a 1 2 50 3 50 40 a s df gh 8 Ḣizb al Ba th al Arabl al Ishtirākl al Jabha al Waṫanl ya al Taqadduml ya 8 a Bashshār al Asad 2000 7 17 1960 Kurdistan 8 11 1 58

q a al Qiyāda al Qawml ya Ml shl l Aflaq bg Ḣizb al Ba th al Arabl al Ishtirākl al Dl muqrāṫl bg Ḣaraka al Ishtirākl yl n al Arab Aḣmad Muḣammad al Aḣmad a Abd al Ghanl Ayyāsh bg Ḣizb al Ahd al Waṫanl Ghassān Abd al Azl z Uthmān a Ḣizb al Waḣdawl yl n al Ishtirākl yl n a al Ḣizb al Waḣdawl al Ishtirākl al Dl muqrāṫl a Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Ishtirākl al Arabl a Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Arabl al Dl muqrāṫl a Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Ishtirākl al Arabl al Dl muqrāṫl bg Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Ishtirākl al Arabl al Muwaḣḣad al Tajammu min ajl al Waḣda wa al Dl muqrāṫl ya w Wiṡāl Farḣa a Yūsuf Fayṡal a Majmū a Qāsiyūn al Lajna al Waṫanl ya li Waḣda al Shuyū l yl n al Sūrl yl n al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Ijtimā l al Sūrl al Maktab al Siyāsl bg Ḣizb al Ummāl al Thawrl al Arabl bg g e al Ḣizb al Sūrl al Qawml al Ijtimā l Iṡām al Maḣāyirl a al Tayyār al Dl muqrāṫl Bāṡ ll Daḣdūḣ Janāḣ al Intifāḋa Anṫūn Ab l Ḣaydar r Ḣizb al Taḣrl r al Islāml t ceg deg ceg deg e ceg deg eg ceg efg deg f e y al Ḣaraka al Āshūrl ya al Sūrl ya al Munażżāma al Āthūrl ya al Dl muqrāṫl ya f Ḣizb al Iṡlāḣ al Sūrl Ḣizb al Ḣadātha wa al Dl muqrāṫl ya li Sūrl ya f al Munażżama al Arabl ya li Ḣuqūq al Insān Far Sūriyā g g g g al Lajna al Sūrl ya li Ḣuqūq al Insān g g a b c d e f g 2003 No.39 2005 59

a 2 3 14 1 1920 46 ṫā ifl ya * * 2 3 1946 4 17 1940 50 4 50 7 1952 62al iḣṡā al istithnā l 12 60 al ḣuzām al arabl al mas ala/al qaḋl ya al kurdl ya 1957 * 63 3 8 70 11 13 Ḣāfiż al Asad a 60

s d f al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdistānl Kurdistan Democratic Party KDP al Ittiḣād al Waṫanl al Kurdistānl Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK Partîya Karkeren Kurdistan PKK g 2000 6 10 2002 8 18 44 Ṡawt al Akrād 2002 rabl dimashq a s 2005 2004 3 5 1 = No.39 2005 61

62 a

No.39 2005 63

a al Jazl ra TV Aljazeera.net 2004 2004 5 al Qiyāda al Quṫrl ya t 14 c d 2 50 al Ḣizb al Shuyū l al Kurdistānl PKK 1980 Nimr 1995 Munażżama al Ṫall a al Kurdistānl 1984 1 Nimr 1995 Ḣizb al Sha b al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdistānl Sāml Abd al Raḣmān 1983 * Ramaḋān n.d. al Wifāq al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl al Sūrl Kongra gel Kurdistan Halk Kongresi 2002 4 Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistanê KADEK PKK 2003 64

2004 12 kurdistān sūriyā Jamāl Muḣammad Bāql Dengê Kurd Ibrāhl m 2003 ; Nimr 1995 1991 * 2003 12 10 14 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl al Sūrl 2003 al Wifāq al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl al Sūrl Munassiql ya 2004 Bārtl Dl muqrāṫl Kurdistān Sūriyā, al Ḣizb al al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl al Sūrl Partîya Demokrat a Kurd a Sûrî PDKS 1975 Muḣammad Bāql Shaykh Muḣammd Īsā al malāll * Dahhām Ml rū al mallākūn al aqārūn Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdistānl fl Sūriyā, al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdistānl Sūriyā Partîya Democrat a Kurdistanê Sûriyê PDK S Tawfl q Ḣamdūsh Ḣusayn Sa dū Jān Kūrud partî 2003 * 11 * 14 No.39 2005 65

a * Akhbār al Sharq 2003 ; Bārtl Dl muqrāṫl Kurdistānl Sūriyā 2003 Ḣaraka Agrî Kurd fl Sūriyā 1982 Maḣmūd Shawzl Ziyād Dayrakl Agrlˆ Kurdistān Nimr 1995 Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūrl ya Partîya Yekîtî ya Kurd li Sûriyê * Fu ād All kū Ḣasan Ṡāliḣ * * 1992 10 Komîta Hevbeş 92 93 Nāml 2003 ; Qamislo.com 2004 ; Şêxo 2003 yekîtî al Lajna al Markazl ya = Abd al Bāql al Yūsuf = al Lajna al Siyāsl ya Abd al Bāql Yūsuf = Marwān Uthmān Maḣmūd Amw 1990 5 5 11 Yekîtî Tanżl m Ūrubbā http://home.c2i.net/yekiti/ http:// www.yekiti.org/munażżama Almāniyā http://www.yekiti.de/ Munażżama Hūlandā http://www.yekiti. tk/munażżama Suwaysrā http://www.yekiti.ch/ = al Jazl ra Kurdish Yekiti Party in Syria 1999 muntadā thaqāfl ya 66

