W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge
|
|
|
- こうだい ひろなが
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 G µ ( hc) 3 1
3 β NIM Discriminator Coincidence Delay TPHC ADC MCA TAC ADC
4 µ + µ
5 1.1 β β β β β [19] µ µ µ [18] () TAC (ADC) TAC () µs10.45µs) () () p p p p
6 5.17 p p A χ 2 p µ + µ µ + µ ()
7 5.1 ROOT ROOT p ROOT µ + µ
8 1 10 cm TAC(-) PC β β β W. A. Pauli E. Fermi 4 4-7
9 1.1: β β 1.25 V-A β µ µ G. Puppi V-A 1935 π β β W 1983 W Z 0 8
10 1.2: β 1.3: β 9
11 1.2 β β β Z N 1 β A Z (A, Z) (A, Z + 1) + e + ν e (1.1) n p + e + ν e (1.2) 1.4: β β + (A, Z) (A, Z 1) + e + + ν e (1.3) p n + e + + ν e (1.4) 10
12 1.5: β + 11
13 : [19] 1911 Hess ev 12
14 + + + (2.1) + (2.2) K (2.3) K + (2.4) 1 cm cm m = MeV [7] 1/2 ±1 µ + µ µ e + e + ν µ (2.5) µ + e + + ν e + µ 13
15 2.2: µ µ m µ c 2 = m e c 2 + m ν c 2 + m ν c 2 + E e + E ν + E ν (2.6) 0 = P µ = P e + P ν + P ν (2.7) (2.7) 3 4 E e E ν E ν P e P ν P ν 12 E 2 = p 2 +m 2 0 E e 055 MeV E e = (m µ m e ) 2 (m ν m ν ) 2 2m µ c 2 (2.8) 14
16 2.2.2 t Ndecay(t) N0 Γ V-A [1] Ndecay(t) = N0(1 e t/ ) (2.9) Γ µ = h τ = G 2 192π 3 ( hc) 6(m µc 2 ) 5 (1 + ϵ) (2.10) G ( hc) 3 = [(GeV ) 2 ] τ m µ () ϵ m µ [7] Γ µ = 2, [s 1 ] m = MeV (2.11) τ = ( ± ) 10 6 s (2.12) a) 100 b) 15
17 K + p + n (2.13) C τ µ = ± µs ( 8.05 )H τ µ = ± µs ( ) [11] Γ tot = Γ tot = h τ µ h τ µ = s 1 for C (2.14) = s 1 for H (2.15) Γ free = h τ µ,free = Γ cap = Γ cap = h τ µ h τ µ Γ tot = Γ cap + Γ free (2.16) = s 1 for C (2.17) = s 1 for H (2.18) ( Γ cap, Γ free ) Γ tot Γ tot = (7.7, 91.9 ) for C (2.19) = (0.001, 99.8 ) for H (2.20) 2.3: µ 16
18 3 3.1 Bethe-Bloch x [g/cm 2 ] [16] de dx = m e ze V n I z 2 e 4 n ln[ m ev 2 ] (MeV/cm) (3.1) 4πϵ 02 V 2 m e I 17
![3.1: [18] 3.](/docs-images/91/105929864/images/19-0.jpg "2 E 0 [MeV] R(E 0 ) [16] R(E 0 ) = E0 E 0")
19 3.1: [18] 3.2 E 0 [MeV] R(E 0 ) [16] R(E 0 ) = E0 E 0 0 ( de dx ) 1 de (cm) (3.2) 18
20 R (cm) µ 粒子の入射時の運動エネルギー (MeV) 3.2: [g/cm 3 ] (CH) n 3.3: () 10 cm 0 50 MeV 19
21 30 3.4: 20
22 cm 2 6 mm cm 2 10 cm H7195 RD NIM Discriminator Le Croy 4608C Coincidence 2 N Delay N-TM205 21
23 4.2.4 TPHC Time to Pulse Height Converter(-) TAC(Time to Amplitude Converter) TAC ORTEC : TAC 22
24 4.2.5 ADC Analog to Digital Converter(-) MCA Multi Channel Analyzer ADC
25 5 5.1 TAC ADC Hz 16 ns 1.2 V Discriminator TAC delay 1246 µs TAC TAC ADC MCA : 24
26 HV 2000 V TAC 10 µs : (ADC) 25
27 time (μs) : channel ADC y(µs) = x (5.1) 26
28 cm 2 6 mm cm 2 10 cm cm 2 6 mm 5.4: Discriminator Coincidence 3 VETO 3 TAC 2 TAC ADC MCA
