2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Development of Second Generation Wireless In-Wheel Motor with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Hiroshi Fujimoto Takuma Takeuchi Kat

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2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Development of Second Generation Wireless In-Wheel Motor with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Hiroshi Fujimoto Takuma Takeuchi Katsuhiro Hata Takehiro Imura Motoki Sato Daisuke

1 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Development of Second Generation Wireless In-Wheel Motor with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Hiroshi Fujimoto Takuma Takeuchi Katsuhiro Hata Takehiro Imura Motoki Sato Daisuke Gunji The authors have developed Wireless In-Wheel Motor (W-IWM) to solve power-lines disconnection problem of In-Wheel Motor (IWM) radically. In this paper, the advanced system of W-IWM (W-IWM2) is proposed. This system has capability of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (D-WPT) on its wheel-side. D-WPT technology can drastically extend driving range of electric vehicles. In addition, Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiC) is installed in wheel-side of the W-IWM2. LiC can effectively charge regenerative breaking energy. This paper discussed the development of the W-IWM2. The experimental results show the effectiveness of W-IWM2. KEY WORDS: EV and HEV systems, Energy control system, Dynamic wireless power transfer (A3) 1. (EV) EV In-Wheel Motor: IWM IWM (1) IWM - (W-IWM: Wireless In-Wheel Motor) (2) W-IWM 3.3 kw 94.3% (3) EV (4) IWM (5) EV IWM IWM W-IWM2 1)2)3)4) ( ) 5) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) Fig. 1 Test vehicle with W-IWM2. 2. IWM 2.1. EV IWM IWM 1) 2) IWM 3) W-IWM2 Table EV

2 Table 1 Specification of the test vehicle Max. motor power 12 kw Max. motor torque 76.4 Nm Reduction ratio 4.47 Number of motors 2 (4) Total power 24 kw (48 kw) Total wheel torque 672 Nm (1344 Nm) Chassis-side Wheel-side Power conversion circuit Reduction gear integrated HUB bearing unit for dynamic WPT Electric motor Energy storage LiC Fig. 3 Circuit configuration of the W-IWM2. Fig. 2 Configuration of the W-IWM W-IWM2 W-IWM2 Fig. 1 W-IWM2 Fig. 2 2 IWM 1 mm IWM 1 mm W-IWM2 3 1) IWM 2) IWM 3) IWM 3) (2) W-IWM1 2 W-IWM2 Fig. 3 W-IWM2 (6) SS(Series-Series) 85 khz W-IWM2 - IWM - IWM 2 (2) W-IWM1 - IWM (Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer D-WPT) AC/DC IWM AC/DC IWM Table 2 Target specification of the W-IWM2 circuit (designed value). WPT power from Road to IWM WPT power between Chassis and IWM Number of LiCs Total capacitance of LiCs Operation voltage of LiCs 9 kw > 12 kw 12 series 125 F V W-IWM2 IWM (Lithium-ion Capacitor LiC) LiC DC/DC IWM IWM 1) 2) 3) LiC 4) 4 W-IWM2 Table (7) 1) 2) 1) EV 2) EV

Inverter Inverter Inverter Grid AC/DC DC bus Fig. 4 Configuration of dynamic WPT. Fig. 6. Inverter output voltage current Search mode WPT mode Search mode Threshold level Fig.

3 Inverter Inverter Inverter Grid AC/DC DC bus Fig. 4 Configuration of dynamic WPT. Fig. 6. Inverter output voltage current Search mode WPT mode Search mode Threshold level Fig. 5 Vehicle detection operation. Time Time 2) Fig. 4 AC/DC DC (8) SS (8) ON/OFF (8) 3 3 EV 3 Fig. Fig. 7 Arrangement of the road coils. 5 1ms 1W 3.3. Fig m x.5 m Fig m 6 4. W-IWM2 IWM W-IWM IWM IWM LiC State of : SOC IWM P L = P WPT + P LiC + P DWPT (1) P L P WPT -IWM P LiC DC/DC LiC P DWPT P WPT > IWM

