1 158 14 2 8 00225

2 1.... 3 1.1... 4 1.2... 5 2.... 6 2.1...7 2.2... 8 3.... 9 3.1... 10 3.2... 16 4.... 17 4.1... 18 4.2... 20 4.3... 22 5.... 23 5.1... 24 5.2... 28 5.3... 34 5.4... 37 5.5... 39 6.... 40 A... 42 A-1... 43 A-2... 44... 56... 57

1. 3

4 1.1 CPU

5 1.2

2. 6

7 2.1 Fig. 2.1 CHF MHF CHF Fig. 2.1 Boiling curve.

8 2.2 [1] hr λ f l = = 6.24 2 ( f f X ) 3 ( ) ( ) p 0.7 1+3( p/p ) s p 3 c a 1+3( pa 3 c ) p p /p X ( )( ) 1 c ρ 2 2 pl 1 2 λ1σρv v 1 2 = qr M P h 3 100 110 q = 34.8 T 3 q T

3. 9

10 3.1 3.1.1 Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.1 Experimental apparatus.

11 3.1.2 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.2 Boiling cell.

12 3.1.3 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3.5 23 30W 20W CPU Fig. 3.6 20W 1.5 Fig. 3.3 Optical setup. Fig. 3.4 Optical system. Fig. 3.5 Power meter. Fig. 3.6 Diode laser.

13 3.1.4 NEC TH3102MR 1 2 1 2 Fig. 3.7 813µm 3.00 msec / line 0.75 sec / page 0.08 0.6 mm FASTCAM-Net Max 10000 frame / sec 1000 frame / sec 254 240 Pixel S-VHS HVC-SL Fig. 3.8 1000 frame / sec 10 sec Fig. 3.7 Radiation thermometer. Fig. 3.8 High speed video camera.

14 3.1.5 200 µm Si 15 mm 1.72 10 1 nm 10 µm 100 4 Table 3.1 Fig. 3.9 Table 1 Fig. 3.10 Table 3.1 Cavity pattern. S S1 1 mm 1111 121 S2 2 mm 77 49 HC 4 mm Honeycomb 7 S20 20 µm 201201 40401 Fig. 3.9 Mask pattern. Fig. 3.10 Adapter for heated surface.

15 DRIE 2 inch 3 µm / min. 30 100 µm 1 4 1 30 4 15 Fig. 3.11 S=20 µm 10 100 µm a b c d 0.5 µm 80 µm b DRIE 0.1 µm a b c d Fig. 3.11 Magnification of cavities.

16 3.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

4. 17

18 4.1 4.1.1 Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 70 4.1.2 Fig. 4.2 100 4.1.3 12 mm

19 Fig. 4.1 Gaussian distribution. [W] 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 Current [A] Fig. 4.2 Average laser power. Before Cutting After Cutting

20 4.2 2 239 255 60945 Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4 5 Fig. 4.5 1 0.75 sec 10 100 2.2

21 Fig. 4.3 Temperature data-1. Fig. 4.4 Temperature data-2. Fig. 4.5 Temperature data-3.

22 4.3 4.3.1 10000 frame / sec 1000 frame / sec 10 msec 100 msec 4.3.2 Fig. 4.6 S1 S2 S1 Fig. 4.7 Fig. 4.6 Top view of boiling surface. Fig. 4.7 Method of observing bubbles.

5. 23

24 5.1 5.1.1 S1 S1 Fig. 5.1 a 23 b 34 c 67 22.5 cm 2 aheat Flux 27.11 kw / m 2 bheat Flux 50.18 kw / m 2 cheat Flux 82.01 kw / m Fig. 5.1 Bubbling from cavities.s1

25 5.1.2 S2 S2 Fig. 5.2 S1 S1 22.5 cm 2 aheat Flux 27.94 kw / m 2 bheat Flux 51.55 kw / m 2 cheat Flux 83.91 kw / m Fig. 5.2 Bubbling from cavities.s2