29 5.5: TAC 5.6: 28
30 5.2.2 測定器の配置 各種設定 各種設定 装置 光電子増倍管の HV Discriminator スレッショルド TAC フルスケール 図 5.7: 検出器の配置 29 値 2000 V 15 mv 10 µs
31 bin ns t = 84 ns ns 51 counts per channel time (sec) : 30
32 counts per channel time (sec) : () 31
33 5.2.4 dn decay (t) = p 0 e t/p 1 + p 2 (5.2) dt 2.5 µs µs counts per channel time (sec) : 2.5µs10.45µs) 32
34 5.1: ROOT 39 χ p ± 70.1 p 1 (2.079 ± 0.357) 10 6 p ± : 0 µs µs 2.5 µs µs /s /s s dn decay(t) dt
35 counts per channel time (sec) : () 34
36 counts per channel time (sec) : () 35
37 5.2.5 ROOT ROOT p 0 p 1 p χ 2 1 χ 2 = p 0 p 1 p 2 ROOT χ 2 : χ 2 = (y i f(x i )) 2 i ( = (y i f(x i )) 2 (5.3) y i ) 2 i y i dn decay(t) = p dt 0 e (t A)/p 1 + p A=0 χ 2 = 1 p 0 p 1 p 2 A = s χ 2 = 1 p 0 p 1 p 2 A = s χ 2 = 1 p 1 A=0 a) p 1 = p 2 = p χ χ^ p0 5.13: p 0 χ 2 = 1 ±13 36
38 b) p 0 = 281.3p 2 = p χ : p 1 χ 2 = 1 ±
39 c) p 0 = 281.3p 1 = p χ 2 40 χ^ p2 5.15: p 2 χ 2 = 1 ±1.39 ROOT 5.3: parameter ROOT 2 p 0 ±70.1 ± 13 p 1 ± ± p 2 ±3.092 ± 1.39 p 1 ROOT 2 7 p 0 p 1 dn decay (t) dt = p 0 e (t )/p 1 + p 2 (5.4) 38
40 t = µs 2.5 µs 5.4: ROOT 39 χ p ± p 1 (2.079 ± 0.357) 10 6 p ± ROOT 5.1 a) p 1 = p 2 = p χ χ^ p0 5.16: p 0 χ 2 = 1 ±
41 b) p 0 = 84.53p 2 = p χ χ^ p1 (μs) 5.17: p 1 χ 2 = 1 ± c) p 0 = 84.53p 1 = p χ 2 χ^ p2 5.18: p 2 40
42 χ 2 = 1 ± : parameter ROOT 2 p 0 ±6.126 ± 4.47 p 1 ± ± p 2 ±3.092 ± 1.39 p 1 ROOT dn decay(t) = p dt 0 e t/p 1 + p ROOT 41
43 dn decay(t) = p dt 0 e (t A)/p 1 +p 2 A = p 0 p 2 p 1 χ 2 A = : A χ 2 p 1 A = A = A = : p 1 ROOT A = 0 A = A = p 1 ± ± ± ±
44 A = ± A = ± dn decay(t) = p dt 0 e (t A)/p 1 + p 2 p 0 e (t A)/p 1 + p 2 t = A p 0 + p 2 p 1 p 0 e (t A)/p 1 + p 2 p 0 e A/p 1 e t/p 1 + p 2 p 0 e t/p 1 + p 2 p 0 p 0 e A/p 1 p 1 p 1 p 2 p 2 Be t/τ t = 0 Be t/τ dt = [B( τ)e t/τ ] 0 = Bτ (5.5) 0 Bτ = B 0 B = B 0 τ Be t/τ = B 0 τ e t/τ B 0 B 0 τ t = t 1 t 2 t2 t 1 Be t/τ dt = [B( τ)e t/τ ] t 2 t 1 = Bτ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) (5.6) Bτ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) = B 0 B = B 0 τ(e t 1 /τ e t 2 /τ ) Be t/τ = B 0 τ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) e t/τ (5.7) B 0 t = t 1 t 2 τ Be t/τ + C t = t 1 t 2 t2 t 1 (Be t/τ + C)dt = [B( τ)e t/τ + Ct] t 2 t 1 = Bτ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) + C(t 2 t 1 ) (5.8) Bτ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) + C(t 2 t 1 ) = D B = D C(t 2 t 1 ) τ(e t 1 /τ e t 2 /τ ) Be t/τ + C = D C(t 2 t 1 ) τ(e t 1/τ e t 2/τ ) e t/τ + C (5.9) D t = t 1 t 2 τ C 43
