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14 5 120 50cm 700 150 Abstract This ecological project was conducted for the purpose of understanding the present and the biological diversity of seaweed beds in more than 120 places around the Japanese coast, for five years from 2002. All the research sites were divided into major site and minor site. Species, growth condition and distribution of the seaweeds were recorded through the visual observations. Additionally, in major site, the following methods of research were used, too, 1) all seaweeds were collected as the samples on the area of 50 cm every direction into the seaweeds bed; 2) these samples were weighed for understanding the biomass; 3) benthos on the leaves of seaweeds were collected by plastic bag, further more all species of these samples were recorded. This research that was performed around Japanese islands exist from subarctic region to subtropical region, cleared that about 700 species of marine plants and about 150 species of animals on the leaves are living in the Japanese sea.
Abstract 1 1 1-1 1 1-2 1 2 2 2-1 2 2-2 11 3 18 3-1 18 3-2 54 3-3 76 3-4 95 3-5 128 3-6 150
3-7 179 1 3-8 221 4 243 4-1 243 4-2 245 4-3 248 4-3-1 248 4-3-2 249 4-3-3 253 4-3-4 258 4-3-5 262 4-3-6 264 4-3-7 267 4-3-8 273 4-3-9 275 4-3-10 277 4-3-11 280 4-3-12 287 4-3-13 291 4-4 292 4-4-1 292 4-4-2 293 4-4-3 303 4-5 304 4-6 304 4-7 305 4-8 306
5 310 5-1 310 5-2 314 5-2-1 314 5-2-2 324 5-2-3 331 5-2-4 338 5-2-5 348 5-2-6 354 5-2-7 361 5-2-8 370 378 379 1 379 2 397 3 415
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033 046 047 036 037 039 038 041 040 043 042 5
049 056 075 40 055 076 054 050 057 084 051 052 053 083 074 068 073 6
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082 078 081 079 077 071 088 089 070 069 90 085 086 087 094 095 093 092 091 8
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093 33.430833 N, 133.42666 E 100m 8.5 2003 7 2 175
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5 5-1 1961 16 1998 Zostera marina Zostera japonica Zostera asiatica Zostera caulescens Zostera caespitosa 7 Phyllospadix iwatensis Phyllospadix japonicus 2 Zosteraceae Thalassia hemprichii Cymodocea serrulata 11 310
Halophila ovalis 2005 2006 20 Laminaria japonica Kjellmaniella gyrata 29 1993DNA 2005 Eisenia bicyclis Ecklonia cava Sargassum 1 Sargassum ringgoldianum ssp. ringgoldianum Sargassum yamamotoi 1963 311
Eckloniopsis radicosa Sargassum horneri Sargassum duplicatum Sargassum alternato-pinnatum 2004 Sargassum fusiforme Sargassum thunbergii 2007 Sargassum 2002 312
2002 5 100 1998.. 114: 7-12. 2005.. 24: 37-47. 1993... 2005.. 53. 237-239. 2007.. 55: 103-107. 1961.. 2004.. 36 (11): 784-790. 2002. 20 50 : 89-91. 2006... 1963.. 23: 141-186. 313
5-2 5-2-1 2,700km 3 A. 1,080km 17-1 21 970km 314
23 7 19 3 1 gat/1 12g-at/1 25 690km 30km 50m 181.5 B. 12 24m 315
45m 710m 1m () 13m 25 1.52 1525c 220m 316
810m 2040cm 1 130150 200 3 0m 0.51m 010 15m C 3 130 5 317
129 90 30 C 1946 1997 50 23,600 1998 16,495 16,000 13,000 318
50 100 13 319
1995 1996 8 13 320
4,000 3,500 1,300 1990 20 Zostera marina Halophila 80 321
