Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology

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Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology 2015, Vol. 41, No. 1, 39 55 * ** The Effects of Makeup on People s Impressions Noriko KUSHIMA* and Isamu SAITO* This study examined the effects of makeup and facial features when forming impressions of people. The dimensions of maturity and sexual dimorphism were applied as criteria for women s facial features and makeup. In a preliminary study, a prototype face was made and four types of faces were prepared by arranging the prototype face s parts to make faces of different maturity and sexuality. In Study 1, based on a prepared prototype face, face illustrations with four types of makeup were prepared. Examination of the impressions of these faces showed that makeup influenced impressions. In Study 2, facial features in the preliminary study and makeup in Study 1 were combined to examine the effects on interpersonal impressions. The results showed that makeup that resembled the prototype were highly evaluated in terms of personality, intelligence and feminism. Immature and feminine makeup created younger impressions, while masculine type makeup created an intelligent impression. Different impressions were projected according to makeup, suggesting that interpersonal impression management was possible through use of makeup. key words: makeup, facial features, interpersonal impression, maturity, sexuality 1 Cox & Glick, 1986; Graham & Furnham, 1981; 1989; Workman & Johnson, 1991 Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972; 1989 1993 1. 2. 3. Cunningham, 1986; 2001 1993; 2001a; 2001b * 4 2 16 Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 8602, Japan e-mail: ricokushima@gmail.com ** 4 2 16 Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 8602, Japan

40 Vol. 41, No. 1 Cox & Glick, 1986; Graham & Furnham, 1981; 1989; Workman & Johnson, 1991 (1998) A a 1 2 4 4 1993 Cabeza, Bruce, Kato, & Oda (1999) Valentine & Bruce (1986a, 1986b) Valentine (1991) 2008; 1997; Takano, Abe, & Kobayashi, 1996; 1993 1993; 2001 1993; 2001 2 2 4 Y X (Figure 1) 2 1 2 3 4 1) 2001 (2001) Figure 1

41 Cabeza et al. (1999) 1. Paquet (1997) (2005), (2007) (Figure 2) 1 1.2, 1.35, 1.4 (14), 1.6 (18) 2 1 1.35 2010 12 2011 11 20 22 M 27.32 SD 2.85 20 1 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.35 2) http://www.businessinsider.com/faces-of-tomorrow- 2011-2?op 1 http://womanhealth-lab.com/old/experts/exmukaida/ index.html Figure 2 Table 1 M SD 18.00 21.00 19.66.73 n 22 13.50 15.50 14.48.55 n 22 1.20 1.60 1.35.08 n 22 (Table 1) 3 2005;2007; Paquet, 1997 5 2005; 2007 2005;2007 10 2007 1 3 5 1 2005; 2007 3

42 Vol. 41, No. 1 5 1 2005; 2007 3 1 1 3 1 1.5 2007 2. 4 4 (Figure 2) 100 4 1 2 3 4 159 48 111 M 19.63 SD 1.45 5 450 3 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 2.91 (SD.64), 2.36 (SD.78) (F(4, 158) 3.02, p.05) 300 5 5 3 4 1 1. 11 (1993) 40 10 (1993) 1 11 5 1. 5. 2. 24 (1993) 4 4 16 (2008) 16 5 * * (2008) (1993) Takano et al. (1996) 2 (2012) 1 24 24 5 1. 5. 3. (2012)

43 Figure 3 5 3 (1) (2) (3) 3 5 1. 5. 5 5 Figure 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 Cunningham, 1986; 2001 1996; 2013 Cunningham, 1986; 2001; 1996; 1993; 2009; 2007; 2010; Zebrowitz, 1999 2011

44 Vol. 41, No. 1 2001 2007; 2009; 2008 1. 4 3 5 100 0, 5 15 (Figure 4) 2. Figure 4 100Figure 4 118 82 3. Figure 4 4 3 5 75 10 4. 4 4 5. 4 10 158 55 103 M 19.43 SD 1.92 1 4 A4