45 dn decay(t) dt = p 0 p 2 (t 2 t 1 ) p 1 (e t 1 /p 1 e t 2 /p 1 ) e t/p 1 +p 2 5.7: ROOT 39 χ p 0 (4.317 ± ) 10 4 p 1 (2.079 ± 0.356) 10 6 p ± p 0 p 0 = p 0 = = p 0 p 0 = D p B C counts per channel counts per 200 n second time bin τ 44
46 5.3 µ + µ µ + µ dn decay(t) dt : µ + µ µ + dn decay (t) = e t/ dt µ dn decay (t) = e t/ dt µ + + µ dn decay (t) = e t/ e t/ dt 350 counts per channel μ+ μ μ++μ time (s) 5.20: µ + µ 45
47 1000 counts per channel μ+ μ μ++μ time (s) 5.21: µ + µ () 46
48 [1] Γ µ = h G 2 = τ µ 192π 3 ( hc) 6(m µc 2 ) 5 (1 + ϵ) (5.10) τ µ = (2.079 ± 0.357) 10 6 s G ( hc) 3 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 (5.11) 47
49 6 10 cm 50 MeV TAC(-) ADC [ (µs)] = [] τ (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s G = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 ( hc) 3 µ + µ µ + µ µ + µ 8 17 () µ 880 ns( 60 ) µ + µ 48
50 ROOT 49
51 [1] B. /K. /C. /F. (, 2001) [2] (, 1998) [3] (, 1992) [4] (, 1994) [5] (, 1997) [6] --(, 1998) [7] Caso et al., Particle Data Group The European Physical Journal C(Springer, 1998), [8] R. Brun et al.,root Users Guide 4.04(CERN LIBRARY, 2005) [9] [10] [11] T. Suzuki and D.F.Measday Total Nuclear Capture Rates For Negative Muons, Phys. Rev. C Vol. 35, No. 6, pp (1987) [12] D.F.Measday The Nuclear Physics of Muon Capture, Phys. Rep. 354, pp (2001) [13] Donald E.Groom Muon Stopping Power And Range Tables 10MeV-100TeV, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 78, pp (2001) [14] Shuhei Tsuji et al., Measurements of Muons at Sea Level, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 24, pp (1998) [15] (2009) [16] (2008) 50
52 [17] (2009) [18] (2008) [19] pict.php?pictno=
25 3 4
25 3 4 1 µ e + ν e +ν µ µ + e + +ν e + ν µ e e + TAC START STOP START veto START (2.04 ± 0.18)µs 1/2 STOP (2.09 ± 0.11)µs 1/8 G F /( c) 3 (1.21±0.09) 5 /GeV 2 (1.19±0.05) 5 /GeV 2 Weinberg θ W sin θ W
Muon Muon Muon lif
2005 2005 3 23 1 2 2 2 2.1 Muon.......................................... 2 2.2 Muon........................... 2 2.3................................. 3 2.4 Muon life time.........................................
Bethe-Bloch Bethe-Bloch (stopping range) Bethe-Bloch FNAL (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) - (SciBooNE ) SciBooNE Bethe-Bloch FNAL - (SciBooNE
21 2 27 Bethe-Bloch Bethe-Bloch (stopping range) Bethe-Bloch FNAL (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) - (SciBooNE ) SciBooNE Bethe-Bloch FNAL - (SciBooNE ) Bethe-Bloch 1 0.1..............................