4 Drive Onboard battery LiC E-motor Dynamic WPT Fig. 8 Block diagram of W-IWM2. Power grid (a) With D-WPT. P WPT < IWM P LiC > LiC P LiC < LiC 3 LiC SOC v LiC 4.2. (1) LiC DC/DC v DC LiC LiC LiC v DC LiC P LiC (1) 4.3. LiC SOC (1) IWM AC/DC AC/DC P WPT AC/DC duty IWM (1) P L P DWPT P WPT LiC P LiC LiC SOC LiC SOC LiC LiC IWM Fig. 8 (1) 4.4. Fig. 9 3 Onboard battery Onboard battery Fig. 9 Power supply (b) Without D-WPT. (c) Braking. Drive LiC E-motor Discharge Regeneration LiC E-motor Typical operation of the W-IWM2. (1) Fig. 9(a) IWM LiC IWM LiC LiC SOC v LiC (2) Fig. 9(b) LiC SOC LiC SOC (3) LiC LiC LiC SOC

Road-side inverter Chassis-side converters 94 92 Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 IWM-side coil Load Efficiency [%] 9 88 86 (a) Bench test setup. 3 1 2 (b) IWM-side coil position Fig.

5 Road-side inverter Chassis-side converters Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 IWM-side coil Load Efficiency [%] (a) Bench test setup (b) IWM-side coil position Fig. 1 Bench test setup. W-IWM2 IWM LiC (1) IWM Fig. 1(a) PRK khz IWM IWM Myway plus pcube IWM Nwetons4th PPA552 DC to DC IWM IWM Fig. 1(b) 1 3 1mm (2) Fig % Transmit power of D WPT [kw] Fig. 11 Efficiency measurement results. Table 3 Efficiency measurement result on the test bench (from Road to IWM). IWM-side coil position Position 1 Operation frequency 89 khz Estimated mutual inductance 37. µh Road-side DC input voltage V IWM-side DC-link voltage V Road-side DC input kw IWM-side DC-link input kw DC to DC transmission efficiency 9.24 % IWM Table kw 9.24 % 5.2. (1) W-IWM IWM 1.6 m duty 4µs 1 ms 12 km/h 1 ms 3.33 cm Myway plus pcube DC2V 5 V SOC 38 V (2) Fig. 12 Fig. 12(a)(b) W-IWM2 Fig. 12(d) IWM 5.5

6 Torque command [Nm] D WPT coil current [A rms ] (a) Torque command (d) IWM-side D-WPT coil current. Vehicle velocity [km/h] LiC current [A] (b) Vehicle velocity Fig. 12 (e) LiC current. Vehicle test results. DC link voltage [V] measured reference current [A pk ] (c) DC-link voltage (f) current 3 Fig. 12(c) IWM Fig. 12(e) LiC LiC vlic = Fig. 12(e) LiC LiC Fig. 12(f) W 3.8 kw W-IWM2 6. IWM W-IWM2 IWM LiC SOC ( A: ) JST CREST JPMJCR15K3 SINTEF Energy Research Giuseppe Guidi ( 1 ) S. Murata: Innovation by in-wheel-motor drive unit, Vehicle System Dynamics, International; journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility, 5:6, pp (212) ( 2 ), 215, S268, pp (215) ( 3 ) Giuseppe Guidi, D, Vol. 137, No.1, pp (217) ( 4 ) A. Kawamura, G. Guidi, Y. Watanabe, Y. Tsuruta, N. Motoi, and T. W. Kim: Driving Performance Experimental Analysis of Series Chopper Based EV Power Train, Journal of Power Electronics, Vol.12, No.6, pp (213) ( 5 ) H. Fujimoto and S. Harada: Model-based Range Extension Control System for Electric Vehicles with Front and Rear Driving-Braking Force Distributions, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, pp (215) ( 6 ) A.Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Jonnopoulos, P. Fisher, and M.Soljacic: Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances, Science Expression on 7 June 27, Vol.317, No.5834, pp (27) ( 7 ) C. C. Mi, G. Buja, S. Y. Choi, and C. T. Rim, Modern Advances in Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Roadway Powered Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transaction Industrial Electronics., vol. 63, no. 1, pp (216) ( 8 ) D. Kobayashi, T. Imura, H. Fujimoto and Y. Hori: Sensorless Vehicle Detection Using Voltage Pulses in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer system, Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition 29 EVS29 (216) ( 9 ), D, Vol. 134, No5, pp (214) (1), /, SPC-17-17, MD-17-17, pp (217)

EV 1) 2) 3) Implementation and Experimental Validation of Control System for Ground Facilities and Electric Vehicles in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfe

EV 1) 2) 3) Implementation and Experimental Validation of Control System for Ground Facilities and Electric Vehicles in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Katsuhiro Hata Takehiro Imura Yoichi Hori Dynamic