322
323
5-2-2 1 324
2 3 4 325
1994 20042006 2007 (Nakaoka & Aioi 2001) 2007 2005 326
2 Nakaoka & Aioi 2001 23m 215m 3 2 1 1819 (Nakaoka & Aioi 2001, Nakaoka et al. 2003) 80% 268.7 gdw/m 2 () 100% 1139.0 gdw/m 2 () 90% 72.5 gdw/m 2 (Nakaoka & Aioi 2001) 7m (Aioi et al. 1998) (Nakaoka et al. 2003) 1 1984 1 Keddy & Patriquin 1978, 1985 327
7m Nakaoka et al. 2001 Toyohara et al. 1999, 2001 (Nakaoka 2002) 199419781991 9,499 ha 9,122 ha 4% 5 2008 1990 328
DO 56ppm Aioi, K., Komatsu, T. and Morita, K. (1998) The world's longest seagrass, Zostera caulescens from northeastern Japan. Aquatic Botany 61: 87-93 (1985) Zostera marina L.. 33: 320-327 (1994) 4.. Keddy, C.J. and Patriquin, D.G. (1978) An annual form of eelgrass in Nova Scotia. Aquatic Botany 5: 163-170 1984. p.53-56.. (2005). 53: 237-239 (2008). 37: 313-317 Nakaoka, M. (2002) Predation on seeds of seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera caulescens by a tanaid crustacean Zeuxo sp. Aquatic Botany 72: 99-106 Nakaoka, M. and Aioi, K. (2001) Ecology of seagrasses Zostera spp. (Zosteraceae) in Japanese waters: A review. Otsuchi Marine Science 26: 7-22 Nakaoka, M., Kouchi, N. and Aioi, K. (2003) Seasonal dynamics of Zostera caulescens: relative 329
importance of flowering shoots to net production. Aquatic Botany 77: 277-293 Nakaoka, M., Toyohara, T. and Matsumasa, M. (2001) Seasonal and between-substrate variation in mobile epifaunal community in a multispecific seagrass bed of Otsuchi Bay, Japan. P. S. Z. N. Marine Ecology 22: 379-395 (2007). Toyohara, T., Nakaoka, M. and Aioi, K. (1999) Population dynamics and reproductive traits of phytal gastropods in seagrass bed in Otsuchi Bay, northeastern Japan. P. S. Z. N. Marine Ecology 20: 273-290 Toyohara, T., Nakaoka, M. and Tsuchida, E. (2001) Population dynamics and life history traits of Siphonacmea oblongata Yokohama on seagrass leaf in Otsuchi Bay (Siphonariidae, Pulamonata). Venus (Japanese Journal of Malacology) 60 (1/2): 27-36 330
5-2-3 1 331
2 3 4 332
5 333
1994 20042006 20 ( 2004) ( 2005) 2004 1m 2 2004 1999, 2005, 2007 334
2 2.5m 24m 34m 1999, 2005 100% 214 gdw/m 2 () (91 193 gdw/m 2 ) (Aioi 1980)1970 1990 1999 2005 1.79 km 2 1986 0.60 km 2 2001 335
1994 19781991 344 ha 343 ha 19501970 1970 336
30 1999 Aioi, K. (1980) Seasonal change in the standing crop of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Odawa Bay, central Japan. Aquatic Botany 8: 343-354 (1994) 4.. (1999),. 4: 51-60 (2007). 62: 82-87 (2004). (2004). 3: 77 86 (2005). 10: 129-138 337
5-2-4 1994 20 36,268ha 14761ha10415ha 2 70 1,000ha 300ha 43,465ha 62 13 12 10 1. 1984 129 1520 20 338
1971 1995 60 Kajimura 1987 2. 16 19831984 2006 7 10 339
(1966) 1994 20 2000 199 2005 6 19982002 300 25 3. 2003 7 340
10 2001 2002 2001 6 2005 5 4. 1980 2004 7 20 341
1971.... 15-29 1995 45-53 Kajimura M. 1987. Deep-water flora of benthic marine algae in the Oki Islands, Sea of Japan. Botanica Marina 30: 373-385. 1994 4 2 1983201-28 2000125-245 20012001 131-18 1998 427-44. 2002 2001 1966 342
45-70 1994 1772-79 1984 32,91-113 198427 22-32 1996 27-16 1987 2003 1443-60 2004 52149-155. 2001a 2001b2001 131-18 20025045-46 1967 715-36 343
