19 1884 1907 19 20 1 19 19 profession 2010 9 30 2010 10 27
19 1 1960 National Council for the Training of Journalists 3 1980 London College of Printing 2 19 19 3 1960 1980 19 1 1877 Alexander Mackie 6 4
19 1 2 3 4 5 1 5 6 6 6 10 1887 David Anderson London School of Journalism 6 12 100 Robert Smythe Hichens
19 1864 2 2 23 7 8 9 1 London College of Communication1883 1894 11 124 1922 London School of Printing and Kindred Trades1962 London College of Printing2004
19 10 19 19 11 12 2 Arthur Shadwell 1898 13 14
19 15 James Matthew Barrie 1883 16 1885 17 Grub Street 18 1895 Ernest Phillips 19 19
19 3 1881 1883 7 1884 10 National Association of Journalists 1886 3 Algernon Borthwick 78 1887 1 2 23 3 4 3 5 24 6 7 8 descriptive 9 20 8 1880 Alfred Arthur Reade 21 William Heseltine Mudford
19 Wemyss Reid Edward Richard Russell 19 Fred Hunter 1837 1887 22 1889 Institute of Journalists 1890 23 10 6 24 1893 25 10 26
19 4 learned profession 27 28 29 professiontrade 19
19 30 1889 10 1,600 1892 3,114 31 1894 3,556 32 33 1907 11 National Union of Journalists Frederick John Mansfield 34 35 1864 1873 100 2,282 36 Mark Hampton
19 37 working journalist 30 38 1902 1905 Northcliffe City of London School GW 3,000 39 1908 8 Alfred Robbins 40 20 John Churton Collins 1 41 1908 42 1904 1
19 1900 43 1902 1 1908 1 1907 1908 9 44 1913 45 159 1964 3 23 2 1986 53 2001 Lee, Alan J., 1977,Early Schools of Journalism Training : From 1878 1900,Journalism Studies Review, 1 235 6. Reade, Alfred Arthur, 1885, Literary Success : Being a Guide to Practical Journalism, London : Wyman, 9 10. Waller, Philip, 2006, Writers, Readers, and Reputations : Literary Life in Britain 1870 1918, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 399 400. Hichens, Robert Smythe, 1947, Yesterday, London : Cassell & Co, 44 5. Ibid., 46. Ibid., 48.
19 University of the Arts London, 2010,History of LCChttp : //www.lcc.arts.ac.uk/lcc_history.htm, July 8, 2010 2001 129 138 Shadwell, Arthur, 1898,Journalism as a Profession,National Review, 31 : 845. Hunter, Fred, 1982, Grub Street and Academia : The Relationship between Journalism and Education, 1880 1940, with Special Reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism, 1919 1939, London : City University PhD thesis, 28 30. Carr-Saunders, Alexander Morris and Paul Alexander Wilson, 1933, The Professions, London : F. Cass, 266. JM2005 40 2 Phillips, Ernest, 1895, How to Become a Journalist : A Practical Guide for Newspaper Work, London : Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 4. Hampton, Mark, 2005,Defining Journalists in Late-Nineteenth Century Britain Preview,Critical Studies in Media Communication, 222140 1. Phillips, 1895, op. cit., 1. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 407. Reade, 1885, op. cit., 1 4. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 32. Hunter, Fred, 1993,Institute of Journalists,George Anthony Cevasco ed., The 1890s : An Encyclopedia of British Literature, Art, and Culture, New York : Garland, 306. Hampton, Mark, 1999,Journalists and the Professional Ideal in Britain : The Institute of Journalists, 1884 1907,Historical Research, 72178186. Ibid., 189 190. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 131. Shadwell, 1898, op. cit., 847. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 193. Mansfield, Frederick John, 1943,Gentlemen the Press! Chronicles of a Crusade : Official History of the National Union of Journalists, London : W. H. Allen, 16. Hampton, 2005, op. cit., 148. Hunter, 1993, op. cit., 307. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 186. Bainbridge, Cyril,History of the CIoJhttp : //cioj.co.uk, July 17, 2009 Mansfield, 1943, op. cit., 13. Ibid., 17. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 186. Ibid., 195. Mansfield, 1943, op. cit., 13. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 111. Ibid., 118 9. Collins, John Churton, 1908,The Universities and Journalism,Nineteenth Century, 63 : 333 7. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 74. Line, E. J., 1916,Institute History : How the Organisation Grew into Its Present Form,The Institute Journal : The Official Organ of the Institute of Journalists, 4360. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 147 8. Delano, Anthony, 2000,No Sign of a Better Job : 100 Years of British Journalism,Journalism Studies, 1 2268.
19 Journalism Education in Nineteenth-Century England : Higher Writers and Working Journalists Yoshinori Kawasaki The definition of journalists in nineteenth-century England was rather ambiguous. They were roughly divided into two categories : writers and reporters. The former contributed articles targeted at intellectuals, while the latter wrote gossip columns and covered events for the masses. Triggered by the growth of the newspaper industry, when the demand for journalists rose, there was a need for the establishment of a professional organization for journalists. Consequently, the National Association of Journalists, established in 1884, sought the status of journalism as a profession. It focused on compilation of news rather than personal opinions of journalists, and emphasized descriptive writing skills. However, writers in higher positions continued following the laissez-faire approach, while low-ranking reporters were considered as working journalists after the inception of the National Union of Journalists in 1907. Key words : profession, trade union, Britain, Institute of Journalists, National Union of Journalists