MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter) GAGG γ PET(Positoron Emission Tomography) PET GAGG MPPC γ

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1 MPPC γ 28 3

2 MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter) GAGG γ PET(Positoron Emission Tomography) PET GAGG MPPC γ

3 1 γ γ γ MPPC (Multi Pixel Photon Counter) MPPC APD MPPC High Voltage Clock generator Attenuator AMP MPPC

4 GAGG γ A 31 B 33 C

5 Cs S C MPPC MPPC MPPC MPPC LED Block Diagram NIM V LED V V Block Diagram γ MPPC ( )

7 2.1 MPPC MPPC p0 p

8 1 γ 1.1 γ γ γ 1.2 γ 137 Cs Cs β Ba Ba 137 Ba 662keV 137 Ba 1.1: 137 Cs 1

9 1.3 ϕ ϕ 1 1 E E photon E = E photon ϕ 1.4 h hν 0 hν 1 E = hν 0 hν 1 ( 1.2: 2

10 1.5 1 γ ) γ γ hν m e 2m e c 2 =1.02MeV 1.6 3

11 2 MPPC (Multi Pixel Photon Counter) 2.1 MPPC MPPC Silicon Photomultiplier Multi Pixel Photon Counter 100V APD MPPC S C : S C MPPC 4

12 2.1.1 APD APD Avalanche Photodiode PN P N - N P N P APD - - APD 2.2: APD

13 2.2 MPPC MPPC APD V BR V R : MPPC 1 2.4: MPPC 2.5: 6

14 2.3 MPPC S C [1] 2.1: MPPC 1 1 mm µm nm 440 nm V 400 kcps 35 pf ps 56 mv/ : MPPC 7

15 2.4 MPPC kΩ 0.1µF 0.47µF AC 100V TDK 2.7: 8

16 MPPC MPPC 70V 2.5GSample/sec 2.8: APD APD 9

17 3 2 MeV γ 3.1 π 3.1 π S 0 T 1 0 1,2,3, (S0) S1,S2,S3 S1 (S0) 3.1 [2] 3.1: 3.1: Anthracene Plastic(NE 102A) Liquid(NE213) [g/cm 3 ] [ns] [nm]

18 γ 3.2 [3] 5mm 5mm GAGG LSO LYSO LuAG Lu) Lu. Lu Gd Ga Al Ce GAGG 3.2: 3.2: GAGG LSO BSO [g/cm 3 ] [photon/mev] [ns] [nm]

19 4 4.1 Instrument Modules High Voltage High Voltage 100V Clock generator Clock generator Fast NIM TTL LED Attenuator Attenuator AMP AMP MPPC MPPC PM AMP AMP Clock generator AMP 12

20 4.1: AMP 80.3 AMP 8.8 AMP =

21 5 MPPC MPPC 3 LED MPPC MPPC 5.1 MPPC = (5.1) MPPC LED Block Diagram LED MPPC LED Clock generator MPPC LED MPPC 2mm LED Clock generator LED 100 TTL LED MPPC

22 5.1: LED Block Diagram 5.2: 5.3: 5.4: 5.5: NIM 15

23 PC CPU:AMD Athlon(tm) X2 220 processor OS:Linux LED NSPB320BS Tektronix DPO 3034 Dihital Phosphor Oscilloscope LS-5 Bias HV-07WS Dual High Voltage Power Supply Clock generator N-TM MHz Clock Generator AMP KM ch PMT AMP 5.3 Clock generator LED 10Hz TTL LED LED LED mm LED MPPC LED MPPC LAN PC LXI VXI11 VXI11 8bit 2.5GHz PC A MPPC 25 70V 0.5V 71.5V 16

5.4 616 MPPC 616 25 70V 5.6 1 (begin run record) 2.50GSample/s 1s 2.

24 MPPC V (begin run record) 2.50GSample/s 1s 2.50GSample = 0.4ns (5.2) 2 (event record) 8bit : V LED 17

25 B MPPC V triger position = 100 i=1 x i 100 (5.3) i x i i = 100 i=1 ( x i) (5.4) triger position = 300 i=110 ( x i ) (5.5) 18

26 photoelectron=p.e. 2. p.e. Maximum Likelihood : V 5.8: V 19

27 MPPC = LSB (5.6) LSB = 1div 8[div] 2 8 (5.7) = 0.4[ns] (5.8) = 9.1 (5.9) = 50[ ] (5.10) = [C] (5.11) 5.1 MPPC 20

28 ,608,616 3 MPPC 70.0V 71.5V 0.5V : HV[V] ( 10 5 ) : HV[V] ( 10 5 ) : HV[V] ( 10 5 )

29 5.9: : 5.9 MPPC p0 p1 χ 2 /ndf p0 p /2 ( ) 10 5 ( ) /2 ( ) 10 5 ( ) /2 ( ) 10 5 ( ) MPPC

30 6 GAGG γ 137 Cs GAGG MPPC 137 Cs 662keV γ 6.1 Bias MPPC LED LED Clock generator MPPC γ 6mm : Block Diagram 23

パルス終了までの時間がダークパルスや LED 点灯時より遅いことを考慮して積分するデータサンプルを波形データの終端である 1000 番目までとり入れた 6.

