2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Development of Second Generation Wireless In-Wheel Motor with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Hiroshi Fujimoto Takuma Takeuchi Katsuhiro Hata Takehiro Imura Motoki Sato Daisuke Gunji The authors have developed Wireless In-Wheel Motor (W-IWM) to solve power-lines disconnection problem of In-Wheel Motor (IWM) radically. In this paper, the advanced system of W-IWM (W-IWM2) is proposed. This system has capability of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (D-WPT) on its wheel-side. D-WPT technology can drastically extend driving range of electric vehicles. In addition, Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiC) is installed in wheel-side of the W-IWM2. LiC can effectively charge regenerative breaking energy. This paper discussed the development of the W-IWM2. The experimental results show the effectiveness of W-IWM2. KEY WORDS: EV and HEV systems, Energy control system, Dynamic wireless power transfer (A3) 1. (EV) EV In-Wheel Motor: IWM IWM (1) IWM - (W-IWM: Wireless In-Wheel Motor) (2) W-IWM 3.3 kw 94.3% (3) EV (4) IWM (5) EV IWM IWM W-IWM2 1)2)3)4) (277-8561 5-1-5) 5) ( ) 236-4 3-8 6) ( ) (251-851 1-5-5) Fig. 1 Test vehicle with W-IWM2. 2. IWM 2.1. EV IWM IWM 1) 2) IWM 3) W-IWM2 Table 1 2 4 EV
Table 1 Specification of the test vehicle Max. motor power 12 kw Max. motor torque 76.4 Nm Reduction ratio 4.47 Number of motors 2 (4) Total power 24 kw (48 kw) Total wheel torque 672 Nm (1344 Nm) Chassis-side Wheel-side Power conversion circuit Reduction gear integrated HUB bearing unit for dynamic WPT Electric motor Energy storage LiC Fig. 3 Circuit configuration of the W-IWM2. Fig. 2 Configuration of the W-IWM2. 2.2. W-IWM2 W-IWM2 Fig. 1 W-IWM2 Fig. 2 2 IWM 1 mm IWM 1 mm W-IWM2 3 1) IWM 2) IWM 3) IWM 3) (2) W-IWM1 2 W-IWM2 Fig. 3 W-IWM2 (6) SS(Series-Series) 85 khz W-IWM2 - IWM - IWM 2 (2) W-IWM1 - IWM (Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer D-WPT) AC/DC IWM AC/DC IWM Table 2 Target specification of the W-IWM2 circuit (designed value). WPT power from Road to IWM WPT power between Chassis and IWM Number of LiCs Total capacitance of LiCs Operation voltage of LiCs 9 kw > 12 kw 12 series 125 F 28.8-43.2 V W-IWM2 IWM (Lithium-ion Capacitor LiC) LiC DC/DC IWM IWM 1) 2) 3) LiC 4) 4 W-IWM2 Table 2 3. 3.1. (7) 1) 2) 1) EV 2) EV
Inverter Inverter Inverter Grid AC/DC DC bus Fig. 4 Configuration of dynamic WPT. Fig. 6. Inverter output voltage current Search mode WPT mode Search mode Threshold level Fig. 5 Vehicle detection operation. Time Time 2) Fig. 4 AC/DC DC 1 3.2. (8) SS (8) ON/OFF (8) 3 3 EV 3 Fig. Fig. 7 Arrangement of the road coils. 5 1ms 1W 3.3. Fig. 6 1.5 m x.5 m Fig. 7 1.6m 6 4. W-IWM2 IWM W-IWM2 4.1. IWM IWM LiC State of : SOC IWM P L = P WPT + P LiC + P DWPT (1) P L P WPT -IWM P LiC DC/DC LiC P DWPT P WPT > IWM
Drive Onboard battery LiC E-motor Dynamic WPT Fig. 8 Block diagram of W-IWM2. Power grid (a) With D-WPT. P WPT < IWM P LiC > LiC P LiC < LiC 3 LiC SOC v LiC 4.2. (1) LiC DC/DC v DC LiC LiC LiC v DC LiC P LiC (1) 4.3. LiC SOC (1) IWM AC/DC AC/DC P WPT AC/DC duty IWM (1) P L P DWPT P WPT LiC P LiC LiC SOC LiC SOC LiC LiC IWM Fig. 8 (1) 4.4. Fig. 9 3 Onboard battery Onboard battery Fig. 9 Power supply (b) Without D-WPT. (c) Braking. Drive LiC E-motor Discharge Regeneration LiC E-motor Typical operation of the W-IWM2. (1) Fig. 9(a) IWM LiC IWM LiC LiC SOC v LiC (2) Fig. 9(b) LiC SOC LiC SOC (3) LiC LiC LiC SOC