45 Figure 6 1 Table 2 Figure 5 1 4 4 4 700 400 (Figure 5) 1 m n( ) 96 (51.3) 62 (33.2) 17 ( 9.1) 12 ( 6.4) 2 m n( ) 63 (33.7) 99 (52.9) 12 ( 6.4) 13 ( 7.0) 3 m n( ) 14 ( 7.5) 14 ( 7.5) 88 (47.1) 71 (38.0) 4 m n( ) 14 (7.5) 19 (10.2) 66 (35.3) 88 (47.1) χ 2 101.62** 114.24** 94.86** 83.73** df 3 3 3 3 alpha.05 **p.01 1 2** 2 1** 3 1** 4 1** 1 3** 2 3** 3 2** 4 2** 1 4** 2 4** 3 4 ns 4 3 ns 4 4 1 4 1 4 (Table 2) 1 4 4 25 163 48 114 M 19.46 SD.88 4 5 700 400 A4 5 (Figure 6) 5 4 4 1 11 24 3 4) 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 3.13 (SD.66), 2.7 (SD.53) (F(4, 161) 2.44, p.05)

46 Vol. 41, No. 1 Figure 7 4 5 4 4 11 24 3 4 5 4 4 Figure 7 1 2 3 4 4 Table 3 Promax α.82.10.03.09.88.78.03.04.00.71.04.01.13.68.16.08.10.03.69.02.19.79.00.68.03.19.21.60.26.08.14.53.20.08.06.02.71.11.72.13.19.65.10.02.35.57.16.31.21.55.03.09.17.49.17.07.05.08.74.75.02.17.09.69.59.25.63.19.25.40 4 24 Table 3 4

47 Table 4 m m m m F M 3.14 4.36 3.74 2.95 2.06 F(4, 644) 255.56*** m m m m SD.80.63.66.81.73 m m m n 162 162 162 162 162 m m m M 3.23 3.57 3.15 2.49 1.83 F(4, 628) 76.41*** m m m SD.86.78.75.72.66 m m n 158 158 158 158 158 m m m m m M 2.63 3.14 3.61 3.57 3.40 F(4, 640) 48.27*** m m SD.65.79.68.75.84 m m n 161 161 161 161 161 m m M 2.83 4.38 4.11 3.25 2.82 F(4, 644) 132.77*** m m m m SD.89.72.80 1.03 1.09 m m m n 162 162 162 162 162 m m ***p.001 m; m; m; m; m 1 2 * * 3 4 * 4.40 (Table 4)4 5 4 2 2 1 16 4 4 4 4

48 Vol. 41, No. 1 Figure 8 2 Figure 9 2 Figure 10 2 Figure 11 2 16 1 915 634 279 2 M 19.68 SD 1.39 Figures 8 11 4 4 6 1 700 400 A4 6 1 Figure 1 11 24 3 6 5 4 232 164 67 1 M 19.71 SD 1.39 232 154 78 M 19.66 SD 1.34 228 157 70 1 M 19.65 SD 1.40 223 159 64 M 19.73 SD 1.45 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 (Figure 12) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

49 Figure 12 4 1 2 3 4 4 4 1 6 (F(5, 1070) 143.579, p.001) 4 (F(3, 642) 51.525, p.001) (F(15, 3210) 60.514, p.001) Table 5 4 6 (F(5, 1070) 49.030, p.001) 4 (F(3, 642) 67.964, p.001) (F(15, 3210) 86.560, p.001) Table 6 4 6 (F(5, 1040) 45.855, p.001) 4 (F(3, 624) 57.403, p.001) (F(15, 3120) 84.745, p.001) Table 7