1994 20042006 2007 (Nakaoka & Aioi 2001) () 344
2 12 4 25m(34m) 1321 36m37m39m 170 gdw/m 2 ( 1979) 678 gdw/m 2 ( 2000a, b) 40% 271.6 gdw/m 2 70% 460 gdw/m 2 ( 90% ) 45% 36 gdw/m 2 90% 345
199419781991 6,466ha 6,393ha 1% 6 3% 19501960 ( 2006)1994 4 19701980 346
(2000a)... 22: 22-28 (2000b)... 22: 29-35 (2006) 50. (1994) 4.. Nakaoka, M. and Aioi, K. (2001) Ecology of seagrasses Zostera spp. (Zosteraceae) in Japanese waters: A review. Otsuchi Marine Science 26: 7-22 (2007). (1979). 30: 111-122, 347
5-2-5 1979 4 1 1. 2 3 4 2. 3. 1979 4. 348
2007 1996 1994 2005 2-6kg d.w./m 2 0.38 kg d.w./m 2 0.21 kg d.w./m 2 0.34 kg d.w./m 2 2.7 kg d.w./m 2 Yokohama et al. 1987 0.5-4.9 kg d.w./m 2 0.5-1.2 kg d.w./m 2 1987 2-3kg d.w./m 2 Yokohama et al. 1987 1980 1994 2005 1998 2005 2007 349
2.6kg d.w./m 2 5.2kg w.w./ m 2 2 0.5 kg d.w./m 2 3.3 kg w.w./ m 2 100 1981 2005 1981 2005 1999 2005 350
2005... 42: 165-169. 1979. -IV... 13: 75-82. 1981... 15: 19-30. 2007. 1997 2005 Eisenia arborea.. 13: 13-18. 1994. 4. 1999... 21: 55-65. 1987.. 35: 34-40. 1996... 44: 95-102. Yokohama, Y. Tanaka, J. Chihara, M. 1987. Productivity of the Ecklonia cava community in a Bay of Izu Peninsula on the Pacific coast of Japan. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 100: 129-141. 1979. 12201 211. 351
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5-2-6 354
60 80100 70 50 70 355
19891991 4 1994 1990 2005 30 2007 356
357
70 3 2 1978-79 2 1988-1991 4 199697 5 ha ha ha 1916 31.4 1 0.0 88 4.3 9 0.1 362 5.7 27 1.3 16 0.3 21 0.3 0 0.0 61 1.0 85 1.3 15 0.7 1 0.0 7 0.1 0 0.0 315 5.2 474 7.4 19 0.9 21 0.3 204 3.2 134.8 6.5 1288 21.1 1738 27.3 213.6 10.3 243 4.0 510 8.0 255.6 12.3 934 15.3 1111 17.4 50 2.4 290 4.7 974 15.3 778.6 37.6 479 7.8 452 7.1 404.5 19.5 303 5.0 176 2.8 27 1.3 9 0.1 28 0.4 31.7 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 0.2 12 0.2 3 0.1 156 2.6 180 2.8 0 0.0 55 0.9 40 0.6 22 1.1 0 6110 100 6375 100 2069.8 100 358
710ha 1994 3 Halophila 359
360
5-2-7 2004 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 10 2-10m 15m 5m 10m 361
(CR+EN) 5m 2008 2) 10m 5m 15 10m (VU) 5m 10-20m 362
10m 3) 5m 10m (NT) 6m 2m 2m 2007a 4) 3m 2007b (VU) 2m 363
2007ab 2006 2006 2008 2006 2006 19 364
3. 2006.... pp. 52-61.... 2008. /... pp. 74-81.... 2006.... pp. 114-125.... 2007a... 73: 244-249. Gregory N. Nishihara. 2007b. Sargassum duplicatum (Fucales Phaeophyceae).. 73: 454-460.. 2004. 36: 784-790... 2008. Coccophora langsdorfii (Turner) Greville. 56: 17-21.. 2006.... pp. 126-136.... 2006.... pp. 33-51... 365
1 29 NT 1 2 20 m 500 m 46 shoot 0.25 m -2 41.9 g 0.25 m -2 111 cm 11 shoot 0.25 m -2 23.8 g 0.25 m -2 129 cm 2 3 5 8 12 2 3 D.L. -4.2 m -8.5 m 4 4 33 12.9 ha 1980 366
5 1 6 3 17 1 28 1 D.L. -2.4 m-3.5 m D.L. +0.4 m-11.6 m 6 1 1 7 10 29 1 48 3 1 1 D.L. -0.8 m-1.3 m R 2 = 0.57Dumbauld & Wyllie-Echeverria 7 1 8 1 2 1 9 2004 3 1 367
10 8 12 11 12 13 1 2002. 8 I. pp.627.. 2 21 2007... 3 2007. 1. 55: 1-6. 368
