Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr Liu Hong, for his guidance throughout the various revisions of this thesis, as well as his patience

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1 THE HOKKIEN COMMUNITY IN SINGAPORE ( ): A SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY NG MAY FUN (B. A. Hons, NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006

2 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr Liu Hong, for his guidance throughout the various revisions of this thesis, as well as his patience and kindness. I am grateful to my good friends who have been very helpful and encouraging, especially Karene Wong. I would also like to thank my family for their tolerance and support. And special thanks to Dr Lee Chee Hiang. i

3 Acknowledgements..i Abstract..iii iv.v ii

4 Abstract Singapore is an immigrant society. Out of the total population, 76% is Chinese. Among the Chinese immigrants, 45% are Hokkien. Being the most prominent dialect group, the Hokkien left a significant influence to the Chinese society. This dissertation focuses on Singapore Hokkien community between the time periods This was a crucial period in Singapore history where changes took place in different aspects of the society. It was also a period of transition for the Chinese society in Singapore. The areas of discussion include societal, cultural and economical activities of the Hokkiens. To date, there is no literature which looked at Hokkien community ( ) in depth, this dissertation aims to fill the gap and bring to lights the contributions made by this prominent dialect group. Last but not least, this dissertation hopes to play its part in the development of the research of Singapore Chinese society. iii

5 / iv

6 v

7 ( ) Cheng Lim Keak Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore

8 1.1 Jiann Hsieh, Internal Structure and Socio-cultural Change: A Chinese Case in the Multi-ethnic Society of Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1977, p

10 ( )

11 % 45% 5

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14 1 Cheng Lim Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore, Singapore, Singapore University Press, , p Jiann Hsieh, Internal Structure and Socio-cultural Change: A Chinese Case in the Multiethnic Society of Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1977, p CAPAS Southeast Asia Research Paper No. 60, June

15 % % % %

16 % 40.1% 3.1% 22.0%20.3% 7.2% 6.1% % 52.3% 53.1% 77.9% 17.6% 20.4% 82.7% (%) 1947 (%) 1957 (%) 1970 (%) <0.1% Cheng Lim Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore, p %

17 % Report of Singapore Population Census 1957, cited from Cheah Kam Kooi, The Hakka Community in Singapore, Research Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Singapore, November % % 3.0%2.4% 2.0% % %

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20 L-18 L-55 14

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31 50 95% 25

32 2.8 26

33 2.8 / - - Cheng Lim Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore 27

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37 1 Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 2 Cheng Lim Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1985, p , p M-19 M Jiann Hsieh, Internal Structure and Socio-cultural Change: A Chinese Case in the Multiethnic Society of Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1977, p

38 , p , p W. G., Huff, The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,

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51 3.5 % % %

52 3.7 % %

58 52

59 Gwee Yee Hean, Education and the Multi-Racial Society, in J.Ooi and H.D. Chiang eds., Modern Singapore, Singapore, University of Singapore Press, 1969, pp ;

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66 Lai Si Tsui-Auch, The Professionally Managed Family-ruled Enterprise: Ethnic Chinese Business, Journal of Management Studies 41:4 June 2004, p

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70 ; ;

71 65

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93 () ( ) 1997/98 ( )

94 ( ) 1996/

95 Books: Chan Kwok Bun & Claire Chiang. Stepping Out: The Making of Chinese Entrepreneur. Singapore: Simonand Schuster, Cheng Lim Keak. Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore: A Socio-Economic Geography with Special Reference to Bang Structure. Singapore: Singapore University Press, W. G., Huff, The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Yong, C.F. Tan Kah Kee: The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend. Singapore: Oxford University Press,

96 Articles: Jiann Hsieh, Internal Structure and Socio-cultural Change: A Chinese Case in the Multi-ethnic Society of Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Lim Choo Hoon. The Political Orientation of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Review of Southeast Asian Studies (Nanyang Quarterly), Vol.IX, December Lim Geok Choo. The Chinese Associations in Singapore: A Case Study of The Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan. Academic Exercise. Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Gwee Yee Hean, Education and the Multi-Racial Society, in J.Ooi and H.D. Chiang eds., Modern Singapore, Singapore, University of Singapore Press, 1969, pp

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