,,.,,.,.,,,.,.,.,..,.,,.,.,,..,,. 1 3 2 3 2.1............................................. 3 2.2 CMB............................................... 5 2.3........................................... 7 2.4............................................. 7 2.5 Hubble...................................... 8 3 9 3.1................................ 9 3.2.............................................. 9 3.3............................................. 10 3.4........................... 10 1
4 11 4.1..................................... 11 4.2......................................... 12 4.3............................................. 12 [1] S, 2008..,.,.. [2],, 1995. [3] I, II, 2008.. [4] Wikipedia,, http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e3%83%93%e3%83%83%e3%82%b0%e3%83%90%e3%83%b3..,. 2
1,,. (steady state cosmology) 1948 Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi.,. * 1 (big bang cosmology) Georges-Henri Lemaitre, George Gamow.,,. * 2,., (cosmic microwave background radiation). CMB..,,,.,..... (Big Bang), 1949 BBC The Nature of Things this big bang idea.,. 2 2.1 2.1.1.,,,,.,.,,.,, *1,.,,.,. *2,.,.,.,,. 3
, *3.,,.,,,,. *3,,,. 4
2.1.2 Maxwell,.,.,.,.,. Albert Einstein,, *4.,, *5.,,.,,. (photon).,. 2.2 CMB 2.2.1 Planck,.,. Max Planck, Planck *6., Planck,.,,, Planck. du dλ = 16π2 c 1 λ 5 e 2π c/kt λ 1 du dω = ω 3 π 2 c 3 e ω/kt 1,., λ. (2.1) (2.2) *4 Einstein,,., 20. *5, 600[nm] 60W, 1 10 20., 60[W(J/s)] Planck h 6.6 10 34 [J/s],. *6, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck.. Planck h 6.6 10 34 [J/s], ν, hν.. h, h/2π Dirac., Planck 2π 1,. 5
2.2.2 1964,,., 7.35[cm].,., (M31),,., (cosmic microwave background radiation). CMB, Fig1 Planck Plank,.,, 3[K]. 2.2.3,., Einstein,,.,.,,.,,,,.,.,,.,,.,,., 2.2.4 3[K].,,,. 1[K] 2 282.9[ / ], 3[K] 55 [ / ]., 1000 6
0.03 6., 1 1 200., 1 10.,.,,. 2.3,,.,.,,.,, *7. E = m 0 c 2 + (Kinetic term) (2.3),.,,.,.,. 2.4,,. atom = a-tom = -,,, elemental particle. 2.4.1 (quark)., (baryon)., (flavor) *8., u, d, c, s, t, b.. e, Q +(2/3)e (1/3)e,., family, generation, Table 1 *9.. *7 E = mc 2,., E 2 = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2. p.. *8,, *9,. 7
,,. antiparticle., (electron) (positron).,,.,.., q q, q q. (meson). (hadron).,. u Table1 (q) Q + 2 3 e u 1 3 e Table2 u d d c c s s u u d p+ u d d n t t b b ū u π 2.4.2,,., (lepton). e ν e, µ ν µ.,.. 2.5 Hubble CMB, CMB, Hubble. Hubble,,.,,,. Hubble 8
. Hubble (v) (R)., H. v = HR (2.4) H 138, 137., Hubble,.,,.,. 3 3.1,.,.,.,,.,.,. 3.2,.,,,.,,.,,..,, (2.3) Table3 [10 K] 0 0 5.930 1226.2 π 0 1556.2 π ± 1619.7 10888 10903,,,,., 9
., Boltzman, 1.38 10 23 [J/K]., 2,. Table 3. 3.3,, 10 11 [K](1000 ).,. 1000,,,,.,,,.,,.,,. + + + +,,.,,.,..,, 1000.,, * 10.,,,,.,,.,,., Planck. 3.4, (3000[K]).,,.,,.,.,, *10,. 10
,..., Planck.., CMB., CMB,. 4,,,.,,,. * 11 4.1, ω.,.,, ω.,.,,.,,.,.,., E ho, v(= dx/dt), m, x, k(= mω 2 ),. E ho = 1 2 mω2 x 2 + 1 2 mv2. (4.1), v(= dx/dt) x.. E em, E, B,. E em = 1 2 ϵ 0E 2 + 1 2µ 0 B 2. (4.2) (4.2),, E B.,. E x, *11,....,, [3]. 11
B v(= dx/dt).,.,, Newton,,.,, * 12. *13 4.2, a(t),. t = 0, t = T., c/a(t) * 14,. T 0 c/a(t)dt t = t, t = T + T., T + T t c/a(t)dt., T, t t a(0) = T a(t ). t, T. 4.3, A, A., A., A 3. (2.1),, λ A 1/A, (4.3) du (A 3 V ) A = A 3 V A 16π2 c (λ /A) 5 d(λ /A) e 2π c/kt (λ /A) 1 *12, (renormalization). ω. *13. *14,.,. 12
... du = 16π2 c dλ λ 5 e 2π c/k(t/a)λ 1, (4.4) T 1/A. CMB, 2.73[K], 3000[K], A 3000/2.73 1000., 1000. (4.4) 13