X Xcode Command Line Tools Xcode AppStore Command Line Tools Xcode 5 Xcode Open Developer Tool More Developer Tools () MacPorts ( GLFW 3 HomeBrew ( Fink ( " GLFW ( ZIP glfw-3.x.y.zip (X, Y ) glfw-3.x.y () % /usr/local %cd~/desktop/glfwk3.x.y %mkdirbuild %cdbuild %cmake.. %make %sudomakeinstall " GLFW GLFW build Makefile () %cd~/desktop/glfwk3.x.y/build %sudomakeuninstall 28

29 3.1.3 Linux Linux (X11) NVIDIA GeForce 8 ATI RADEON HD Intel CPU Fedora ( GLFW 3 Ubuntu ( OpenSUSE ( " GLFW ( ZIP glfw-3.x.y.zip (X, Y ) () % /usr/local %unzipglfwk3.x.y.zip %cdglfwk3.x.y %mkdirbuild %cdbuild %cmake.. %make %sudomakeinstall " GLFW GLFW build Makefile () %cdglfwk3.x.y/build %sudomakeuninstall 3.2 (Integrated Development Environment, IDE) Windows " Windows Visual Studio 2013 Visual Studio

30 27 Visual C++ Win32 OK ( 28) 28 Win ( 30) main() 30

31 30 " GLFW ( 31)

32 ( ) " VC++ () GLFW ( 33) () VC++ < > 33 ( 34) 34 (! ) GLFW ZIP include ( 35) 32

33 35 GLFW include OK ( 36) 36 < > ( 37) 37 ( 38) 33

34 38 GLFW ZIP lib-msvc120 ( 39) 39 GLFW lib-msvc120 OK ( 40) " 40 GLFW OpenGL 34

35 ( 41) < > 41 glfw3.lib, opengl32.lib ( 42)OK 42 glfw3.lib opengl32.lib glfw3.lib; opengl32.lib; 35

36 OK ( ) 2 #pragmacomment(lib,"glfw3.lib") #pragmacomment(lib,"opengl32.lib") GLFW Win32 OpenGL ( 1 ) #pragmacomment(linker,"/subsystem: "windows "/entry: "maincrtstartup "") (Dynamic Link Library, DLL) DLL glfw3.lib DLL DLL Visual C++ Visual C++ GLFW glfw3.lib glfw3dll.lib DLL (glfw3.dll) glfw3.dll glfw3.dll C: Windows System32 (32bit Windows) C: Windows SysWOW64 (64bit 36

37 Windows) 2 Path glfw3.dll " ( 44) 44 ( 45) Visual C++ C++ (.cpp) 45 C++ ( 46) 2 Windows 7: Windows 8: PC 37

38 Mac OS X " Mac OS X Xcode 5 Xcode ( 47) Create a new Xcode project File New Project 47 OS X Application Command Line Tool Next ( 48) 38

39 48 Product Name Organization Name Company Identifier Type C++ Next ( 49) 49 Create ( 50) 39

40 50 " 51 Targets Build Settings search Header Search Paths + GLFW (/usr/local/include) 51 ESC 40

41 Library Search Paths ( 52) GLFW (/usr/local/lib) 52 linker Other Linker Flags ( 53) + 1 Klglfw3KframeworkCocoaKframeworkIOKitKframeworkOpenGLKframeworkCoreVideo 53 41

42 main.cpp ( 54) main().1 Unix Linux man Delete " Makefile 54 Xcode Makefile mkdir % %mkdirsample Makefile () CXXFLAGS=KI/usr/local/include Wall LDLIBS =KL/usr/local/libKlglfw3KframeworkCocoaKframeworkIOKit KframeworkOpenGLKframeworkCoreVideo OBJECTS =$(patsubst%.cpp,%.o,$(wildcard.cpp)) TARGET =sample.phony:clean $(TARGET):$(OBJECTS) $(LINK.cc)$^$(LOADLIBES)$(LDLIBS)Ko$@ clean: K$(RM)$(TARGET)$(OBJECTS)~.~core make 42

43 3.2.3 Linux " Geany Linux Geany ( Geany main.cpp % %geanymain.cpp Geany C++ main.cxx ( 55).cxx Linux C

Geany ( 56) ( 57) -lm GLFW OpenGL KlGLKlglfw3KlXiKlXrandrKlXxf86vmKlX11KlrtKlpthreadKlm OK " Makefile 57 Geany Makefile mkdir % %mkdirsample Makefile () CXXFLAGS=KWall LDLIBS

