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1 Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology Vol. 76, No. 2 March, 2011 pp Lecture * ** Received December 15, 2010 accepted January 12, 2011 Development of extra-heavy oil in the Americas Shinichi Takada Abstract While it is becoming more and more difficult to find new conventional oil fields, the importance of extraheavy oil in Venezuela and bitumen in Canada has been increasing. Recently, there were two remarkable events occurred in Orinoco development in Venezuela. One is the reserve evaluation project based on inter-government agreements. Some groups have created joint venture companies with PDVSA to enter into development phase after the reserve evaluation work. The other event was the first competitive bidding for Carabobo area development. Two projects were awarded as a result of the bidding process including the project led by Chevron with the participation of JOGMEC, Mitsubishi Corporation and INPEX Corporation. Orinoco development has an advantage over oil sand development in Canada in terms of lower production cost because cold production is the standard method due to relatively low viscosity of oil. However, the severe and unstable investment climate in Venezuela is making it difficult for foreign oil companies to invest in big projects. The development of oil sand in Canada will grow steadily if high oil price continues and appropriate measures are taken to minimize environmental impacts such as carbon dioxide emission, land damage and byproduct disposal. The development of extraheavy oil in Orinoco, Venezuela can be called as Frontier even though certain improvements in investment environment are required to encourage new project startups. Keywords extra-heavy oil, Orinoco, oil sand, Carabobo, SAGD, environmental issue, CCS, Venezuela, Canada 1. IEA International Energy Agency EIA Energy Information Administration * This paper was presented at the 2010 JAPT Autumn Meeting entitle New Frontier Petroleum Exploration -beyond Conventional Hydrocarbons - held in Tokyo, Japan on October 27, ** INPEX Corporation 1 EIA, 2010 Copyright 2011 JAPT
2 GTL Gas-to-Liquid Coal-to-Liquid API 10 10,000 cp USGS ,510 API 22 API 4, API 9, USGS ,800 P95 6,520 P5 15% 70% EOR 1 1 cp cp SAGD Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage CSS Cyclic Steam Stimulation Cold Production CAPEX OPEX km 3 PDVSA Chevron JOGMEC 11 PDVSA JOGMEC USGS, API m 300 1,200 m scf/bbl 100 scf/bbl cp cp Mining, CHOPS, CSS, SAGD Cold Production Horizontal Well 3 J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Technol. Vol. 76, No
3 API PDVSA 2007 PDVSA 51% 2 PDVSA MOU Memorandum of Understanding MOU PDVSA JV Petrocedeno Sincor Petroanzoategui Petrozuata Petropiar Hamaca Petromonagas Cerro Negro Total 47% Conoco 50.1% Conoco 40% Exxon 41.65% PDVSA 38% PDVSA 49.9% Chevron 30% PDVSA 41.65% Statoil 15% PDVSA 30% BP 16.7% PDVSA 60% PDVSA 100% PDVSA 70% PDVSA 83.34% Total 30.3% Statoil 9.7% Chevron 30% BP 16.66% bbl/d 180, , , ,000 Delayed Coker Delayed Coker Delayed Coker Delayed Coker Hydrocracker Hydrocracker Bypass API
4 141 6 MOU 1 Petrovietnam 2 6 CNPC 4 ENI PDVSA PDVSA ESP Electric Submergible Pump PCP Progressing Cavity Pump 1,000 2, ,000 m 2,000 3,500 Cold Production 8 12 Cold Production 1 Petrocedeno Sincor, PDVSA, TOTAL, STATOIL JV 2011 SAGD, HASD Horizontal Alternating Steam Drive SD Steam Drive J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Technol. Vol. 76, No
5 Petromonagas Cerro Negro PDVSA 60% 40% 1 40 PDVSA PDVSA PDVSA Pre-FEED3D 2 FEED 3 4 Cold Production
6 Carabobo-1 North Carabobo-1 Central 2 Carabobo-2 North Carabobo-4 West 3 Carabobo-2 South Carabobo-3 Carabobo Repsol Repsol, ONGC, Petronas, Oil India, Indian Oil 3 Chevron Chevron JOGMEC/INPEX/, Suelopetrol 2 MOU % 50% 9 4 1% 34% In-Situ Imperial Kearl Shell AOSP Phase 1A SAGD ConocoPhillips Surmont Phase 2 Devon Jackfish Phase 3 Joslyn TOTAL 10% SAGD TOTAL 7.14% ERCB, Mining In-Situ In-Situ Cold Production Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand CSS SAGD SAGD 11 In Situ ERCB, 2009 J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Technol. Vol. 76, No
7 144 EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery CCS Carbon Capture and Storage Steam Oil Ratio EOR 3 CO 2 CO 2 Tailing Pond In Situ CCS THAI Toe-to-Heel Air Injection In-situ Combustion XSAGD Cross SAGD SAGD ES-SAGD Expanding Solvent SAGDVAPEX Vapor Extraction Chemical EOR Tailing Pond Cold Production % 2 PDVSA PDVSA ExxonMobil ConocoPhillips MOU ERCB Energy Resources Conservation Board
8 ERCB, PDVSA, 2010 In-Situ SAGD EOR 7.2 Hoye, T.H., Kaas I. and Allers J. E., 2009 Improved reservoir characterization and its impact on locating thermal development wells in the Petrocedeno EOR Pilot Area, World Heavy Oil Congress 2009 Proceedings. International Energy Agency, 2008 World Energy Outlook, ERCB, 2009 Alberta's Energy Reserves 2008 and Supply/ Demand Outlook , 2/18 2/20. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2010 International Energy Outlook, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003 Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen Strategic Petroleum Resources, 1 2. U.S. Geological Survey, 2009 An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela, 1 3. J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Technol. Vol. 76, No
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128 74 2 21 3 128 134 Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology Vol. 74, No. 2 March, 2009 pp. 128 134 Lecture * ** Received February 23, 2009 accepted February 26, 2009 The impact of
JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY VOL. 66, NO. 6 (Nov., 2001) (Received August 10, 2001; accepted November 9, 2001) Alterna
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373 73 5 20 9 373 377 Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology Vol. 73, No. 5 Sept., 2008 pp. 373 377 Lecture HSQE * ** Received July 31, 2008 accepted September 11, 2008 Implementation
Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology Vol. 84, No. 1 Jan., 2019 pp Lecture CSEM Received September 6,
10 84 1 31 1 10 16 Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology Vol. 84, No. 1 Jan., 2019 pp. 10 16 Lecture CSEM Received September 6, 2018 accepted November 6, 2018 Effectiveness and limitations
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2004 2004 17.9% 2005 9.4% BCV, Información Estadística ( [sembrar el petróleo]) Karl[1997] Paradox of Plenty Corden[1984] 30 18 PDVSA Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. 1980 1970 2004 13 1920 90 IT ( API API
(Received December 22, 2000; accepted March 12, 2001) Gas field development projects of Nippon Oil Exploration Nobuyuki Sakata Abstract: Nippon Oil Ex
(Received December 22, 2000; accepted March 12, 2001) Gas field development projects of Nippon Oil Exploration Nobuyuki Sakata Abstract: Nippon Oil Exploration Ltd. (NOEX), a subsidiary of Nippon Mitsubishi
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