Change of Vulnerability and Adaptation high Measures against; Disasters, Health risk, Accidental water pollution,... Policies for; Urbanization, Energ

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1 The 8 th SCA Conference 29 May 2008 Qingdao, China Water Resources Management under Climate Change and Urbanization OHGAKI, Shinichiro 1

2 Change of Vulnerability and Adaptation high Measures against; Disasters, Health risk, Accidental water pollution,... Policies for; Urbanization, Energy saving, Water quality improvement, Well governance, VULNERABILITY Adaptation -Climate Change -Urbanization low past 2008 future 2

3 Climate Change : complicated impact to water supply example: 1. Polluted water supply + high temperature = outbreak (Cryptosporidium) 2. Drought = Land subsidence 3

4 Water demand, L/cap.d Water Demand vs. Atmospheric Temperature ( Nagoya City, ) 名古屋市 ( 昭和 53~ 平成元年 ) Atmospheric Temperature ( ) 出典 : 建設省土木研究所 平成 6 年度地球温暖化が水需要に及ぼす影響に関する検討業務 4

5 クリフ トスホ リシ ウム (Cryptosporidium parvum) USA, Wisconsin Milwaukee (1993): about 400,000 cases Ogose City, Saitama Pref. (1996): about 8800cases (diameter about 5μm) ( 国立感染症研究所寄生動物部ホームページより ) Is 25 a trigger for outbreak under contaminated water supply? (Endo; Ogose Survey Report, National Institute of Public Health,Japan,2006) 5

6 (Another social vulnerability) Various scale of Water Utilities in Japan (as of March 31, 2006) Utility scale No. of utilities Population served More than 5000 people 1, ,790,000 Less than 5000 people 7,794 5,790,000 Small scaled 7, ,000 Total 17, ,120,000 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan) 6

7 Impacts due to 1994 Drought in Japan million people suffered reduced pressure and intermittent water supply in west Japan. - Around 80% of water environment quality monitoring station data became worse than Land subsidence due to increased groundwater use: Noubi Plains (Nagoya and surrounding area) subsidence >2cm 1-2cm (unit: monitoring points No. out of around 1500) (Source; 原沢 西岡編著 地球温暖化と日本 古今書院 2003) 7

8 Wastewater reuse in agricultural area Kagawa Prefecture 8

9 Drought events in Japan More than 8 years 4-7year 2-3year 1year 0 Kagawa Pref. In last 20years 9

10 Tadotsu City 10

11 Wastewater reuse system in Tadotsu City Seto-Naikai Sea Landscape reuse Wastewater Treatment P. 10,000m3/d Wastewater Recharge to stream, or Agric. Irrigation in high demand season 9 Ponds for agricultural irrigation Filter+O3+Act.Carbon ( 高速濾過 オゾン 活性炭 ) Recharge to GW Water Purif. P. (RO,NF) Unconfined GW 浅井戸 Water supply 11

12 Small landscape reuse 12

13 Wastewater Reclamation Plant (Filter+O3+Activated Carbon) 13

14 Groundwater Recharging Point 14

15 Agricultural Irrigation Pond 15

16 another Agricultural Irrigation Pond 16

17 Irrigation Channel 17

18 Water Purification Plant (RO and NF) raw water : unconfined groundwater 18

19 Urbanization: possible threat on health risk In case of Disaster (earthquake, fire, ) Fails of operation of treatment plant, Drought, Flooding 19

20 Tokyo Area Kyoto and Osaka 20

21 Yodo river: an example of unintended wastewater reuse for drinking water 洛西 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , 鳥羽 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , 吉祥院 T 放流平常時 ケース1 2= , , 伏見 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , KYOTO City 6 Sewage Treatment Plants 石田 T 放流平常時 ケース1 2= , , 淀川 ( 枚方地点 ) 平常時 ケース ,590 12,100 17, 洛南 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , water purification plants (advanced treatment) OSAKA City 下流側には 8 ヶ所の浄水場 ( すべて高度浄水処理 ) ( 出典 : 藤木修ほか ; 京都大学環境衛生工学研究会第 28 回シンポジウム に加筆 ) 冬期結果 凡例地点名称 ( ケース区分 ) BOD(mg/L) NH4-N(mg/L) 大腸菌群数 ( 個 /cm 3 ) クリプトスポリジウム ( 個 /L) 21

22 Water Network in Tokyo Yagisawa Dam Aimata Dam Yatsuba Dam Naramata Dam Fujiwara Dam Tokura Dam Kuriharakawa Dam Sonohara Dam Tonegawa riv. Shimokubo Dam Arakawa riv. Kusaki Dam Watarasegawa riv. Watarase Res. Water Channels Water Treatment Plants Nakagawa riv. Edogawa riv. Kasumigaura Takizawa Dam Urayama Dam Yamaguchi Res. Murayama Res. Tamagawa riv. Ogouchi Dam Arakawa Res. Dams In operation under construction Sagami Dam S.Ishii, COE Project, Tokyo University Shiroyama Dam Sagamigawa riv. 22 Modified from the source: Bureau of Waterworks, TMG

23 watershed Structure of water flow in Tokyo watershed Tokyo Area watershed Reuse,Recycle Natural environment 23

24 Artery of water in Tokyo downtown 10 km Copyright:Hajime Canal Project 24

25 Vein of water in Tokyo downtown 10 km Copyright:Hajime Canal Project 25

26 26 Copyright:Hajime Canal Project

27 Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Toilet Flush in Skyscrapers and Tokyo City Hall, Shinjuku, Tokyo Shinjuku Area Ochiai Sewage Treatment Plant 27 (Tokyo Metropolitan Government)

28 Supply Destinations of Reclaimed Water from Shibaura Wastewater Treatment Plant Osaki Shinagawa Shiodome Miscellaneous Water Use Toilet Flushing Road Sprinkling Train Washing Shibaura STP (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan) 28

29 Ozone Tolerance Membrane Separation System for Reclamation of Effluent from Sewage Treatment Plant (Shibaura STP) 29

30 Cost of reclamation and recycle Cost (yen/m3) Reclamation and recycle cost 10 US$ Water supply and wastewater discharge cost Water Use ( m3 / day ) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan; Water Resources in Japan,2005ver.) 30

31 Thank you 謝謝 31

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