Μ粒子電子転換事象探索実験による世界最高感度での 荷電LFV探索 第3回機構シンポジューム 2009年5月11日 素粒子原子核研究所 三原 智
µ COMET LFV esys clfv (Charged Lepton Flavor Violation) J-PARC µ COMET ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) B ( ) B ( ) B ( ) B ( ) B ( ) B ( ) B 2016 J- PARC µ KEK 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 clfv clfv clfv clfv clfv clfv clfv
positron 1930 Dirac 1933 Anderson m 22Na(hl=2.6years), 58Co(hl=71days), 64Cu(hl=12hour) 68Ge(hl=288days) MeV : thermalization m psec 100
positron 1930 Dirac 1933 Anderson m 22Na(hl=2.6years), 58Co(hl=71days), 64Cu(hl=12hour) 68Ge(hl=288days) 0.5 1.5MeV : thermalization 10 100 m psec 100psec nsec E total = 2mc 2 + E e + + E e Ee+ Ee-c mc
Mｏｔｔ散乱によるParity対称性の破れを検証
Mott Parity P2 Mott target Mott Parity Parity Γ = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 t P P ),,, ( 3 2 1 0 1 γ γ γ γ γ γ ν ν µ µ = = Γ 1 : : : Γ P P P P x x P ν ν µ µ vector axial vector ν ν µ µ γ γ Γ ν γ
- γ 1929 γ - SI γ 137 Cs 662 kev γ NaI active target NaI γ NaI 2 NaI γ NaI(Tl) γ 2 NaI γ γ γ
- 28 2 15 - γ 1929 γ - SI γ 137 Cs 662 kev γ NaI active target NaI γ NaI 2 NaI γ NaI(Tl) γ 2 NaI γ γ 10 3 4 γ 1 3 2 γ 5 2.1..................................... 5 2.1.1.................... 5 2.1.2..............................
Thick-GEM 06S2026A 22 3
Thick-GEM 06S2026A 22 3 (MWPC-Multi Wire Proportional Chamber) MPGD(Micro Pattern Gas Detector) MPGD MPGD MPGD MPGD GEM(Gas Electron Multiplier) GEM GEM GEM Thick-GEM GEM Thick-GEM 10 4 Thick-GEM 1 Introduction
LEPS
LEPS2 2016 2 17 LEPS2 SPring-8 γ 3 GeV γ 10 Mcps LEPS2 7 120 LEPS Λ(1405) LEPS2 LEPS2 Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) SSD 100 µm 512 ch 6 cm 3 x y 2 SSD 6 3072 ch APV25-s1 APVDAQ VME APV25-s1 SSD 128 ch
1 2 1 a(=,incident particle A(target nucleus) b (projectile B( product nucleus, residual nucleus, ) ; a + A B + b a A B b 1: A(a,b)B A=B,a=b 2 1. ( 10
1 2 1 a(=,incident particle A(target nucleus) b (projectile B( product nucleus, residual nucleus, ) ; a + A B + b a A B b 1: A(a,b)B A=B,a=b 2 1. ( 10 14 m) ( 10 10 m) 2., 3 1 =reaction-text20181101b.tex
42 3 u = (37) MeV/c 2 (3.4) [1] u amu m p m n [1] m H [2] m p = (4) MeV/c 2 = (13) u m n = (4) MeV/c 2 =
![42 3 u = (37) MeV/c 2 (3.4) [1] u amu m p m n [1] m H [2] m p = (4) MeV/c 2 = (13) u m n = (4) MeV/c 2 =](/thumbs/73/68712188.jpg "42 3 u = (37) MeV/c 2 (3.4) [1] u amu m p m n [1] m H [2] m p = (4) MeV/c 2 = (13) u m n = (4) MeV/c 2 =")
3 3.1 3.1.1 kg m s J = kg m 2 s 2 MeV MeV [1] 1MeV=1 6 ev = 1.62 176 462 (63) 1 13 J (3.1) [1] 1MeV/c 2 =1.782 661 731 (7) 1 3 kg (3.2) c =1 MeV (atomic mass unit) 12 C u = 1 12 M(12 C) (3.3) 41 42 3 u
4. ϵ(ν, T ) = c 4 u(ν, T ) ϵ(ν, T ) T ν π4 Planck dx = 0 e x 1 15 U(T ) x 3 U(T ) = σt 4 Stefan-Boltzmann σ 2π5 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = W m 2 K 4 5.
