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Heath, A. 1976 Rational choice and social exchange; A critique of exchange theory. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Adams, J.S. 1965 Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267 299. forms. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Homans, G.C. 1961 Soicial behavior; Its elementary Alexander, R.D. 1987 The biology of moral Systems. New York; Aldine De Gruyter. Axelrod, R. 1984 The evolution of cooperation. New York; Basic Books. Axelrod, R. 1986 An Evolutionary Approach to Norms. American Political Science Review, 80, 1095 1111. Bar-Tal, D., Sharabany, R., & Raviv, A. 1982 Cognitive basis for the development of altruistic behavior. In V.J. Derlega & J. Grzelak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior; Theory and research. Academic Kenrick, D.T. 1994 Evolutionary Social Psychology; From Sexual Selection to Social Cognition. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 75 121. Kollock, P. 1994 The emergence of exchange structures; An experimental study of uncertainty, commitment, and trust. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 313 345. Orbell, J., & Dawes, R. 1991 A cognitive miser yheory Press. 377 396. of cooperators' advantage. American Political Boudon, R. 1979 The unintended consequences of social action. London; MacMillan. Boyd, R. & Richerson, P.J. 1989 The evolution of indirect reciprocity. Social Networks, 11, 213 236. Cosmides, L. 1989 The logic of social exchange; Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31, Science Review, 85, 515 528. Orbell, J., & Dawes, R. 1993 Social welfare, cooperator's advantage, and the option of not playing the game. American Sociological Review, 58, 787 800. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. 1989 Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Part 1; Theoretical considerations. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 29 187 276. 49. Trivers, R.T. 1971 The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35 57. Ekeh, P. 1974 Social exchange theory; The two traditions. Yamagishi, T. 1986a The provision of a sanctioning Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press. system as a public good. Journal of Personality and Frank, R. 1988 Passions within reason; The strategic Social Psychology, 51, 110-116. role of the emotions. New York; Norton. Yamagishi, T. 1986b The structural goal/expectation

theory of cooperation in social dilemmas. Advances and Emotion, 18, 129 166. in Group Processes, 3, 51 87. Yamagishi, T. 1995 Social dilemmas. In Cook, K., Fine, G. & House, J. (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology. Allyn & Bacon. Yamagishi, T., & Cook, K.S. 1993 Generalized exchange and social dilemmas. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, 235 249. Yamagishi, T., & Takahashi, N. 1994 Evolution of norms without metanorms. In U. Schulz, Wulf Albers & UlrichMueller (Ed.), Social dilemmas and cooperation. Berlin; Springer-Verlag. 311 326. Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. 1994 Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation Social Relational Foundations of Altruistic Behavior NOBUYUKI TAKAHASHI (Hokkaido University) TOSHIO YAMAGISHI (Hokkaido University) This study shows, through a series of computer simulation on the role that altruistic behavior plays in particular social relations, that acting in an altruistic way can bring out outcomes that is beneficial to the actor him/herself. The present study specifically focuses on the individual-to-individual kind of altruistic behavior, not on the individual-to-collectivity type. It was shown that gdownward OFT h strategy with a moderate level of others' worth, when this strategy is shared by all group members, promotes altruistic behavior in the group. Specifically, results of computer simulations show the followings: In the situation where group members select the target of their altruistic action on the basis of whether the target him/herself acted altruistically in the past, ones who act altruistically toward more people do receive more benefit from others than those who did not act so altruistically. Key words: altruistic behavior, evolution, rationality, tit-for-tat strategy, fairness