50 Vol. 41, No. 1 Table 5 m m m m F M 2.99 3.26 3.70 3.76 2.86 2.56 F(5, 1125) 90.79*** m m m SD.89.86.76.80.69.82 m m m m m n 226 226 226 226 226 226 m m m M 2.67 3.12 3.44 3.34 2.80 2.50 F(5, 1005) 61.32*** m m m SD.74.78.71.79.69.74 m m m m m n 222 222 222 222 222 222 m m M 2.93 2.93 3.75 3.20 3.13 3.27 F(5, 1125) 90.79*** m m m m SD.70.71.66.68.60.67 m m m n 223 223 223 223 223 223 m M 2.21 2.91 4.12 3.96 3.56 3.52 F(5, 1120) 161.09*** m m m SD.87.65.75 1.26.80.88 m m m m n 225 225 225 225 225 225 m ***p.001 Table 6 m m m m F M 3.17 3.23 3.40 3.52 2.86 2.74 F(5, 1110) 36.81*** m m m SD.87.87.86.87.69.80 m m m m m n 223 223 223 223 223 223 m m M 3.07 3.03 2.91 3.04 2.60 2.39 F(5, 1115) 37.68*** m m SD.78.79.78.81.72.70 m m m m m n 224 224 224 224 224 224 m m m m m M 2.88 2.94 3.54 3.00 3.40 3.55 F(5, 1130) 56.62*** m m m SD.65.67.70.75.70.78 m m m m m n 227 227 227 227 227 227 M 2.52 2.54 3.97 3.89 3.56 3.60 F(5, 1120) 161.09*** m m m SD.95.97.78.82.91.94 m m m m n 228 228 228 228 228 228 m ***p.001 4 6 (F(5, 1030) 37.958, p.001) 4 F(3, 618) 58.537, p.001 (F(15, 3090) 68.276, p.001) Table 8

51 Table 7 m m m m F M 3.05 3.28 3.55 3.49 2.91 2.37 F(5, 1110) 78.39*** m m m SD.84.80.89.91.76.83 m m m m m n 223 223 223 223 223 223 m m m M 3.17 3.28 2.80 2.93 2.39 2.06 F(5, 1090) 97.50*** m m m m SD.81.80.81.80.68.76 m m m m m m m n 219 219 219 219 219 219 m m m m m M 3.01 2.96 3.39 3.01 3.20 3.24 F(5, 1090) 17.53*** m m m SD.71.65.72.68.68.79 m m m m n 219 219 219 219 219 219 M 2.66 2.66 3.73 3.73 3.58 3.37 F(5, 1120) 74.48*** m m SD.98.95.84.92.93 1.04 m m m m n 225 225 225 225 225 225 m ***p.001 Table 8 m m m m F M 3.20 3.18 3.41 3.40 2.98 2.80 F(5, 1085) 25.66*** m m m SD.69.69.81.77.76.85 m m m m m n 218 218 218 218 218 218 m M 3.60 3.13 2.58 2.79 2.40 2.28 F(5, 1075) 115.25*** m m m m SD.79.75.73.70.66.79 m m m m m m m m n 216 216 216 216 216 216 m m m M 3.11 3.11 3.44 3.33 3.27 2.84 F(5, 1085) 30.07*** m m m SD.61.60.69.63.61.70 m m m m n 218 218 218 218 218 218 m M 2.92 2.37 3.42 3.53 3.49 2.97 F(5, 1085) 54.31*** m m SD 1.04.83.98.94.95 1.07 m m m m n 218 218 218 218 218 218 m ***p.001 3 4 6 (1) (2) (3)

52 Vol. 41, No. 1 Table 9 m m m m F M 2.85 3.28 4.11 3.87 3.14 2.74 F(5, 1130) 67.29*** m m m SD 1.26 1.29 1.05 1.22 1.20 1.30 m m m n 227 227 227 227 227 227 m M 2.13 2.35 3.88 3.62 2.80 2.62 F(5, 810) 74.80*** m m m SD 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.26 1.23 1.26 m m m m m n 163 163 163 163 163 163 m M 2.06 2.77 4.30 3.84 2.72 1.87 F(5, 315) 61.61*** m m m SD.87 1.15 1.03 1.25 1.16.98 m m m m n 64 64 64 64 64 64 m m ***p.001 Table 10 m m m m F M 3.11 3.22 3.61 3.46 3.11 2.97 F(5, 1145) 14.26*** m m m SD 1.20 1.17 1.21 1.33 1.19 1.22 m m m n 230 230 230 230 230 230 M 2.19 2.35 3.23 2.97 2.69 2.53 F(5, 745) 20.85*** m m m SD 1.20 1.28 1.46 1.49 1.31 1.35 m m m n 150 150 150 150 150 150 M 2.73 2.81 3.85 3.57 2.84 2.68 F(5, 390) 16.86*** m m m SD 1.15 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.11 1.27 m m m n 79 79 79 79 79 79 ***p.001 Tables 9 12 4 6 3 4 1 2 2