A 1. Boltzmann Planck u(ν, T )dν = 8πh ν 3 c 3 kt 1 dν h 6.63 10 34 J s Planck k 1.38 10 23 J K 1 Boltzmann u(ν, T ) T ν e hν c = 3 10 8 m s 1 2. Planck λ = c/ν Rayleigh-Jeans u(ν, T )dν = 8πν2 kt dν c
H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [
![H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [](/thumbs/99/141438442.jpg "H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [")
3 3. 3.. H H = H + V (t), V (t) = gµ B α B e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e iht Φ(t) H e iht Φ(t) + ie iht t Φ(t) = [H + V (t)]e iht Φ(t) Φ(t) i t Φ(t) = V H(t)Φ(t), V H (t) = e iht V (t)e
(e ) (µ ) (τ ) ( (ν e,e ) e- (ν µ,µ ) µ- (ν τ,τ ) τ- ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SU(2) ) (W +,Z 0,W ) * 1) [ ] [ ] [ ] ν e ν µ ν τ e µ τ, e R,µ R,τ R (2.1a
![(e ) (µ ) (τ ) ( (ν e,e ) e- (ν µ,µ ) µ- (ν τ,τ ) τ- ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SU(2) ) (W +,Z 0,W ) * 1) [ ] [ ] [ ] ν e ν µ ν τ e µ τ, e R,µ R,τ R (2.1a](/thumbs/100/144882653.jpg "(e ) (µ ) (τ ) ( (ν e,e ) e- (ν µ,µ ) µ- (ν τ,τ ) τ- ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SU(2) ) (W +,Z 0,W ) * 1) [ ] [ ] [ ] ν e ν µ ν τ e µ τ, e R,µ R,τ R (2.1a")
1 2 2.1 (e ) (µ ) (τ ) ( (ν e,e ) e- (ν µ,µ ) µ- (ν τ,τ ) τ- ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SU(2) ) (W +,Z 0,W ) * 1) [ ] [ ] [ ] ν e ν µ ν τ e µ τ, e R,µ R,τ R (2.1a) L ( ) ) * 2) W Z 1/2 ( - ) d u + e + ν e 1 1 0 0
C el = 3 2 Nk B (2.14) c el = 3k B C el = 3 2 Nk B
I [email protected] 217 11 14 4 4.1 2 2.4 C el = 3 2 Nk B (2.14) c el = 3k B 2 3 3.15 C el = 3 2 Nk B 3.15 39 2 1925 (Wolfgang Pauli) (Pauli exclusion principle) T E = p2 2m p T N 4 Pauli Sommerfeld
main.dvi
CeF 3 1 1 3 1.1 KEK E391a... 3 1.1.1 KL 0 π0 νν... 3 1.1.2 E391a... 4 1.1.3... 5 1.2... 6 2 8 2.1... 8 2.2... 10 2.3 CeF 3... 12 2.4... 13 3 15 3.1... 15 3.2... 15 3.3... 18 3.4... 22 4 23 4.1... 23 4.2...
1/2 ( ) 1 * 1 2/3 *2 up charm top -1/3 down strange bottom 6 (ν e, ν µ, ν τ ) -1 (e) (µ) (τ) 6 ( 2 ) 6 6 I II III u d ν e e c s ν µ µ t b ν τ τ (2a) (
August 26, 2005 1 1 1.1...................................... 1 1.2......................... 4 1.3....................... 5 1.4.............. 7 1.5.................... 8 1.6 GIM..........................
muramatsu_ver1.key
229-ThTES α = e 2 /2ε 0 hc (John D. Barrow 2005) Radiationdominated era Matterdominated era Dark energy era 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 Time (years) Time 2 α = e 2 /2ε 0 hc (John D. Barrow
1 9 v.0.1 c (2016/10/07) Minoru Suzuki T µ 1 (7.108) f(e ) = 1 e β(e µ) 1 E 1 f(e ) (Bose-Einstein distribution function) *1 (8.1) (9.1)
1 9 v..1 c (216/1/7) Minoru Suzuki 1 1 9.1 9.1.1 T µ 1 (7.18) f(e ) = 1 e β(e µ) 1 E 1 f(e ) (Bose-Einstein distribution function) *1 (8.1) (9.1) E E µ = E f(e ) E µ (9.1) µ (9.2) µ 1 e β(e µ) 1 f(e )
LHC ALICE (QGP) QGP QGP QGP QGP ω ϕ J/ψ ALICE s = ev + J/ψ
8 + J/ψ ALICE B597 : : : 9 LHC ALICE (QGP) QGP QGP QGP QGP ω ϕ J/ψ ALICE s = ev + J/ψ 6..................................... 6. (QGP)..................... 6.................................... 6.4..............................
