日本補完代替医療学会誌 総 説 ヘマトコッカス藻由来 アスタキサンチン アスタリールの安全性 The Safety of AstaREAL, an Astaxanthin Product Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis 第12 巻 第1号 2015 年 3

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1 日本補完代替医療学会誌 総 説 ヘマトコッカス藻由来 アスタキサンチン アスタリールの安全性 The Safety of AstaREAL, an Astaxanthin Product Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis 第12 巻 第1号 2015 年 3 月 9 17 藻由来アスタキサンチン製品である 富士化学工業の アスタリールを中心にまとめた 更に 最新の研究に 基づいて 医薬品との相互作用に関与する薬物代謝酵 素へのアスタキサンチンの影響を考察した ヘマトコ ッカス藻由来アスタキサンチンであるアスタリールの 安全性は 多岐に渡るエビデンスにより確立されてい る キーワード アスタキサンチン ヘマトコッカス藻 食経験 安全 性 薬物相互作用 1. はじめに アスタキサンチンは ニンジンの b カロテンやトマ トのリコピンと同じカロテノイドの一種であり 特に魚 介類に多く含まれる赤色の天然色素である 図 1 商 業的には 赤色色素として食品添加物や養殖魚の色揚剤 1,* 1 1 高橋二郎 本江信子 大木史郎 北村晃利1 塚原寛樹1 許 鳳浩2 鈴木信孝2 Jiro TAKAHASHI1,*, Nobuko HONGO1, Shiro OHKI1, Akitoshi KITAMURA1, Hiroki TSUKAHARA1, Hoko KYO2, Nobutaka SUZUKI2 1 富士化学工業株式会社 LS 事業部 2 金沢大学大学院医薬保健学総合研究科 臨床研究開発補完代替医療学講座 に使われる一方 優れた抗酸化作用を有すること また 眼の疲れ 脳機能 メタボリックシンドローム アトピ ー性皮膚炎 美肌等に有益な効能を有することが見出さ れてからは 色素としてよりも健康食品素材として サ プリメントや一般食品に利用されることが増えてきた1) そのような状況から 食品としてのアスタキサンチンの 科学的データに基づく安全性が求められ これまで約 10 年の間に数多くの安全性試験や毒性試験が実施され ている 食品で使用されるアスタキサンチン製品としては 培 養ヘマトコッカス藻 培養ファフィア酵母 またはオキ アミから抽出される生物由来の天然アスタキサンチンと 化学合成アスタキサンチンがある 経口摂取後の血中濃 度におけるバイオアベイラビリティの優位性2) や食経験 の豊富さから 市場で広く普及しているのは ヘマトコ ッカス藻を由来とするアスタキサンチン製品である 現在 ヘマトコッカス藻を由来とするアスタキサンチ ン製品の供給は 国内外の数社が行っている 製品の品 要 旨 赤色のカロテノイドであるアスタキサンチンは 優れ た抗酸化作用や様々な生理作用を有すことが知られる ことから 機能性健康食品素材として注目されている これまで約 10 年の間に アスタキサンチンに関する 臨床試験が数多く実施され その中で食品としてのア スタキサンチンの安全性が報告されている 本総説で は これら安全性に関する臨床試験の報告と 遺伝毒 性及び急性 亜慢性毒性等の毒性試験の報告を 効能 研究及び安全性試験の報告が最も多いヘマトコッカス 質は 原料である藻の培養法や 藻からのアスタキサン チンの抽出 精製法等の影響を受けるため 各メーカー 図1 アスタキサンチンの化学構造 受理日 2015 年 2 月 26 日 * 富山県中新川郡上市町横法音寺 55 富士化学工業株式会社 LS 事業部 LS 開発部 Tel: Fax: takahashi@fujichemical.co.jp

2 10 3) 5 3) 2. アスタキサンチンの食経験 (Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI) アスタキサンチンのヒト安全性試験 mg 12 mg/ 4 6 mg 9 mg/ mg 45 mg/ 4 1A mg/ ) mg/ 12 5) mg/ ) mg/ ) mg/

3 11 1A * mg/ mg/ mg/ * 30 mg/ mg/ mg/ ) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 4 8) mg/ ) mg ) mg mg mg ) 1B 12 24) 2 2 mg 45 mg/ mg/ 4 45 mg/ 4 18 mg/ ADI

4 12 1B * 6 mg/ ) mg/ mg/ 13 4 mg/ 14 2 mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ 15 6 mg/ mg/ * ) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) ,15,17 19,22,24) 1 25) 1 14) 2 26,27) mg/ mg/ 1 45 mg/ mg/

5 13 2 * mg/ (14) 4 mg/ (14) 5 mg/ (13) 6 mg/ (16) (12), (15), (17), (18),(19), (21), (28) (4), (23) 8 mg/ (20) 9 mg/ (22) (5) 12 mg/ (14), (17), (24) (29) (23) 18 mg/ (23) 20 mg/ (30) 30 mg/ (6), (7) 45 mg/ (8), (9) * ( ) 3 * mg/ Ames 31) CHL/IU mg/ml ) ICR mg/kg 72 32) SD SD SD Wistar * 100 mg/kg 420 mg/kg mg/kg ) 33) 31) 33) 6 mg/ 4 28) mg/ L mg/ 12 mg/ ) 25 C 300 mg/ E 50 mg/ 20 mg/ ) 4. アスタキサンチン ( アスタリール ) の毒性試験 3 Ames Ames mg/