53 Table 11 m m m m F M 3.13 3.27 3.59 3.41 2.91 2.36 F(5, 1115) 44.29*** m m m SD 1.18 1.16 1.26 1.24 1.16 1.19 m m m m m n 224 224 224 224 224 224 m m m M 2.28 2.32 3.00 2.82 2.32 1.95 F(5, 770) 23.16*** m m m SD 1.18 1.15 1.41 1.37 1.22 1.18 m m m m n 155 155 155 155 155 155 m m M 2.80 2.57 3.68 3.42 2.86 1.86 F(5, 340) 26.41*** m m m SD 1.22 1.06 1.25 1.30 1.18 1.02 m m m m n 69 69 69 69 69 69 m m ***p.001 Table 12 m m m m F M 3.45 3.06 3.35 3.39 2.87 2.47 F(5, 1090) 34.69*** m m SD 1.14 1.11 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.25 m m m m m m n 219 219 219 219 219 219 m m m M 2.68 2.10 2.72 2.90 2.46 2.01 F(5, 775) 21.65*** m m m SD 1.28 1.04 1.33 1.39 1.24 1.11 m m m n 156 156 156 156 156 156 m m M 3.48 2.32 3.43 3.56 2.65 1.71 F(5, 310) 41.01*** m m m SD 1.31.93 1.33 1.24 1.05.85 m m m m m n 63 63 63 63 63 63 m m m ***p.001 1997 1993; 2001a, 2001b 2 Cunningham, 1986; 2001

54 Vol. 41, No. 1 Cunningham et al., 1995; 1989 (1998) 1 2 2008 8, 87 96. 2009 9, 111 118. 2007 31, 157 162. BUSINESS INSIDER 2011 What The Average Person Looks Like In Every Country BUSINESS INSIDER 2011 2 10 http://www.businessinsider.com/faces-oftomorrow-2011-2?op 1#ixzz3FL5AUS92 Cabeza, R., Bruce, V., Kato, T., & Oda, M. 1999 The prototype effect in face recognition: Extension and limits. Memory & Cognition, 27, 139 151. Cox, C. L., & Glick, W. H. 1986 Resume evaluations and cosmetics use: When more is not better. Sex Roles, 14, 51 58. Cunningham, M. R. 1986 Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-Experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 925 935. Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Barbee, A. P., Perri, B., & Cheng-Huan, W. 1995 Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 261 279. 1997 1998 62 33. 2001 pp. 34 46. Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. 1972 What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285 290. 1993 pp. 170 196. Graham, J. A., & Furnham, A. F. 1981 Sexual differences in attractiveness ratings of day/night cosmetic use. Cosmetic Technology, 3, 36 42. 1996 1993 pp. 46 65. 1993 57 779. 2001a

55 518 519. 2001b HIP, 101, 37, 17 22. 2012 3, 19 32. 2009 2001 pp. 48 63. 2005 5, 91 95. 1993 pp. 88 99. 2007 2007 2013 1989 15, 113 122. Paquet, D. 1997 Miroir mon beau miroir Une histoire de la beaut?. 1999 5000 2008 8, 170. 1993 pp. 124 133. Takano, R., Abe, T., & Kobayashi, N. 1996 Relationship between facial feature and perceived facial image for application to image creation using cosmetics. Proceeding of 70th Anniversary Conference on Color Materials, 188 191. 2001 pp. 90 101. 1997 61 707. 2011 111, 27 31. 2001 pp. 12 21. 1989 101 80. Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. 1986a Recognizing familiar faces: The role of distinctiveness and familiarity. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 300 305. Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. 1986b The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces. Perception, 15, 525 535. Valentine, T. 1991 A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 43, 161 204. Workman, J. E., & Johnson, K. K. P. 1991 The role of cosmetics in impression formation. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 10, 63 67. 2005 http://womanhealthlab.com/ old/experts/exmukaida/index.html 2010 Zebrowitz, L. 1997 Reading Faces: Window To The Soul? A. 1999 2014.7.16; 2014.12.16