44 Geany ( 56) ( 57) -lm GLFW OpenGL KlGLKlglfw3KlXiKlXrandrKlXxf86vmKlX11KlrtKlpthreadKlm OK " Makefile 57 Geany Makefile mkdir % %mkdirsample Makefile () CXXFLAGS=KWall LDLIBS =KlGLKlglfw3KlXiKlXrandrKlXxf86vmKlX11KlrtKlpthread lm OBJECTS =$(patsubst%.cpp,%.o,$(wildcard.cpp)) TARGET =sample.phony:clean $(TARGET):$(OBJECTS) $(LINK.cc)$^$(LOADLIBES)$(LDLIBS)Ko$@ clean: K$(RM)$(TARGET)$(OBJECTS)~.~core 44

45 make OpenGL GLFW GLFW (1) GLFW (glfwinit()) (2) (glfwcreatewindow()) (3) (glfwwindowshouldclose()) (4) (glfwswapbuffers()) (5) (glfwterminate()) C++ ( ) intmain() { } () main() GLFW main() GLFW GLFW GLFW/glfw3.h #include main() glfwinit() OpenGL glfwinit() GL_FALSE GLFW #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } } 45

46 int glfwinit(void) GLFW GLFW GL_TRUE GL_FALSE GLFW glfwcreatewindow() OpenGL glfwcreatewindow() NULL glfwinit() GLFW return glfwterminate() GLFW #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; glfwterminate(); return1; } } GLFWwindow glfwcreatewindow(int width, int height, const char title, GLFWmonitor monitor, GLFWwindow share) GLFW NULL width height title 0 0 UTF-8 46

47 monitor share () () NULL share NULL void glfwterminate(void) GLFW glfwinit() GLFW GLFW glfwinit() GLFW glfwinit() glfwmakecontextcurrent() #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; glfwterminate(); return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); } void glfwmakecontextcurrent(glfwwindow const window) window ( ) 47

48 window OpenGL OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent() OpenGL OpenGL glclearcolor() () gl OpenGL API (GLFW glfw ) #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; glfwterminate(); return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); } void glclearcolor(glclampf R, GLclampf G, GLclampf B, GLclampf A) glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit) RGB A GLclampf (float ) 01 ( 58)1 0, 0, 0 1, 1, 1 OpenGL (0 1 ) 0 48

49 58 R, G, B main() while glfwwindowshouldclose() const glclear() OpenGL glfwswapbuffers() glfwwindowshouldclose() const glfwwaitevents() glfwpollevents() ( 2) #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; glfwterminate(); 49

50 return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // while(glfwwindowshouldclose(window)==gl_false) { // glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit); // // // // glfwswapbuffers(window); // glfwwaitevents(); } } int glfwwindowshouldclose(glfwwindow const window) window 0 void glclear(glbitfield mask) mask ( 26) mask GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT glclearcolor() void glfwswapbuffers(glfwwindow const window) window void glfwwaitevents(void) void glfwpollevents(void) 50

51 2 glewwaitevents() glewpollevents() " OpenGL OpenGL ( 59) 59 " glfwwaitevents() glfwpollevents() () () 51

52 3.3.7 glfwinit() glfwterminate() main() return glfwterminate() #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; glfwterminate(); return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // while(glfwwindowshouldclose(window)==gl_false) { // glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit); // // // // glfwswapbuffers(window); // glfwwaitevents(); } glfwterminate(); } 52

53 " atexit() glterminate() glterminate() main() return glfwcreatewindow() glterminate() glterminate() atexit() atexit() cstdlib #include glfwterminate() cleanup() glfwinit() atexit() cleanup() main() glfwterminate() #include<cstdlib> #include<iostream> #include<glfw/glfw3.h> // staticvoidcleanup() { //GLFW glfwterminate(); } intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // atexit(cleanup); // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); 53

54 // while(glfwwindowshouldclose(window)==gl_false) { // glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit); // // // // glfwswapbuffers(window); // glfwwaitevents(); } } int atexit(void (function)(void)) atexit() function atexit() ( 32 ) OpenGL OpenGL 3.2 OpenGL glfwcreatewindow() glfwwindowhint() intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // atexit(cleanup); //OpenGLVersion3.2CoreProfile glfwwindowhint(glfw_context_version_major,3); glfwwindowhint(glfw_context_version_minor,2); glfwwindowhint(glfw_opengl_forward_compat,gl_true); glfwwindowhint(glfw_opengl_profile,glfw_opengl_core_profile); // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { 54