6 14 31) mg/kg ) 32) 2000 mg/kg 100 mg/kg SD 14 LD mg/kg 100 mg/kg 31) 3 (No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) mg/kg SD 13 NOAEL mg/kg 50 mg/kg 31) 3.5 SD 12,000 mg/kg 14 LD50 12,000 mg/kg 420 mg/kg 33) Wistar 13 NOAEL 14,161 mg/kg 465 mg/kg 17,076 mg/kg 557 mg/kg 33) F ) 7 NOAEL 53.2 mg/kg 54.8 mg/kg NOAEL NOAEL = 100 NOAEL/100 (ADI) 31) 34) NOAEL 50 mg/kg 1/ mg/kg (ADI > 0.5 mg/kg) 60 kg 30 mg/ 2 mg 12 mg/ 60 kg 0.03 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg 1 NOAEL Wistar ) 200 g 15 g/ 15 mg/kg 5. アスタキサンチンと医薬品の相互作用

7 15 P450 (CYPs) CYPs 7 CYP1A2 CYP2B6 CYP2C8 CYP2C9 CYP2C19 CYP2D6 CYP3A4 1.3 mmol/l (775 ng/ml) 36) CYP 3 CYP1A2 CYP2B6 CYP3A4 13 mmol/l (7750 ng/ml) 36) Kistler mm (220 ng/ml) 3.75 mm (2200 ng/ ml) CYPs CYP3A4 CYP2B6 CYP1A CYP2C 37) Zheng CYPs 9 CYP1A2 CYP2A6 CYP2B6 CYP2C8 CYP2C9 CYP2C19 CYP2D6 CYP2E1 CYP3A4/5 CYP2C19 IC mm (9655 ng/ml) 38) 6 mg/ 4 36 ng/ml 15) 9 mg 77 ng/ml 39) ) ) 6 mg/ CYPs CYPs 6. まとめ 1) 2) 18 mg/ mg/ 4 3) 50 mg/ kg 0.5 mg/kg 60 kg 30 mg/ 4) 参考文献 1) 2008; 5(3): ) Depeint F, Lepilliez ML, Renard A, et al. Bioavailability of two sources of astaxanthin. Vitafoods Europe ) Haematococcus ) 2005; 8(1): ) 2010; 7(1): ) 2005; 21: ) 2009; 25(8): ) 2010; 3(4): )

8 16 F ) Spiller GA, Dewell A. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J Med Food 2003; 6(1): ) Satoh A, Tsuji S, Okada Y, et al. Preliminary Clinical Evaluation of Toxicity and Efficacy of A New Astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis Extract. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition 2009; 44(3): ) 2002; 18(9): ) Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Yamada T, et al. Effects of astaxanthin on accommodation, critical flicker fusion, and pattern visual evoked potential in visual display terminal workers. Journal of traditional medicines 2002; 19(5): ) 2004; 58(6): ) 2005; 21(5): ) 2005; 21(4): ) 2005; 21(5): ) 2005; 21(6): ) 2006; 22(1): ) Karppi J, Rissanen TH, Nyyssönen K, et al. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007; 77(1): ) 2009; 46(4): ) 2010; 3(5): ) Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, et al. Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2010; 209(2): ) Saito M, Yoshida K, Saito W, et al. Astaxanthin increases choroidal blood flow velocity. Graefe s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 2012; 250(2): ) 2006; 23(6): ) 2005; 21(4): ) 2009; 46(3): ) 2008; 5(1): ) Iwabayashi M, Fujioka N, Nomoto K, et al. Efficacy and safety of eight-week treatment with astaxanthin in individuals screened for increased oxidative stress burden. Anti-aging medicine 2009; 6(4): ) Res PT, Cermak NM, Stinkens R, et al. Astaxanthin supplementation does not augment fat use or improve endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45(6): ) Ames ; 20(8): ) 2 50F 2010; 26(4): ) Stewart JS, Lignell A, Pettersson A, et al. Safety assessment of astaxanthin-rich microalgae biomass: Acute and subchronic toxicity studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(9): ) F ; 117: ) b- 1997; 25(A): ) CYP 2015;12(1): ) Kistler A, Liechti H, Pichard L, et al. Metabolism and CYPinducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2002; 75(11-12): ) Zheng YF, Bae SH, Kwon MJ, et al. Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin, b-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59: ) 2011; 27(4): ) Choi HD, Kang HE, Yang SH, et al. Pharmacokinetics and firstpass metabolism of astaxanthin in rats. Britsh journal of nutrition 2011; 105(2):

9 17 ABSTRACT The Safety of AstaREAL, an Astaxanthin Product Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis Jiro TAKAHASHI 1, Nobuko HONGO 1, Shiro OHKI 1, Akitoshi KITAMURA 1, Hiroki TSUKAHARA 1, Hoko KYO 2, Nobutaka SUZUKI 2 1 Life Science Division, Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd. 2 Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science Astaxanthin, a red carotenoid, has been known to possess excellent antioxidant activity and various biological activities, thereby attracting attention as a functional food material. The safety of astaxanthin administered orally has been demonstrated in human clinical studies for about ten years. In this review, we summarized the clinical studies related to safety, as well as studies on genotoxicity, and acute and subchronic toxicity, with a focus on AstaREAL, an astaxanthin product derived from Haematococcus pluvialis which has been reported in numerous human clinical studies to be safe and to have multiple health benefits. Furthermore, based on the latest research, we reviewed the effect of astaxanthin on drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in drug interactions, and concluded that the safety of H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin, AstaREAL has been widely confirmed. Key words: Astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis, Food experience, Safety, Drug interaction

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