26 5.1.3 HC HC Fig. 5.3 S1 S2 22.5 cm 2 aheat Flux 27.93 kw / m 2 bheat Flux 51.68 kw / m 2 cheat Flux 84.18 kw / m Fig. 5.3 Bubbling from cavities.hc

27 5.1.4 S20 S20 Fig. 5.4 2.53 cm 2 aheat Flux 20.16 kw / m 2 bheat Flux 30.24 kw / m 2 cheat Flux 53.05 kw / m Fig. 5.4 Bubbling from cavities. S20

28 5.2 S1S2 5.2.1 S1 Fig. 5.5 S1 1 mm a 5 mm S1

29 2 2 aheat Flux 23.84 kw / m bheat Flux 27.11 kw / m 2 2 cheat Flux 30.37 kw / m dheat Flux 33.60 kw / m Fig. 5.5 Bubble departing number.s1

30 5.2.2 S1 5.2.1 S=1 mm 5.2.1 d Fig. 5.6 S1 5 mm 6 mm S1 5.2.1 S1 Mean number of departing bubbles 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 Distance [mm] Fig. 5.6 Distribution of bubbling frequency.

31 5.2.3 S2 Fig. 5.7 S1 S2 S2

32 2 2 aheat Flux 17.60 kw / m bheat Flux 21.18 kw / m 2 cheat Flux 24.76 kw / m 2 dheat Flux 27.94 kw / m 2 eheat Flux 31.12 kw / m Fig. 5.7 Bubble departing number.s2

33 5.2.4 S1 S2 2 Fig. 5.8 S1 S2 S1 S2 4 S2 300 200 100 S=2mm S=1mm 20 30 Heat Flux [kw/m 2 ] Fig. 5.8 Total bubbling number.

34 5.3 S1S2 Judd [2] S2 D 1 S1 5.2.1 d S2 5.2.3 e S1S2 Fig. 5.9 Fig. 5.10 S1 D= 5 mm 2 mm D=6 mm 4060 msec S2 S2 D S1 S1 S2 5.2

35 Frequency of Occurrences 10 Frequency of Occurrences 10 0 0 100 200 Elapsed Time [msec] 0 0 100 200 Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 2 mm Distance 2 mm Frequency of Occurrences 10 Frequency of Occurrences 10 0 0 100 200 0 0 100 200 Elapsed Time [msec] Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 5 mm Distance 10 mm Frequency of Occurrences 10 Frequency of Occurrences 10 0 0 100 200 Elapsed Time [msec] 0 0 50 100 150 Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 29 mm Distance 6 mm Fig. 5.9 Distribution of elapsed time.s1

36 Frequency of Occurrences 10 Frequency of Occurrences 10 0 0 50 100 0 0 50 100 Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 2 mm Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 2 2 mm Frequency of Occurrences 10 Frequency of Occurrences 10 0 0 50 100 0 0 50 100 Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 4 mm Elapsed Time [msec] Distance 2 5 mm Fig. 5.10 Distribution of elapsed time.s2

37 5.4 S20 xy log-log 2.2 Fig. 5.11 100 S1S2HC S2 HC S1 2 S1S2 HC 2 S1 S2 50 kw / m S2 S1

38 Heat flux [kw/m 2 ] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Nishikawa Fujita HC S2 S1 Natural Convection 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 Superheat [] Fig. 5.11 Boiling curve