31 図 6.2: 上から見た図 6.2 図 6.3: アルミシャーシ内のセットアップ実験方法前小節で説明したセットアップを用いて MPPC サンプル 616 を使用し逆電圧は 70.0V 恒温槽で 25 に保った信号電荷すなわち波高を求める際にトリガー位置は波形データ 1000 点中の 100 番目付近にしていることと GAGG シンチレーターの発光減衰時間が約 90ns であるのでパルス終了までの時間がダークパルスや LED 点灯時より遅いことを考慮して積分するデータサンプルを波形データの終端である 1000 番目までとり入れた 6.3 波高分布 Cs 線源の有無に対応して出力信号パルスの有無をオシロスコープで確認した上で Cs 線源の γ 線が入射した時の波高分布を図 6.4 に示す図 6.4: γ 線入射時の波高分布波高分布の主成分はガウス分布に近い形をしているそこでこの分布のピークをガウス分布でフィットして平均値を求めるととなっていた LED 点灯により求めた 24

32 = MPPC MPPC MPPC : 6.6: 6.7:

MPPC 5mm MPPC ω = 2 1mm 2, 2.5mm MPPC ( )61.5 6.

33 MPPC 5mm MPPC ω = 2 1mm 2, 2.5mm MPPC ( ) ( ) GAGG 520[nm] 40 [1] 6.8: MPPC ( ) 4π[sr] ω 4π ε det = = π 26

34 GAGG 3.2 ) 60,000[photon/MeV] 137 Cs γ 0.662MeV MPPC 60,000[photon/MeV] 0.662[MeV] 0.51[ ]=202[photons] MPPC 2 1 MPPC 202 ± MPPC

35 6.9: 6.10: 202 MPPC =

36 7 LED MPPC 10 5 GAGG 1 37Cs 662keV γ 662keV MPPC 2 29

37 1 30

38 A //header file #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "vxi11_user.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ FILE *fp; fp=fopen("cs03032.txt", "w"); int nevt = 5000;//event number CLINK *clink; clink = new CLINK; static char* serverip = " "; int A; //-- open scope if (vxi11_open_device(serverip, clink)!= 0){ printf ("Couldn t open scope.\n"); exit(1); //-- buffer to receive data block. static char wf1[10000],wf2[10000]; char buffer[40]; int ret; ret = vxi11_send(clink, "DAT:SOU CH2");//Digitize ch=2 signal. ret = vxi11_send(clink, "HOR:SCA 40E-09"); //Horizontal 40 ns/div ret = vxi11_send(clink, "CH2:SCA 10E-03");//ch=2 vertical 10mV/div ret = vxi11_send(clink, "TRIG:A:EDGE:SOU CH2");//triger type = edge.ch=2 ret = vxi11_send(clink, "TRIG:A:EDGE:SLO FALL");//slope control=fall ret = vxi11_send(clink, "TRIG:A:LEV:CH2-37.6E-03");//triger level = -37.6mV ret = vxi11_send(clink, "TRIG:A:MODE NORM");//trigered data get ret = vxi11_send(clink, "CH1:POS 3.0"); //vertical position ret = vxi11_send(clink, "HOR:DEL:MOD OFF"); //delay mode off ret = vxi11_send(clink, "HOR:POS 20");//trig pos 20% from left ret = vxi11_send(clink, "HOR:RECO 1000");//record length ret = vxi11_send(clink, "ACQ:MOD SAM");//acquisition mode = 8bit double xinc = vxi11_obtain_double_value(clink, "WFMO:XIN?"); //get horizontal range printf("%10.3e\n",xinc); fprintf(fp,"%10.3e\n",xinc ); for (int iev = 0 ; iev < nevt + 1; iev++){ ret = vxi11_send(clink, "DAT:ENC FAS");// fastest encording ret = vxi11_send(clink, "WFMO:BYT_N 1"); //renge = -128~127 ret = vxi11_send(clink, "DAT:STAR 1"); ret = vxi11_send(clink, "DAT:STOP 1000"); ret = vxi11_send(clink, "CURV?");//get data long bytes_returned=vxi11_receive_data_block(clink, wf1, 10000, 1000); if (iev == 0){ for (int j = 0 ; j < 200; j++){ wf2[j]=wf1[j]; 31

