JGSS-2008 JGSS Japanese Attitudes Toward Childrearing: Opinions About the Ability to Raise Children in Japanese Society Based on JGSS-2008 Data Takayuki SASAKI JGSS Research Center Osaka University of Commerce The goal of this paper is to clarify attitudes toward parenting today, and to examine the directives needed in society to enable individuals to give birth and raise children with minimal hardships. In a national sample of 1,888 individuals, including both those with and without children, from the JGSS-2008, the results showed that individuals in their 30s with high education levels, no children, egalitarian gender-role attitudes, authoritarian parenting styles, and who believed that governments are responsible for child education, are likely to perceive that the ability to raise children in Japanese society is in decline. Because childrearing norms have been diversified and reinforced, having a child in itself seems to be regarded as a personal risk. As a result, both individuals with children and without children may feel constrained in the parenting role. Thus, it is important that society as a whole will be supportive of having and rearing children, rather than imposing it as responsibility on families alone. Key Words: JGSS, childrearing, parenting skills JGSS-2008 1,888 30 JGSS 35
1 1 2001 7 2007 8 1994 2008 1 2 3, 2004 1996, 1999 1 2, 1999, 2007, 1996 1999, 1997 1999 2008 36
1995 5 2005 2005 13 7 21 2005 (58 ) (38 ) 2004 2004 10 1 3 2 2007 1950 60 60 70 1999 37
2008 2 2 1 General Social Surveys 2008 JGSS-2008 20-89 529 8,000 2008 10 12 JGSS-2008 2 A B A 2,060 58.2 2 2 JGSS-2008 10 1 7 7 1 37 45 44 r =.648, r =.642, r =.727 1 38
30 M 家庭のしつけの力 = 2.77, SD = 1.41 30 M 学校のしつけの力 = 2.80, SD = 1.33 30 M 地域のしつけの力 = 2.64, SD = 1.32 25 25 25 20 20 20 % 15 % 15 % 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 0 1 下がった 2 3 4 5 6 7 上がった 9 無回答 0 1 下がった 2 3 4 5 6 7 上がった 9 無回答 0 1 下がった 2 3 4 5 6 7 上がった 9 無回答 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 4 3.77 2 4 2 1 5 Semantic Differential SD Baumrind 1967 Maccoby and Martin 1983 2 4 A B A B A B A B 2 2 39
日本版総合的社会調査共同研究拠点研究論文集 [10] JGSS Research Series No.7 n=479 n=73 n=1250 n=233 2 1999 2008 10 3 18 2006 1 2 4 2 Multivariate Multiple Regression Multivariate Multiple Regression Multivariate Multiple Regression 5 40
1 41
3 3 1 2 2 3 95 F(1, 2021) = 0.004, ns 70 F(5, 2017) = 4.645, p <.001 70 F(2, 2006) = 21.151, p <.001 F(4, 2001) = 1.873, ns 3 3 18 F(1, 2021) = 11.232, p <.001 F(4, 2015) = 5.941, p <.001 F(4, 2002) = 2.970, p <.05 2 42
F(4, 2012) = 0.343, ns F(3, 2009) = 2.465, p <.10 2 3 3 2 r =.120, p <.001 F(1, 1997) = 3.161, p <.10 F(4, 1998) = 4.266, p <.01 3 SD 3 1 2 4 5 3 4 F(3, 2003) = 5.491, p <.001 Post hoc 3 2 Wilks' lambda Lawley-Hotelling trace Pillai's trace Roy's largest root 4 3 2 Multivariate Multiple Regression 3 2 30 50 18 43
2 Multivariate Multiple Regression *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001 44
25 Type I error Bonferroni p =.002.05/25 30 F(3, 1865) = 7.32, p <.001 F(3, 1865) = 7.29, p <.001 F(3, 1865) = 8.25, p <.001 18 F(3, 1865) = 15.6, p <.001 F(3, 1865) = 5.25, p =.001 F(3, 1865) = 5.59, p <.001 F(3, 1865) = 5.54, p <.001 4 2007, 1999 2008 45
30 2007 30.1 28.3 30 30 2004 5 Bronfenbrenner, 1977; 1979 46
Acknowledgement General Social Surveys JGSS JGSS B 21700723 Baumrind, Diana., 1967, Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior, Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Bronfenbrenner, Urie., 1977, Toward an experimental ecology of human development, American Psychologist, 32, 513-531. Bronfenbrenner, Urie., 1979, The Ecology of Human Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., 1999, 33:48-61., 2004,., 2006, 57:1-19., 2007, 3:79-97., 1999,., 2008,., 1996, 46:79-81. Maccoby, Eleanor., & Martin, John., 1983, Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction, P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development 4th ed., New York: Wiley, 1-101., 2008,., 2004, 50:119-132., 1997,, 73-96. 47