95 life history Gramling & Carr, 2004 Erikson1963 Levinson 1986 2000 Boyd, Holmes, & Purnell, 1998 Martyn & Belli, 2002 Admi1995

96 54 2000 1 2005 1 2000 0 1 9 5 7 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 A 1 2000 1 8 6.3 11 8.6 41 32.0 11 8.6 21 16.4 16 12.5 8 6.3 2 1.6 5 3.9 5 3.9 128 2000 8

97 QOL H 35 31 66 17 20 37 19 2 27 3 21.1 3 A B1B3 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 7 A 5 1991 HLC 2001 6 B1 HLC I F S C Pr 5 1991 2001 B2 0 1 2 3 0 3 SWLS 1 SWLS 2 SWLS 3 SWLS 4 SWLS 5 5 7 SWLS 1994 B3 B 3

98 54 3 SD 1 45 612 1315 16 19 03 19 2 2 2.428*.019.462**.170.414*.042 HLC 3 4 I 22.4 3.16 F 19.3 4.65 Pr 19.2 4.50 C 16.9 4.79 S 14.2 3.79 11.8 5.76 SWLS 1 3.9 1.48 SWLS 2 4.1 1.63 SWLS 3 2.6 1.71 SWLS 4 3.9 1.37 SWLS 5 3.1 1.52 SWLS Total 17.6 5.99 2 4 HLC Pr Pr

99 3 No.2040 2 1 0 1 2 3 No.2040 age 419 cross 12 9.625 5.625 4.000 2 4 I F Pr C S SWLS1 SWLS2 SWLS3 SWLS4 SWLS5 SWLS Total 45.152.047.155.031.062.038.060.076.004.003.000.034 612.150.193.352.032.124.223.011.015.033.064.057.021 1315.057.064.222.051.016.075.87.089.28.146.052.042 1619.231.213.334*.081.011.049.189.135.488*.260.341*.073.107.156.257.096.174.116.007.046.093.079.024.189.158.114.021.240.151.186.144.079.233.238.103.045.384*.166.082.015.042.074.150.012.130.088.084.090.263.093.130.113.111.137.127.226.225.209.274.199.154.097.150.227.100.024.154.189.207.007.132.028.032.146.143.047.167.019.017.001 27 SWLS 1 SWLS 4 SWLS SWLS 4 SWLS 4

100 54 2 45 612 1315 1619 5 0 3 5 1 1 1 8 16 26 2 1 3 4 15 23 3 0 6 7 12 25 4 1 7 8 10 26 5 2 7 4 9 22 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 5 1 18 14 1 2 6 6 18.2 22.0 4.40 3.55 SWLS 1 3.7 4.6 1.48 0.90 SWLS 2 3.8 4.9 1.55 1.22 SWLS 3 2.3 3.5 1.49 1.72 SWLS 5 2.9 3.9 1.29 1.46 SWLS Total 16.6 21.1 5.23 4.30

101 SWLS 1 SWLS 2 SWLS 3 1 SWLS 5 SWLS 7 1 1 94.7 1 7 1 2 3 4 5 7 11 9 10 10 47 21.2 35.5 30.0 34.5 34.5 30.9 8 7 8 5 5 33 24.2 22.6 26.7 17.2 17.2 21.7 7 5 6 7 4 29 21.2 16.1 20.0 24.1 13.8 19.1 4 2 1 0 2 9 12.1 6.5 3.3 0.0 6.9 5.9 3 0 1 0 2 6 9.1 0.0 3.3 0.0 6.9 3.9 0 2 1 0 1 4 0.0 6.5 3.3 0.0 3.4 2.6 0 3 0 1 0 4 0.0 9.7 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.6 4 1 4 6 5 20 12.1 3.2 13.3 20.7 17.2 13.2 33 31 30 29 29 152

102 54 1 2 3 48 2006 70 2006 Adami, H. 1995 The life history: Available approach to nursing research. Nursing Research, 44, 186188. Boyd, C. J., Holmes, C., & Purnell, R. 1998 Putting drug use in context: Lifelines of African American women who smoke crack. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15, 235249. Erikson, E. H. 1963 Childhood and society 2nd ed.. New York: W. W. Norton. 2001 1991 Beck Depression Inventory 1978 Depression Self-efficacy 127 4352. 1991 Health Locus of Control 4 17. Gramling, L. F. & Carr, R. L. 2004 Lifelines A life history methodology Nursing Research, 53, 207210. 2005 2000 Levinson, D. 1986 A conception of adult development. American Psychologist, 41, 313. Martyn, K. K., & Belli, R. F. 2002 Retrospective data collection using event history calendars. Nursing Research, 51, 270272. 2001 1994 the Satisfaction With Life Scale SWLS 36 192.

103 Investigation of the Validity of the Lifelines method FUKUDA Yuki and FURUKAWA Satoshi Abstracts We investigated the psychological validity of the Lifelines method. Thirty-seven college students asked to complete their Lifelines and three questionnaires; the Health Locus of Control Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Satisfaction With Life Scale SWLS. The results show that the data from Lifeline method reflects the present satisfaction with life. The person who has positive events at present in spite of negative one in past satisfy more than the person who has few events. Also they represent past events more directly than SWLS. And the Lifelines method is easier to collect data than another methods; autobiographers etc. to collect data. So Lifeline is useful psychological method to apply to clinical situations and cases that one looks back over the past. Keywords: Lifelines, validity, satisfaction

104 54 A 0 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 B1 I 13 17 20 21 25 F 1 2 6 18 19 Pr 3 7 8. 9 12 C 4 5 14 23 24 S 10. 11 15 16 22 B2 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 3 3 0

105 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 5 0 1 2 3 6 0 1 2 3 7 0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 9 0 1 2 3 10 0 1 2 3 11 0 1 2 3 12 0 1 2 3 13 0 1 2 3 14 0 1 2 3 15 0 1

106 54 2 3 16 0 1 2 12 3 17 0 1 2 3 18 0 1 2 3 19 0 1 2 2 5 3 7 1 2 20 0 1 2 3 21 0 1 2 3 B3 SWLS 1 2 3 1 4 5