Introduction MPPC is new semiconductor photon sensor Technology is very similar to SiPM. Under development by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK) MPPC have not
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1 Multi Pixel Photon Counter T. Nakadaira KEK
2 Introduction MPPC is new semiconductor photon sensor Technology is very similar to SiPM. Under development by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK) MPPC have not been listed in their products yet. HPK delivered many kinds of test samples to T2K and ILC-CAL. R&D groups in JP-HEP. ILC Calorimeter (Kobe U, Niigata U, Sinsyu U, Tsukuba U) T2K Near detector (Kyoto U) KEK Detector Technology Development group 1mm
3 Principal of MPPC Micro APD pixel array # of pixels 100, 400, 1600 Each pixel is operated in Geiger-mode. Bias voltage = 40 ~ 70V Only one operation parameter Outputs from all pixels are directory connected ( Wired-OR ) # of read out = 1 channel / device Pulse height of output signal # of hit pixels # of hit pixels # of photons Gain = ~10 6 No amplifier is needed Compact size Suitable for optical fiber readout. Works in the Magnetic field. High QE is expected. Expected cost is ~ $10 / device. 1p.e 2p.e 3p.e Raw signal HPK 100pixel MPPC 1mV/div 100ns/div
4 R&D Items Measurement of basic performance w/ LED Gain, Noise rate, Cross talk, Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE), linearity These parameters strongly depends on the bias voltage. Pixel by Pixel uniformity Inject photon to pixel by pixel using well focused laser beam 532nm Laser Niigata University 825nm Laser KEK Beam KEK 12GeV PS test beam line Detect the particle using Plastic-scintillator + WLS optical fiber + MPPC Beam data is taken in Nov, 2005 Analysis is in progress.
5 Photon counting by MPPC Charge distribution # event LED light (HPK 100 pixel) We can distinguish up to 45 p.e. peak. Variation of Intervals between peaks is in 2%. Gains for each pixels are uniform. 2p.e 3p.e 1p.e 500 # event p.e 300 Increasing LED light p.e
6 MPPC Gain Gain = ~ Gain x HPK 100 pixel Gain x HPK 400 Pixel Bias Voltage (V) 47.5 Bias voltage (V) 49.
7 Noise Rate Measure the signal rate w/o LED light. Charge distribution for Noise 400 pixel # event p.e 1p.e w/o LED w/o LED p.e 0.5p.e 10 1p.e. pulse noise Charge
8 Noise Rate v.s. Bias voltage (20 C) noise rate (Hz) pixel 400 pixel 0.5p.e threshold 1.5p.e threshold Bias voltage (V) 1MHz Noise > 1p.e. is less than 10 %
9 Cross talk among the pixels Cross talk is measures in 2 methods. Noise rate (Noise > 1.5 p.e ) / (Noise > 0.5 p.e) Discrepancy of charge distribution from Poisson distribution. HPK h1 10 Entries Mean RMS ratio HPK 400pixel V=48.6 Poisson dist. Data adc count p.e 1.5p.e
10 X-talk v.s. bias V ( ) X- talk Rate by poisson law by noise rate HPK100a HPK400b bias voltage (V)
11 Linearity measurement If the light intensity became large, several photons injected in a pixel. Counted as single photon because of the Geigermode operation. Linearity measurement is important to determine the number of pixels. Linearity is also affected by cross talk. Linearity is measured by changing the bias voltage to check the x-talk effect. We use the PMT as a reference of light intensity. PMT MPPC Blue LED