.2 ρ dv dt = ρk grad p + 3 η grad (divv) + η 2 v.3 divh = 0, rote + c H t = 0 dive = ρ, H = 0, E = ρ, roth c E t = c ρv E + H c t = 0 H c E t = c ρv T
NHK 204 2 0 203 2 24 ( ) 7 00 7 50 203 2 25 ( ) 7 00 7 50 203 2 26 ( ) 7 00 7 50 203 2 27 ( ) 7 00 7 50 I. ( ν R n 2 ) m 2 n m, R = e 2 8πε 0 hca B =.09737 0 7 m ( ν = ) λ a B = 4πε 0ħ 2 m e e 2 = 5.2977
http://www.ns.kogakuin.ac.jp/~ft13389/lecture/physics1a2b/ pdf I 1 1 1.1 ( ) 1. 30 m µm 2. 20 cm km 3. 10 m 2 cm 2 4. 5 cm 3 km 3 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 1.2 ( ) 1. 1 m + 10 cm 2. 1 hr + 6400 sec 3. 3.0 10 5 kg
2004 A1 10 4 1 2 2 3 2.1................................................ 3 2.2............................................. 4 2.3.................................................. 5 2.3.1.......................
V(x) m e V 0 cos x π x π V(x) = x < π, x > π V 0 (i) x = 0 (V(x) V 0 (1 x 2 /2)) n n d 2 f dξ 2ξ d f 2 dξ + 2n f = 0 H n (ξ) (ii) H
199 1 1 199 1 1. Vx) m e V cos x π x π Vx) = x < π, x > π V i) x = Vx) V 1 x /)) n n d f dξ ξ d f dξ + n f = H n ξ) ii) H n ξ) = 1) n expξ ) dn dξ n exp ξ )) H n ξ)h m ξ) exp ξ )dξ = π n n!δ n,m x = Vx)
素粒子物理学２ 素粒子物理学序論B 2010年度講義第2回
素粒子物理学２ 素粒子物理学序論B 2010年度講義第2回 =1.055 10 34 J sec =6.582 10 22 MeV sec c = 197.33 10 15 MeV m = c = c =1 1 m p = c(mev m) 938M ev = 197 10 15 (m) 938 =0.2 10 13 (cm) 1 m p = (MeV sec) 938M ev = 6.58
The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER :
The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 1 4 2 41 : 2 42 14 43 17 44 25 45 27 46 3 47 31 48 32 49 34 41 35 411 36 maintex 23/11/28 The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 2 4 41 : 2 1 σ 2 (21) (22) k I = I exp(
Big Bang Planck Big Bang 1 43 Planck Planck quantum gravity Planck Grand Unified Theories: GUTs X X W X 1 15 ev 197 Glashow Georgi 1 14 GeV 1 2
12 Big Bang 12.1 Big Bang Big Bang 12.1 1-5 1 32 K 1 19 GeV 1-4 time after the Big Bang [ s ] 1-3 1-2 1-1 1 1 1 1 2 inflationary epoch gravity strong electromagnetic weak 1 27 K 1 14 GeV 1 15 K 1 2 GeV
O1-1 O1-2 O1-3 O1-4 O1-5 O1-6
O1-1 O1-2 O1-3 O1-4 O1-5 O1-6 O1-7 O1-8 O1-9 O1-10 O1-11 O1-12 O1-13 O1-14 O1-15 O1-16 O1-17 O1-18 O1-19 O1-20 O1-21 O1-22 O1-23 O1-24 O1-25 O1-26 O1-27 O1-28 O1-29 O1-30 O1-31 O1-32 O1-33 O1-34 O1-35
1 1 1 1-1 1 1-9 1-3 1-1 13-17 -3 6-4 6 3 3-1 35 3-37 3-3 38 4 4-1 39 4- Fe C TEM 41 4-3 C TEM 44 4-4 Fe TEM 46 4-5 5 4-6 5 5 51 6 5 1 1-1 1991 1,1 multiwall nanotube 1993 singlewall nanotube ( 1,) sp 7.4eV
From Evans Application Notes
3 From Evans Application Notes http://www.eaglabs.com From Evans Application Notes http://www.eaglabs.com XPS AES ISS SSIMS ATR-IR 1-10keV µ 1 V() r = kx 2 = 2π µν x mm 1 2 µ= m + m 1 2 1 k ν = OSC 2
Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments Energy Loss by Radiation : Bremsstrahlung 制動放射によるエネルギー損失は σ r 2 e = (e 2 mc 2 ) 2 で表される為
Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments.. Energy Loss by Radiation : Bremsstrahlung 制動放射によるエネルギー損失は σ r e = (e mc ) で表される為 質量に大きく依存する Ex) 電子の次に質量の小さいミューオンの制動放射によるエネルギー損失 m e 0.5 MeV, m
SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT
![SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT](/thumbs/92/110123587.jpg "SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT")
3 SPECT SJ SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT 9ch MPPC array 3 3 9 3 3 9.mm(sigma) . SPECT..................................................................3............