39 continue; for (int k = 0; k < 200; k++){ A = wf2[k]-wf1[k]; if (A==0){ continue; break; printf(" %5d %5d ", iev, bytes_returned); fprintf(fp," %5d %5d ",iev,bytes_returned); for (int i = 0 ; i < 1000; i++){ fprintf(fp,"%d ",(char)wf1[i]); printf("\n"); fprintf(fp,"\n"); fclose(fp); printf("ending... \n"); vxi11_close_device(serverip, clink); 32

40 B #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i, n, j; float xdiv; /* horizonta axises range. */ int iev, nsample; /* Event number and number of sampling. */ int siny[10000]; FILE *fp; FILE *fpout; fp = fopen("cs03032.txt", "r"); //file open for read if(fp == NULL){ printf("can t open file \n"); return 0; fpout = fopen("cs03032i.txt","w"); //file open for write if(fp == NULL){ printf("can t open file \n"); return 0; /* Top line is x/div. */ fscanf(fp, "%e\n", &xdiv ); printf("xdiv read done.\n"); /* Read event number unless EOF. */ while(fscanf(fp,"%d",&iev)!=eof){ printf("event number=%d",iev); /* Check number of samplings. */ fscanf(fp, "%d", &nsample ); /* Read sample and hold data.*/ const int nstot =1000;//taking 1000 sample is normal. for(i=0; i<nstot; i++){ fscanf(fp, "%d", &(siny[i]) ); //get data printf("\n"); if(nsample == nstot){ /* Do needed instructions for the read data. */ double sum = 0.0; double sum2 = 0.0; double sum3 = 0.0; double dev = 0.0; double ave = 0.0; double delta = 0.0; double max = 0.0; const int nped = 100; /* sum */ for(i=0;i<nped;i++){ sum = sum + (double)siny[i]; /* average */ ave = sum / nped; /* deviation*/ 33

41 for(i=0;i<nped;i++){ sum2 = sum2 + (ave - (double)siny[i])*(ave - (double)siny[i]); dev = sum2 / nped; /* delta */ for(i=nped+10;i<300;i++){ delta = ave - (double)siny[i]; /*pulse hight*/ if(max < delta){ max = delta; /*integral*/ sum3 = sum3 + delta; /* select data */ //fprintf(fpout,"%d %f %f %f %f\n",iev,ave,dev,max,sum3); printf("%d %f %f %f %f\n",iev,ave,dev,max,sum3); fprintf(fpout,"%f\n",sum3); //only integral /* Event loop end. */ fclose(fp); fclose(fpout); printf("ending...\n"); 34

42 C #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<math.h> //#include<random.h> /*ramdom number of gaus generation*/ int main(int argc, char* argv[]){ int ipix[400];// int nran[8]; FILE *fp; FILE *fpp; fp=fopen("np2.txt","w"); fpp=fopen("ne2.txt","w"); /* expected value */ const double mu=202.0; const double sigma=sqrt(202.0); srand(10); for(int i=0;i<10000;i++){ double r=((double)rand())/((double)rand_max); double rr=((double)rand())/((double)rand_max); double z1=sqrt( -2.0*log(r) )*cos( 2.0*M_PI*rr); double z2=sqrt( -2.0*log(r) )*sin( 2.0*M_PI*rr); double rand_normal=0.0; rand_normal= (double)mu +(double)sigma*(double)z1; printf("event number =%d rand_normal =%f\n",i,rand_normal); int npix=0; for(int i=0;i<400;i++){ ipix[i]=0.0; for(int t=0;t<rand_normal;t++){ int iran=rand()%400; ipix[iran]++; /* number of photon in pixel */ for(int it=0;it<400;it++){ if(ipix[it]!=0){ npix++; fprintf(fpp,"%d\n",npix); for(int jj=0;jj<400;jj++){ fprintf(fp,"%3d",ipix[jj]); fprintf(fp,"\n"); 35

43 fclose(fp); fclose(fpp); 36

44 [1] series kapd1022j05.pdf [2] William R.Leo.Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments(1994)p160 [3] FURUKAWA [4] MPPC 2014 [5] 2013 [6] 2012 [7] 2011 [8] MPPC 2010 [9] MPPC 2008 [10] MPPC 2007 [11] / [12] /

SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT

3 SPECT SJ SPECT(Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography ) SPECT FWHM 3 4mm [] MPPC SPECT MPPC LSO 6mm 67.5 photo electron 78% kev γ 4.6 photo electron SPECT 9ch MPPC array 3 3 9 3 3 9.mm(sigma) . SPECT..................................................................3............