39 5.5 S1 S2 HC S20 HCS= 4 mm 7 S20S=20 µm 5.4

6 40

41 S=4mm S=1mmS=2mm S=1mm S=2mm S=2mm S=1mm

A 42

43 R [ mm ] P [W ] M [m -1 ] f s f p C pl [J/kgK] l [kg/m 3 ] σ λ l [W/mK] v [kg/m 3 ] g h v [J/m 3 ] p c

A-2 4553 S1 S2 5455 44

45 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S1 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 23.81kW/m 2 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 0.016 0.171 0.124 0.384 0.01 0.673 0.311 0.585 0.17 0.014 0.173 1.817 0.009 0.009 0.311 0.495 0.384 0.495 1.016 0.24 1.259 0.902 0.802 0.047 0.24 0.452 0.67 1.107 0.495 0.801 1.224 0.673 1.539 1.634 0.472 0.407 0.67 1.03 1.192 0.675 1.126 1.718 1.021 1.732 0.585 0.452 1.207 1.732 1.654 0.902 1.605 1.125 0.66 0.56 1.782 1.057 1.782 1.259 0.767 0.602 1.854 1.269 1.976 1.679 0.802 0.648 1.982 1.418 1.85 0.919 1.087 1.71 2.003 1.095 1.125 1.269 1.207 1.373 1.264 1.429 1.413 1.508 1.495 1.634 1.539 1.849 1.679 1.849 1.957 24 25 0.171 0.04 0.311 0.564 1.125 1.508 1.849

46 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S1 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 27.11kW/m 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.316 0.043 0.013 0.043 0.046 0.008 0.1 0.017 0.11 0.338 0.01 0.176 0.004 0.05 0.11 1.964 0.101 0.043 0.42 0.168 0.084 0.53 0.168 0.425 0.437 0.1 0.592 0.176 0.627 0.232 0.298 0.238 0.627 0.239 0.171 1.126 0.465 0.629 0.574 0.235 1.005 0.357 0.775 0.301 0.358 0.42 0.924 0.301 0.227 0.552 0.839 1.678 0.254 1.185 0.696 0.939 0.627 0.493 0.513 1.068 0.465 0.277 0.599 1.423 0.28 1.378 0.999 1.209 0.715 0.53 0.597 1.252 0.718 0.416 0.966 0.364 1.678 1.097 1.342 0.837 0.61 0.636 1.664 0.776 0.503 1.026 0.431 1.29 1.577 1.026 0.674 0.82 1.834 0.839 0.607 1.169 0.612 1.615 1.76 1.151 0.697 0.889 1.966 0.966 0.643 1.34 0.643 1.209 0.764 1.005 1.068 0.743 1.486 0.696 1.307 0.82 1.177 1.169 0.827 1.66 0.869 1.422 0.924 1.436 1.252 0.874 1.818 0.917 1.486 1.085 1.533 1.583 0.916 0.95 1.634 1.228 1.833 1.761 1.49 1.282 1.719 1.252 1.964 1.751 1.348 1.839 1.302 1.933 1.377 1.353 1.556 1.382 1.604 1.484 1.659 1.753 1.678 1.833 1.752 28 0.436 1.752

47 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S1 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 30.37kW/m 2 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 0.761 0.045 0.496 0.033 0.402 0.234 0.235 1.479 0.024 1.495 1.38 0.047 0.069 1.217 0.501 0.119 0.761 0.121 0.48 0.327 0.452 1.701 0.123 1.777 0.238 0.136 0.676 0.235 1.029 0.214 0.704 0.458 0.704 0.204 0.31 0.19 0.75 0.327 1.227 0.327 0.881 0.467 0.875 0.323 0.486 0.566 1.134 0.632 1.613 0.393 0.982 0.561 0.94 0.451 0.604 0.603 1.159 0.761 1.783 0.452 1.152 0.661 0.993 0.5 0.875 0.662 1.377 1.369 1.853 0.506 1.25 1.026 1.172 0.597 1.209 0.739 1.477 1.558 1.98 0.561 1.368 1.279 1.276 0.627 1.332 0.839 1.545 0.618 1.492 1.681 1.435 0.676 1.853 1.033 1.851 0.66 1.561 1.708 1.993 0.714 1.992 1.168 0.686 1.74 1.781 0.798 1.277 0.703 1.857 0.898 1.331 0.768 1.997 0.972 1.378 0.843 0.993 1.481 0.904 1.057 1.604 1.064 1.072 1.121 1.119 1.152 1.164 1.206 1.197 1.349 1.257 1.457 1.356 1.614 1.379 1.72 1.45 1.739 1.494 1.777 1.546 1.829 1.608 1.911 1.688 1.971 1.727 1.77 1.811 1.905 1.947 2.001 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0.027 0.842 0.119 0.164 0.296 0.163 0.797 0.256 1.063 0.063 0.206 1.247 0.779 0.438 0.377 0.312 1.086 0.915 0.378 0.321 1.113 0.983 0.661 0.507 1.256 1.183 0.924 0.499 1.325 1.595 1.285 0.94 1.477 1.865 1.233 0.625 1.492 1.754 1.435 1.097 1.77 1.923 1.325 0.712 1.915 1.916 1.573 1.377 1.924 1.752 0.902 1.7 2.001 0.976 1.914 0.99 1.992 1.187 1.197 1.378 1.45 1.547 1.605 1.809 1.848 2.001