橡実験IIINMR.PDF
(NMR) 0 (NMR) 2µH hω ω 1 h 2 1 1-1 NMR NMR h I µ = γµ N 1-2 1 H 19 F Ne µ = Neh 2mc ( 1) N 2 ( ) I =1/2 I =3/2 I z =+1/2 I z = 1/2 γh H>0 2µH H=0 µh I z =+3/2 I z =+1/2 I z = 1/2 I z = 3/2 γh H>0 2µH H=0
ma22-9 u ( v w) = u v w sin θê = v w sin θ u cos φ = = 2.3 ( a b) ( c d) = ( a c)( b d) ( a d)( b c) ( a b) ( c d) = (a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 )(c 2 d 3 c 3 d
A 2. x F (t) =f sin ωt x(0) = ẋ(0) = 0 ω θ sin θ θ 3! θ3 v = f mω cos ωt x = f mω (t sin ωt) ω t 0 = f ( cos ωt) mω x ma2-2 t ω x f (t mω ω (ωt ) 6 (ωt)3 = f 6m ωt3 2.2 u ( v w) = v ( w u) = w ( u v) ma22-9
1 1 2 2 3 3 RBS 3 K-factor 3 5 8 Bragg 15 ERDA 21 ERDA 21 ERDA 21 31 31 33 RUMP 38 42 42 42 42 42 42 4 45 45 Ti 45 Ti 61 Ti 63 Ti 67 Ti 84 i Ti 86 V 90 V 99 V 101 V 105 V 114 V 116 121 Ti 121 Ti 123 V
NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) GSO(Ce) LaBr 3 (Ce) γ Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PIN PIN Photo Diode PIN PD Avalanche Photo Diode APD MPPC Multi-Pixel Photon Counter L
19 P6 γ 2 3 27 NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) GSO(Ce) LaBr 3 (Ce) γ Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PIN PIN Photo Diode PIN PD Avalanche Photo Diode APD MPPC Multi-Pixel Photon Counter LaBr 3 (Ce) PMT 662keV 2.9% CsI(Tl) 7.1%
( ) ) ) ) 5) 1 J = σe 2 6) ) 9) 1955 Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes )
( 3 7 4 ) 2 2 ) 8 2 954 2) 955 3) 5) J = σe 2 6) 955 7) 9) 955 Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes 957 ) 3 4 2 A B H (t) = Ae iωt B(t) = B(ω)e iωt B(ω) = [ Φ R (ω) Φ R () ] iω Φ R (t)
B 1 B.1.......................... 1 B.1.1................. 1 B.1.2................. 2 B.2........................... 5 B.2.1.......................... 5 B.2.2.................. 6 B.2.3..................
Note.tex 2008/09/19( )
1 20 9 19 2 1 5 1.1........................ 5 1.2............................. 8 2 9 2.1............................. 9 2.2.............................. 10 3 13 3.1.............................. 13 3.2..................................
2016 ǯ¥Î¡¼¥Ù¥ëʪÍý³Ø¾Þ²òÀ⥻¥ß¥Ê¡¼ Kosterlitz-Thouless ž°Ü¤È Haldane ͽÁÛ
2016 Kosterlitz-Thouless Haldane Dept. of Phys., Kyushu Univ. 2016 11 29 2016 Figure: D.J.Thouless F D.M.Haldane J.M.Kosterlitz TOPOLOGICAL PHASE TRANSITIONS AND TOPOLOGICAL PHASES OF MATTER ( ) ( ) (Dirac,
Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x
7 7.1 7.1.1 Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 )=(x 0, x )=(ct, x ) (7.3) E/c ct K = E mc 2 (7.4)