12 MPPC ADC HPK14 linearity count ADC(MPPC) ADC(MPPC) it with line HPK14 linearity Linearity (HPK 100 pixel) ADC(PMT) PMT ADC count X-talk rate =0.03 X-talk rate =0.2 Discrepancy(%) HPK14 linearity ratio ratio HPK14 linearity % 20% 20% injected photo electron number 10% 20% M.Taguchi (Kyoto U) 50 0% 0% 20%@50p.e # of photon 20%@40p.e ADC(PMT) injeceted photo electron number # of photon
13 PDE (photon detection efficiency) # of photo electron in signal/ # of injected photon Geometrical Eff. (30~50%) Depends on MPPC type PDE=ε pixel Q.E. ε Geiger Quantum Eff. (60~80%) Depends on wave length DE relative to PMT is measured. PMT(13mmφ) PMT LED / LED Probability for p.e. to invoke Geiger discharge (60~80%) Depends on bias voltage Dispersion is not taken into account in calc. Blue LED 1mmφslit MPPC(1mm 2 ) 1mmφ WLS fiber
14 Measured PDE MPPC(p.e)/PMT(p.e) PDE(MPPC)/PDE(PMT) HPK14 Blue/ PDEgreen PDE(%) PDE(MPPC) Red assuming PDE(PMT=2%) 12 Max: 12% 11 (PMT Q.E ~ 2%) green blue noise rate(khz) noise rate (khz) noise rate(khz)
15 Performance test w/ Laser Test MPPC pixel by pixel (HPK 100 pixel) Check the uniformity of efficiency in single pixel Pixel by Pixel deviation of gain and efficiency 825nm 50ps Laser Light source MPPC Micro Scope 100 m Spot size ~ 10µm XY moving stage (1µm pitch control)
16 Flat area: 60x60 µm 2 Efficiency Uniformity: Single pixel HPK 100pixel 100µm Sensitive region 70x70 m 10µm pitch Laser spot p.e. Charge dist. in a point y x p.e. Efficiency= signal>0.5 p.e / Total event 100 m 100 m
17 Uniformity: Pixel by Pixel Set laser center of each pixel Very good uniformity elative Gain r.m.s./mean = 3.6% HPK 100 pixel Relative Efficiency r.m.s./mean = 2.5% y mm mm 10 x y mm mm 10 x
18 Summary& Prospect MPPC is promising device for photon counting. Gain ~ Noise rate: O(1MHz) for >0.5 p.e., O(10~100kHz) for >1.5 p.e. X-talk rate: < ~0.2 Photon Detection Efficiency: comparable to PMT linearity: Discrepancy within 20% up to 40% of # of pixels Efficiency in single pixel is uniform Pixel by Pixel deviation of gain and efficiency is very small HPK delivered new samples to T2K and ILC-CAL group. Sample test in progress.
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20 T2K MPPC T2K p MIP 5p.e GeV/c proton & pion 100 event/spill beam size 1x1cm 2 4ch MPPC MPPC (HPK or Russia) 4 layers setup 64ch MAPMT (as reference) 1mm 1.3x2.5x50 cm 3 (K2K Scibar
21 HPK MPPC alignment HPK MPPC Y 0.8mm Z : 0.8mm Z X,Y : X X Y (1mm ) MPPC MPPC X,Y 20%,Z 60 40
22 MIP (p.e.) #event Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE =MPPC (1mm 2 ) PMT PDE HPK 70%, 100% MIP HPK 13.3p.e. #event p.e p.e. MPPC
23 MIP (p.e.) # # # #13 PMT (%) (p.e.) Serial# HPK PDE PMT 70% (p.e.) PDE PMT 100% (p.e # #13 PMT (%) (p.e.) Serial# PDE Z MIP MAPMT 18.2p.e. PDE HPK X,Y MPPC T2K
24 p/ Separation Mean MIP Mean,r.m.s. MPPC 13.3p.e. MAPMT 18.0p.e. r.m.s. 6.2p.e. 6.6p.e 1.2GeV 1.0GeV 0.9GeV p 0.8GeV 0.7GeV 0.6GeV 1.2GeV 1.0GeV 0.9GeV p 0.8GeV 0.7GeV 0.6Ge 0.5GeV MPPC (PDE70%) 0.5GeV MAPMT (PDE100%)
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MPPC 18 2 16 MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter), MPPC T2K MPPC T2K (HPK) CPTA, MPPC T2K p,π T2K > 5 10 5 < 1MHz > 15% 200p.e. MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC HPK MPPC 2 1 MPPC 5 1.1...................................
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