48 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S1 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 33.6kW/m 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 0.27 0.062 0.038 0.574 0.657 0.175 0.047 0.134 0.378 0.059 0.295 0.005 1.119 1.616 0.468 0.298 0.861 0.059 0.812 1.119 0.329 0.077 0.207 0.695 0.263 0.75 0.067 1.616 1.804 0.75 0.482 1.601 0.134 1.461 0.495 0.247 0.33 1.071 0.43 0.915 0.091 0.774 0.821 0.208 0.786 0.26 0.401 1.102 0.552 1.004 0.13 1.134 1.601 0.36 0.299 0.52 1.196 0.828 1.134 0.173 1.34 0.398 0.33 0.546 1.303 1.004 1.198 0.251 1.547 0.43 0.401 0.645 1.42 1.977 1.769 0.265 0.54 0.525 0.735 1.656 1.999 1.805 0.331 0.574 0.561 0.756 1.712 1.895 0.364 0.861 0.599 0.954 1.843 0.41 0.916 0.619 0.985 1.886 0.462 1.046 0.642 1.04 2 0.493 1.099 0.665 1.101 0.532 1.141 0.753 1.226 0.583 1.306 0.822 1.259 0.627 1.461 0.881 1.347 0.634 1.69 0.932 1.545 0.691 2.002 0.954 1.711 0.731 0.984 1.779 0.782 1.054 0.821 1.089 0.867 1.119 0.909 1.176 0.939 1.194 0.975 1.224 1.002 1.257 1.05 1.33 1.089 1.348 1.119 1.42 1.187 1.594 1.227 1.656 1.271 1.886 1.316 1.351 1.379 1.423 1.473 1.499 1.555 1.578 1.652 1.694 1.774 1.794 1.824 1.889 1.922 2.004 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0.029 0.918 0.129 0.005 0.077 0.135 0.02 0.188 0.094 0.061 0.054 0.684 0.435 0.02 0.095 1.622 0.296 0.093 0.273 0.408 0.257 0.372 0.256 0.131 0.381. 1.672 0.85 0.147 0.364 0.201 0.472 0.583 0.436 0.517 0.956 0.202 0.907 0.909 0.188 0.681 0.329 0.607 0.607 0.517 0.583 1.134 0.269 1.029 1.061 0.295 0.821 0.411 0.742 0.843 0.912 0.685 1.698 0.33 1.427 1.136 0.372 0.979 0.51 0.906 1.03 1.761 0.872 1.895 0.461 1.786 1.751 0.468 1.121 0.531 1.262 1.131 0.956 1.939 0.53 1.818 0.584 1.314 0.656 1.896 1.205 1.015 0.626 0.684 1.379 0.694 1.262 1.252 0.731 0.775 1.505 0.782 1.816 1.37 0.821 0.829 1.577 0.867 1.473 0.915 0.874 1.926 1.001 1.628 1.061 1.062 1.948 1.092 1.696 1.12 1.119 1.118 1.938 1.335 1.133 1.227 1.425 1.251 1.336 1.695 1.312 1.381 1.818 1.371 1.558 1.905 1.455 1.577 1.951 1.473 1.653 1.684 1.695 1.752 1.816 1.85 1.951 2.001 2.005