4 1999.. 7: 29-41. 5 1980.. 54: 135-140. 6 1996... 7DumbauldB. R. and Wyllie-EcheverriaS. 2003. The influence of burrowing thalassinid shrimps on the distribution of intertidal seagrass in Willapa Bay Washington USA. Aquat. Bot. 77: 27-42. 8 2007.. 61: 321-324. 9 2003. 25(2): 85-91. 10 2006.. 261pp.. 11 2005. 383pp. 12 2008.. pp.270-280. 13 2003.. 37 pp.144. 369
5-2-8 1200km 1) 2) 3) 1) 400km 50cm 1-2m 5m 5m 10m 370
2002 Shinmura 1974 Tanaka1965 2) 2-3m 1-3m Yoshida et al. 2004Shimabukuro et al. 2008 1-2m II 2 371
3) 1km 2m Sargassum oligocystum 372
2 Shimabukuro T. Terada R. Noro T. and Yoshida T. 2008. Taxonomic study of two Sargassum species from the Ryukyu Islands southern Japan: Sargassum ryukyuense sp. nov. and Sargassum pinnatifidum. Botanica Marina 51: 26-33. Shinmura I. 1974. Porphyra tanegashimensis a new species of Rhodophyceae from Tanegashima Island in southern Japan. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 40: 735-749. Tanaka T. 1965. Studies on some marine algae from southern Japan VI. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. 14: 52-71. Yoshida T. Ajisaka T. Noro T. and Horiguchi T. 2004. Species of the genus Sargassum subgenus Schizophycus. Tax. Econ. Seaweeds 9: 93-106. 373
1994 1981 1999 1999 2001Tanaka & Kayanne 2007 11 Short et al. (2007) 374
2007 Tanaka & Kayanne 2007 0.25 m 2 6 125 gdw/m 2 ( 74%) 719 gdw/m 2 60% 116 gdw/m 2 93% 375
100 ( 2006) 1994 1978 1991 6 933ha 6902ha 0.4% 1980 1990 2 376
(2001). Otsuchi Marine Science 26: 28-39 (1994) 4.. (2006) 1317. (2007) Short F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W., Waycott, M. (2007) Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350: 3-20 Tanaka Y., Kayanne H. (2007): Relationship of species composition of tropical seagrass meadows to multiple physical environmental factors. Ecological Research 22: 87-96 (1981). 54 167-176 (1999).. 37: 75-92 377
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3 Ulva pertusa Kjellman Caulerpa racemosa var. laete-virens (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse Laminaria japonica Areschoug Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell Sargassum patens C. Agardh Gelidium elegans Kuetzing Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) Hariot Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss Zostera marina L. Zostera japonica Ash. Et Graebn. Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. F. 415
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Ulva pertusa Kjellman 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Caulerpa racemosa var. laete-virens (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Laminaria japonica Areschoug 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Sargassum patens C. Agardh 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Gelidium elegans Kuetzing 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) Hariot Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Zostera marina L. 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Zostera japonica Ash. Et Graebn. 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. F. 130 135 140 145 E 45 N 40 35 30 125 130 E 25 N
7 202008 9 403-0005 5597-1 0555-72-6033 FAX0555-72-6035 20 103-0013 3-7-3 NCC 6F