Road-side inverter Chassis-side converters 94 92 Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 IWM-side coil Load Efficiency [%] 9 88 86 (a) Bench test setup. 3 1 2 (b) IWM-side coil position Fig. 1 Bench test setup. W-IWM2 IWM LiC 5. 5.1. (1) IWM Fig. 1(a) PRK6-25 89 khz IWM IWM Myway plus pcube IWM Nwetons4th PPA552 DC to DC IWM IWM Fig. 1(b) 1 3 1mm 1 2 3 (2) Fig. 11 1 2 3 3 86% 84 2 4 6 8 1 Transmit power of D WPT [kw] Fig. 11 Efficiency measurement results. Table 3 Efficiency measurement result on the test bench (from Road to IWM). IWM-side coil position Position 1 Operation frequency 89 khz Estimated mutual inductance 37. µh Road-side DC input voltage 448.7 V IWM-side DC-link voltage 451.6 V Road-side DC input 8.196 kw IWM-side DC-link input 7.396 kw DC to DC transmission efficiency 9.24 % IWM Table 3 8.196 kw 9.24 % 5.2. (1) W-IWM IWM 1.6 m 3 3.2 3 duty 4µs 1 ms 12 km/h 1 ms 3.33 cm Myway plus pcube DC2V 5 V SOC 38 V (2) Fig. 12 Fig. 12(a)(b) W-IWM2 Fig. 12(d) IWM 5.5
Torque command [Nm] D WPT coil current [A rms ] 5 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 1 12 8 6 4 2 (a) Torque command. 2 4 6 8 1 12 (d) IWM-side D-WPT coil current. Vehicle velocity [km/h] LiC current [A] 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 1 12 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 (b) Vehicle velocity. 8 2 4 6 8 1 12 Fig. 12 (e) LiC current. Vehicle test results. DC link voltage [V] 56 54 52 5 48 46 measured reference 44 2 4 6 8 1 12 current [A pk ] 4 3 2 1 (c) DC-link voltage. 2 1 1 2 (f) current 3 Fig. 12(c) IWM Fig. 12(e) LiC LiC vlic = Fig. 12(e) LiC LiC Fig. 12(f) 2.5 1 7 W 3.8 kw W-IWM2 6. IWM W-IWM2 IWM LiC SOC ( A:2624961) JST CREST JPMJCR15K3 SINTEF Energy Research Giuseppe Guidi ( 1 ) S. Murata: Innovation by in-wheel-motor drive unit, Vehicle System Dynamics, International; journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility, 5:6, pp.87 83 (212) ( 2 ), 215, S268, pp. 1395 1398 (215) ( 3 ) Giuseppe Guidi, D, Vol. 137, No.1, pp. 36 43 (217) ( 4 ) A. Kawamura, G. Guidi, Y. Watanabe, Y. Tsuruta, N. Motoi, and T. W. Kim: Driving Performance Experimental Analysis of Series Chopper Based EV Power Train, Journal of Power Electronics, Vol.12, No.6, pp.992 12 (213) ( 5 ) H. Fujimoto and S. Harada: Model-based Range Extension Control System for Electric Vehicles with Front and Rear Driving-Braking Force Distributions, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, pp.3245 3254 (215) ( 6 ) A.Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Jonnopoulos, P. Fisher, and M.Soljacic: Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances, Science Expression on 7 June 27, Vol.317, No.5834, pp.83 86 (27) ( 7 ) C. C. Mi, G. Buja, S. Y. Choi, and C. T. Rim, Modern Advances in Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Roadway Powered Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transaction Industrial Electronics., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 6533 6545 (216) ( 8 ) D. Kobayashi, T. Imura, H. Fujimoto and Y. Hori: Sensorless Vehicle Detection Using Voltage Pulses in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer system, Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition 29 EVS29 (216) ( 9 ), D, Vol. 134, No5, pp. 564 574 (214) (1), /, SPC-17-17, MD-17-17, pp.33-38 (217)