49 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S2 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 17.6kW/m 2 2 5 6 7 0.032 0.026 0.026 0.081 0.177 0.119 0.081 0.184 0.289 0.238 0.119 0.295 0.374 0.366 0.177 0.411 0.466 0.527 0.233 0.527 0.649 0.726 0.244 0.652 0.833 0.82 0.289 0.706 0.882 0.938 0.366 0.876 0.946 1.039 0.41 1 1.094 1.199 0.466 1.098 1.245 1.365 0.527 1.297 1.362 1.486 0.649 1.438 1.506 1.561 0.707 1.631 1.579 1.77 0.778 1.773 1.706 1.929 0.816 1.994 1.767 0.876 0.938 0.993 1.006 1.038 1.094 1.155 1.193 1.245 1.297 1.362 1.433 1.537 1.566 1.628 1.706 1.718 1.767 1.889 1.929 1.992

50 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S2 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 21.18kW/m 2 2 3 5 6 7 10 11 0.09 0.566 0.032 0.032 0.019 0.254 0.313 0.152 1.845 0.145 0.09 0.058 0.368 0.281 0.282 0.145 0.098 0.547 0.302 0.349 0.232 0.157 0.633 0.341 0.463 0.282 0.232 0.794 0.414 0.536 0.331 0.347 0.989 0.461 0.628 0.414 0.359 1.09 0.525 0.727 0.461 0.418 1.269 0.566 0.798 0.525 0.477 1.414 0.669 0.863 0.571 0.571 1.501 0.805 0.943 0.582 0.644 1.631 0.937 1.046 0.628 0.742 1.732 1.107 1.099 0.669 0.813 1.845 1.16 1.114 0.726 0.862 1.264 1.152 0.745 0.926 1.364 1.202 0.794 0.969 1.408 1.263 0.862 1.024 1.442 1.275 0.926 1.073 1.508 1.333 0.969 1.099 1.563 1.374 1.045 1.15 1.63 1.437 1.09 1.165 1.678 1.495 1.15 1.198 1.713 1.567 1.198 1.27 1.769 1.636 1.263 1.338 1.843 1.77 1.341 1.389 1.899 1.836 1.373 1.438 1.908 1.435 1.498 1.952 1.496 1.524 1.563 1.564 1.629 1.61 1.706 1.636 1.769 1.705 1.837 1.789 1.89 1.848 1.947 1.89 1.985 1.984

51 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S2 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 24.76kW/m 2 1 2 3 5 6 7 10 11 1.069 0.052 0.051 0.058 0.046 0.046 0.175 1.664 0.103 0.24 0.104 0.103 0.129 0.309 0.178 0.385 0.158 0.128 0.199 0.376 0.24 0.572 0.178 0.175 0.256 0.549 0.329 0.731 0.235 0.234 0.335 0.711 0.383 0.87 0.273 0.293 0.39 0.874 0.507 0.974 0.316 0.329 0.466 0.998 0.563 1.225 0.365 0.369 0.557 1.111 0.63 1.689 0.439 0.446 0.636 1.195 0.712 1.913 0.489 0.493 0.724 1.33 0.734 2.012 0.572 0.556 0.8 1.389 0.784 0.636 0.63 0.863 1.475 0.858 0.709 0.712 0.884 1.583 0.909 0.777 0.777 0.923 1.668 0.925 0.844 0.803 0.973 1.753 0.952 0.88 0.858 1.03 1.926 1.022 0.924 0.879 1.099 1.088 0.957 0.915 1.152 1.141 1.028 0.957 1.201 1.225 1.135 1.022 1.232 1.349 1.188 1.092 1.337 1.394 1.262 1.135 1.402 1.458 1.316 1.195 1.464 1.527 1.371 1.249 1.487 1.61 1.41 1.316 1.543 1.656 1.461 1.371 1.593 1.689 1.471 1.414 1.664 1.74 1.515 1.458 1.746 1.796 1.569 1.515 1.861 1.854 1.599 1.571 1.927 1.912 1.636 1.637 2.009 2.002 1.679 1.669 1.698 1.692 1.733 1.74 1.75 1.797 1.762 1.844 1.808 1.912 1.844 2.001 1.911 1.961 2.01