55 // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); void glfwwindowhint(int target, int hint) glfwcreatewindow() glfwdefaultwindowhints() target () GLFW_RED_BITS, GLFW_GREEN_BITS, GLFW_BLUE_BITS, GLFW_ALPHA_BITS hint 8 GLFW_DEPTH_BITS hint 24 GLFW_STENCIL_BITS hint 8 GLFW_SAMPLES hint 0 0 GLFW_STEREO hint GL_TRUE GL_FALSE GL_TRUE GLFW_CLIENT_API hint GLFW_OPENGL_ES_API OpenGL ES API GLFW_OPENGL_API GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR OpenGL hint GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR OpenGL hint GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT OpenGL Forward Compatible Profile () hint GL_TRUE GL_FALSE 55

56 GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE OpenGL Compatible Profile hint GLFW_OPENGL_COMPAT_PROFILE Core Profile hint GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE 0 glfwwindowhint() glfwcreatewindow() glfwcreatewindow() glfwswapinterval() intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // atexit(cleanup); //OpenGLVersion3.2CoreProfile glfwwindowhint(glfw_context_version_major,3); glfwwindowhint(glfw_context_version_minor,2); glfwwindowhint(glfw_opengl_forward_compat,gl_true); glfwwindowhint(glfw_opengl_profile,glfw_opengl_core_profile); // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glfwswapinterval(1); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); 56

57 void glfwswapinterval(int interval) interval interval (V-Sync ) 1 0 fps (frame per second) OpenGL OpenGL 3.2 Core Profile OpenGL API (Windows OpenGL 1.1 API ) API GLEW (The OpenGL Extension Wrangler Library, Windows / Mac OS X / Linux gg.cpp gg.h () glext.h ( () "! gg.cpp! gg.h! glext.h #include <GL/glfw.h> #include "gg.h" using namespace gg; glfwinit() glfwswapinterval(1) gginit() gginit() glfwopenwindow() (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, GLFW_WINDOW) " #include<cstdlib> #include<iostream> 57

58 58 #include<glfw/glfw3.h> // #include"gg.h" usingnamespacegg; // staticvoidcleanup() { //GLFW glfwterminate(); } intmain() { //GLFW if(glfwinit()==gl_false) { // std::cerr<<"can'tinitializeglfw"<<std::endl; return1; } // atexit(cleanup); // GLFWwindowconstwindow(glfwCreateWindow(640,480,"Hello!",NULL,NULL)); if(window==null) { // std::cerr<<"can'tcreateglfwwindow."<<std::endl; return1; } //OpenGL glfwmakecontextcurrent(window); // glfwswapinterval(1); // gginit(); // glclearcolor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // while(glfwwindowshouldclose(window)==gl_false) { // glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit); // // // //

59 glfwswapbuffers(window); // glfwwaitevents(); } } " OpenGL 3.2 Core Profile glulookat() GLU (OpenGL Utility) GLU GLFW_NO_GLU #define Windows OpenGL 1.2 GLEW glfwcreatewindow() GLFW gginit() glewexperimental = GL_TRUE; glewinit() #incoude<gl/glew.h> #incoude<glfw/glfw3.h>... // glewexperimental=gl_true; if(glewinit()!=glew_ok) { // return1; } Mac OS X Mac OS X glfw3.h #include GLFW_INCLUDE_GLCOREARB #define gl3ext.h #include Linux #defineglfw_include_glcorearb #include<glfw/glfw3.h> #include<opengl/gl3ext.h> Linux X11 C++ GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES #define #definegl_glext_prototypes #include<glfw/glfw3.h> #include<gl/glext.h> gg.h / gg.cpp 59

3.4 make 3.4.1 Windows Visual Studio 2013 ( 60)

60 3.4 make Windows Visual Studio 2013 ( 60) 60 Visual Studio 2013 F5 DebugLINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib 'MSVCRT' /NODEFAULTLIB:library GLFW Mac OS X Xcode ( 61)Command R 61 Xcode 60

61 c++ -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -lglfw3 -framework Cocoa -framework IOKit -framework OpenGL -framework CoreVideo % %c++main.cppki/usr/local/includekl/usr/local/libklglfw3 KframeworkCocoaKframeworkIOKitKframeworkOpenGLKframeworkCoreVideo Makefile make Makefile make %make Linux Geany ( 62) F9 F5 62 Geany c++ -lgl -lglfw3 -lxi -lxrandr -lxxf86vm -lx11 -lrt -lpthread -lm % %c++main.cppklglklglfw3klxiklxrandrklxxf86vmklx11klrtklpthreadklm Makefile make Makefile make %make 61

GLFW による OpenGL 入門

GLFW による OpenGL 入門くんのために一所懸命書いたものの結局くんの卒業に間に合わなかった GLFW による OpenGL 入門目次第 1 章はじめに... 1 1.1 本書の目的... 1 1.2 OpenGL... 2 1.3 GLFW... 3 1.3.1 ツールキット... 3 1.3.2 GLFW の概要... 4 1.3.3 GLFW の特徴... 4 第