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1 リスク ニード リスポンシビティモデルを踏まえた保護観察処遇についての考察 Theoretical Study on Probation and Parole Treatment for Offenders in Japan: Based on the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model KATSUTA Satoshi 要旨近年 欧米諸国では 犯罪者処遇において リスク ニード リスポンシビティ (RNR) モデルに準拠することが 再犯防止に効果的であるとされてきている RNRモデルとは (a) 再犯リスクの高さに応じ (b) 再犯を誘発する要因に焦点を当て (c) 犯罪者に適合するように実施することを重視する犯罪者処遇のモデルである RNRモデルには再犯減少のエビデンスが認められるとして 日本の保護観察にも定着させるべきとの指摘がある しかし 日本の保護観察処遇を RNRモデルを踏まえつつ具体的に整理した議論はみられない 本稿においては RNRモデルに関する先行研究を概観した上で 日本の保護観察制度を検討した その結果 現行の保護観察の具体的な枠組みや処遇の中に RNRモデルの 3 つの要素が含まれていることが示された 加えて より効果的な保護観察処遇のために 保護観察官に求められる 保護観察対象者のアセスメントや保護観察処遇の観点について論じた はじめに 日本の保護観察の仕組み a b c 63
2 32 a b c a b c d a 69 b 74 c 問題と目的 Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge 1990 Risk-Need-Responsivity RNR a b c Andrews & Bonta, 2010 RNR Andrews & Dowden RNR Hanson, Bourgon, Helmus, & Hodgson RNR Prendergast, Pearson, Podus, Hamilton, & Greenwell RNR Ogloff & Davis
3 Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith 2011 RNR Prochaska & Norcross, 2014 Daniels & Murphy, 1997; Tierney & McCabe, 2005; Walters, Clark, Gingerich, & Meltzer, 2007; Wong, Gordon, & Gu, 2007; Yong, Williams, Provan, Clarke, & Sinclair, 2015 Bonta 2012 a RNR b c RNR 2012 RNR RNR RNR RNR RNR a b c RNR 2 先行研究の概要 2.1 RNRモデルに関する先行研究 RNR Andrews et al RNR Andrews & Bonta 2010 RNR 65
4 32 RNR 3 1 Andrews & Bonta a b c d e f g h 2 2 Andrews & Bonta 2010 Ward & Stewart 2003 RNR Good Lives model Ward, Mann, & Gannon 2007 Andrews et al RNR Ward, Yates, & Willis 2012 RNR 3 Andrews & Bonta 2010 Andrews & Bonta 2010 a b c d 66
5 Andrews & Bonta 2010 a b c d e d f g h i Andrews et al Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 多理論統合モデルと変化の段階の理論 Prochaska et al Prochaska & Norcross 2014 a b c Prochaska & Norcross 2014 a b c d e f g h Prochaska & Norcross 2014 a b c d e f 6 Prochaska & Norcross
6 32 Bandura 1997, 1998 Bandura 1998 Herzog & Blagg 2007 Hemphill & Howell Pochaska & Norcross a b c d e 5 Prochaska & Norcross 多理論統合モデルの犯罪者処遇への適用 Daniels & Murphy 1997 Tierney & McCabe 2005 Wong et al RNR Walters et al e.g., Yong et al., 2015 Casey, Day, & Howells
7 Casey et al Polaschek, Anstiss, & Wilson 考察 RNR 3 RNR a b c d RNR 保護観察の段階別処遇制度について Andrews & Bonta,
8 保護観察の専門的処遇プログラムについて a b c d e f g h i j 保護観察における不良措置の判断について a 70
9 b c e.g., 2012, a b c a b a b c d 71
10 a b c d e 保護観察における良好措置の判断について
11 RNR a b c d e f g f 保護観察における的確なアセスメントならびに処遇の重要性について RNR 73
12 32 RNR 3 RNR RNR 3 3 RNR a b c Tierney & McCabe, Andrews & Bonta Hanson 74
13 & Harris a b c d e 3 文献 , Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J The psychology of criminal conduct. 5 th ed. New Providence, NJ: Matthew Bender & Company. Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S The risk-need-responsivity RNR model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, Andrews, D. A., & Dowden, C Risk principle of case classification in correctional treatment: A meta-analytic investigation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, Bandura, A The anatomy of stages of change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, Bandura, A Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health, 13, Bonta, J The RNR model of offender treatment: Is there value for community corrections in Japan? Japanese Journal of Offenders Rehabilitation, 1, Casey, S., Day, A., & Howells, K The application of the transtheoretical model to offender populations: Some critical issues. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10, Daniels, J. W., & Murphy, C. M Stages and processes of change in batterers treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 4, Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L., & Hodgson, S A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: Risk, need, and responsivity. Public Safety Canada. Retrieved from publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ trt/index-eng.aspx December 17, 2015 Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A The Sex Offender Need Assessment Rating SONAR : A Method for Measuring Change in Risk Levels. Public Safety Canada. Retrieved from pblctns/sx-ffndr-nd/index-eng.aspx December 17, 2015 Herzog, T. A., & Blagg, C. O Are most precontemplators contemplating smoking cessation?: Assessing the validity of the stages of change. Health Psychology, 26, Hemphill, J. F., & Howell, A. J Adolescent offenders and stages of change. Psychological Assessment, 12, Retrieved from go.jp/content/ pdf December 17, , , pp Ogloff, J. R. P., & Davis, M. R Advances in offender assessment and rehabilitation: Contributions of the 75
14 32 risk-needs-responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10, Polaschek, D. L. L., Anstiss, B., & Wilson, M The assessment of offending-related stage of change in offenders: Psychometric validation of the URICA with male prisoners. Psychology, Crime & Law, 16, Prendergast, M. L., Pearson, F. S., Podus, D., Hamilton, Z. K., & Greenwell, L The Andrews principles of risk, need, and responsivity as applied in drug abuse treatment programs: Meta-analysis of crime and drug use outcomes. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9, Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, Prochaska. J. O., & Norcross, J. C Stages of change. Psychotherapy, 38, Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C Systems of psychotherapy: A trastheoretical analysis. 8 th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning RNR GL 1, Tierney, D. W., & McCabe, M. P The utility of the Trans-Theoretical Model of Behavior Change in the treatment of sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, Walters, S. T., Clark, M. D., Gingerich, R., & Meltzer, M. L Motivating offenders to change: A guide for probation and parole. U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections. Retrieved from August 5, 2015 Ward, T., Mann, R. E., & Gannon, T. A The good lives model of offender rehabilitation: Clinical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, Ward, T., & Stewart, C. A Good lives and the rehabilitation of sexual offenders. In T. Ward, D. R. Laws, & S. M. Hudson Eds. Sexual deviance: issues and controversies pp Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Ward, T., Yates, P. M., & Willis, G. M The good lives model and the risk need responsivity model: A critical response to Andrews, Bonta, and Wormith Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, Wong, S. C. P., Gordon, A., & Gu, D Assessment and treatment of violence-prone forensic clients: An integrated approach. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, s66-s74. Yong, A. D., Williams, M. W. M., Provan, H., Clarke, D., & Sinclair, G How do offenders move through the stages of change? Psychology, Crime, & Law, 21,
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