52 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S2 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 27.94kW/m 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0.043 0.012 0.011 0.241 0.045 0.056 0.01 0.2 0.168 0.058 0.063 0.206 0.06 0.069 0.759 0.074 0.134 0.068 0.423 0.23 0.081 0.078 0.614 0.147 0.137 0.127 0.204 0.136 0.524 0.284 0.151 0.15 0.767 0.265 0.221 0.167 0.263 0.203 0.551 0.391 0.215 0.219 1.023 0.346 0.263 0.206 0.324 0.26 0.511 0.263 0.27 1.199 0.396 0.344 0.223 0.344 0.318 0.611 0.329 0.319 1.306 0.465 0.395 0.241 0.391 0.348 0.692 0.401 0.397 1.395 0.527 0.46 0.246 0.47 0.391 1.197 0.528 0.462 1.508 0.581 0.516 0.285 0.521 0.455 1.372 0.603 0.513 1.629 0.646 0.541 0.346 0.592 0.512 1.452 0.669 0.586 1.724 0.716 0.581 0.391 0.617 0.544 1.54 0.739 0.668 1.875 0.783 0.645 0.411 0.681 0.587 1.654 0.84 0.738 1.994 0.84 0.722 0.469 0.716 0.676 1.767 0.96 0.841 0.899 0.784 0.512 0.775 0.722 1.943 1.096 0.96 0.977 0.845 0.579 0.796 0.747 1.146 1.034 1.023 0.865 0.612 0.839 0.791 1.201 1.085 1.078 0.909 0.661 0.899 0.846 1.346 1.187 1.147 0.981 0.693 0.966 0.904 1.385 1.221 1.201 1.079 0.759 1.027 0.917 1.423 1.277 1.28 1.14 0.844 1.071 0.97 1.488 1.335 1.306 1.209 0.863 1.131 0.987 4.533 1.384 1.366 1.28 0.903 1.16 1.028 1.601 1.424 1.431 1.364 0.965 1.191 1.088 1.654 1.498 1.508 1.381 0.997 1.231 1.139 1.724 1.593 1.565 1.437 1.043 1.281 1.208 1.783 1.654 1.604 1.502 1.07 1.364 1.235 1.91 1.699 1.629 1.573 1.131 1.43 1.278 1.948 1.779 1.726 1.65 1.15 1.487 1.343 1.845 1.773 1.728 1.19 1.534 1.376 1.924 1.819 1.778 1.245 1.593 1.43 1.936 1.851 1.856 1.282 1.646 1.487 1.98 1.892 1.973 1.306 1.722 1.509 1.973 1.316 1.772 1.543 1.364 1.819 1.592 1.376 1.85 1.649 1.399 1.891 1.672 1.434 1.936 1.706 1.496 1.99 1.733 1.546 1.779 1.613 1.84 1.634 1.861 1.674 1.929 1.724 1.98 1.767 1.819 1.875 1.925 1.937 1.986

53 Bubble Departing Timesec Heated Surface S2 Water Condition Saturated Heat Flux 31.12kW/m 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0.068 0.01 0.025 0.654 0.067 0.057 0.016 0.18 0.182 0.077 0.006 0.191 0.057 0.065 0.937 0.078 0.1 0.069 0.464 0.262 0.119 0.085 0.264 0.121 0.122 1.242 0.129 0.116 0.093 0.713 0.317 0.149 0.149 0.33 0.168 0.164 1.571 0.14 0.134 0.128 1.212 0.404 0.182 0.257 0.385 0.248 0.179 1.953 0.189 0.156 0.155 0.459 0.26 0.321 0.44 0.316 0.202 0.204 0.192 0.179 0.509 0.313 0.397 0.48 0.334 0.247 0.254 0.253 0.257 0.569 0.395 0.444 0.508 0.382 0.319 0.318 0.313 0.315 0.616 0.444 0.52 0.567 0.437 0.382 0.398 0.386 0.388 0.735 0.519 0.554 0.606 0.491 0.44 0.452 0.433 0.433 0.791 0.549 0.596 0.702 0.516 0.502 0.48 0.457 0.464 0.834 0.596 0.656 0.784 0.549 0.555 0.526 0.491 0.502 0.919 0.613 0.722 0.863 0.57 0.616 0.559 0.509 0.542 1.011 0.66 0.825 0.939 0.602 0.67 0.602 0.543 0.601 1.111 0.713 0.895 0.996 0.668 0.716 0.653 0.601 0.657 1.47 0.726 0.976 1.072 0.703 0.795 0.707 0.655 0.708 1.544 0.779 1.017 1.12 0.775 0.839 0.723 0.708 0.787 1.623 0.843 1.075 1.234 0.83 0.919 0.749 0.743 0.825 1.664 0.899 1.141 1.266 0.856 0.961 0.77 0.771 0.895 1.731 0.958 1.221 1.281 0.88 1.031 0.796 0.83 0.96 1.791 0.977 1.307 1.357 0.905 1.076 0.833 0.871 1.017 1.845 0.993 1.378 1.484 0.944 1.149 0.865 0.899 1.052 1.906 1.022 1.424 1.53 0.966 1.194 0.899 0.949 1.082 1.932 1.072 1.48 1.61 0.995 1.253 0.935 0.962 1.092 1.964 1.111 1.548 1.684 1.008 1.308 0.982 0.994 1.139 1.174 1.601 1.709 1.03 1.36 0.987 1.026 1.146 1.232 1.653 1.745 1.076 1.43 1.004 1.051 1.165 1.301 1.714 1.809 1.121 1.479 1.07 1.083 1.185 1.319 1.784 1.841 1.141 1.57 1.121 1.116 1.211 1.366 1.842 1.904 1.176 1.648 1.162 1.131 1.252 1.411 1.906 1.961 1.21 1.733 1.188 1.162 1.308 1.473 1.957 1.236 1.774 1.223 1.229 1.328 1.554 1.304 1.846 1.241 1.248 1.37 1.599 1.359 1.905 1.258 1.294 1.424 1.654 1.424 2.012 1.279 1.341 1.479 1.674 1.473 1.294 1.35 1.548 1.715 1.539 1.303 1.399 1.606 1.722 1.562 1.341 1.473 1.647 1.779 1.609 1.399 1.533 1.714 1.798 1.652 1.461 1.556 1.772 1.846 1.69 1.488 1.612 1.842 1.906 1.719 1.529 1.657 1.862 1.947 1.752 1.57 1.72 1.904 1.976 1.784 1.582 1.776 1.956 1.845 1.618 1.805 2.013 1.904 1.664 1.845 1.926 1.696 1.912 1.973 1.731 1.954 1.747 1.977 1.791 1.809 1.816 1.841 1.895 1.953

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56 [1] K.Nishikawa and Y.Fujita, "Correlation of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Based on Bubble Population Density," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer vol.20, p.233 (1977) [2] Robert Mallozzi, Ross Leonard Judd, Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan, "Interaction of randomness, overlap and the interaction of bubbles forming at adjacent nucleation sites in pool boiling," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43 (2000) 3317-3330 [3] Sushil H. Bhavnani, "Immersion-Cooled Heat Sinks for Electronics: Insight from High-Speed Photography," IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies,vol.24,No.2,June 2001. [4] Yuto Takagi, Masahiro Shoji, "Bubbling features from a single artificial cavity, " International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 2763-2776 [5],", 1999.

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