2000 12 10 Muḣammad Aml n Muḣammad Muntadā Celadet Bedirxan al Thaqāfl 200110 2002 12 10 15 2004 2 22 14 Akhbār al Sharq 2004a ; Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Lajna al Siyāsl ya 2002a ; 2002b ; Yūsuf 2002 12 2003 6 25 13 10 5 14 12 10 9 2004 8 30 15 8 2003 3 2 3 2003 2 17 * 2 23 Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā 2003b 2003 6 Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Lajna al Markazl ya 2003 2004 3 All Ḣammūd 16 2002 2004 3 29 = Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūryā al Lajna al Siyāsl ya 2004 * * 2003 6 * * 11 * 2005 1 No.39 2005 67

a * al Tanżl m al Thawrl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā 1986 Nimr 1995 10 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Waṫanl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā * Azl z Dāwud Ṫāhir Safūk Mārtl nl 2003 * 2003 10 5 14 2004 3 12 16 11 al Ḣizb al Yasārl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā Partîya Çep a Kurd li Sûriyê PCK S 1965 8 5 * 8 Konferansê Tebaxê Uthmān Ṡabrl Nūr al Dl n Żāżā Abd al Ḣaml d Darwl sh al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl al Yasārl fl Sūriyā a s iqṫā l yūn dkdp McDowall 2000, 478 ; Ramaḋān n.d. 1960 1 1 Dengê Kurd 68

1975 1 4 = al Ittiḣād al Sha b 1975 Ṡalāḣ Badr al Dl n 1969 Iṡmat Saydā 17 79 * 82 * 90 * 80 8 * Barwārl n.d.; McDowall 2000, 478, 484 ; Nimr 1995 Khayr al Dl n Murād Khayr al Dl n Ibrāhl m 2 Akhbār al Sharq 2002b ; 2002d Yūsuf Dl bū Muḣammad Shaykhmūs 2003 6 * 1992 8 2003 3 2 3 * Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā 2003a 6 25 13 *2001 Iṡmat Fatḣ Allāh Ḣasan Muḣammad Yūsuf Mūsā 2001 2003 10 5 14 2004 4 24 Muḣammad Mūsā Muṡṫafā Ṫulās 18 12 al Ḣizb al Ishtirākl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā No.39 2005 69

a * Ṡāliḣ Kadū Rif at Uthmān Azl z Sarkis Aḣmad Khall l 1979 al Ḣizb al Ishtirākl al Kurdl al Muwaḣḣad fl Sūriyā 82 = al Ishtirākl 1976 PKK Abdullah Ocalan PKK 1998 10 99 2 2002 6 * 45 Akhbār al Sharq 2002b; Nimr 1995 ; Ramaḋān n.d.; Rashl d 2002 13 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Taqadduml al Kurdl fl Sūriyā Partîya Dêmoqratî Pêşverû Kurd li Sûrya PDSKS 1977* 4 al Maḣmūd 2003 2 1980 Munażżama Ḣalab 82 Ibrāhl m n.d.; Nimr 1995 2 * 70

2 = al Dl muqrā tl http://www.dimoqrati.org/ 1994 * 2002 6 * 90 5 5 11 2002 10 = ṫāwila mustadl ra 2003 8 jalsa ḣiwār waṫanl al Ḣizb al Shuyū l al Sūrl Akhbār al Sharq 2002d; al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Taqadduml al Kurdl fl Sūriyā 2003 2004 3 12 4 24 16 18 2002 11 3 Aḣmad Muṡṫafā Qāsim = al Dl muqrā tl http://dimoqrati. org/ 2003 ; al Zamān 2002 2004 3 13 = Tamar MuṡṫafāEfrin.net 2004b = al Dl muqrā tl http:// kurdmerd.tripod.com/ * 2003 10 5 14 14 Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Sha bl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā No.39 2005 71

a Partîya Hevgirtina Gelê Kurd li Sûriyê 1980 8 5 * 5 19 2003 8 Muṡṫafā Jum a Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Sha bl al Kurdl f l Sūriyā al Lajna al Markazl ya 2003c = Ittiḣād al Sha b Hevgirtin http://www.hevgirtin.org/ http://www. hevgirtin.org/arabic.htm 2004 12 1990 5 5 1 11 92 * * * 1992 * 90 2002 6 * Mundhir al Mūṡalll 45 Akhbār al Sharq 2002b ; Rashl d 2002 2003 6 25 1310 5 1412 10 9 2004 8 30 15 2005 1 * 8 2003 3 2 3 2003 2 17 * 2 22 Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Sha bl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Lajna al Markazl ya 2003a 2003 6 Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Sha bl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Lajna al Markazl ya 2003b 72

2004 3 12 Bashshār al Aml n 16 2000 12 10 Ḣusayn Dāwud 2002 3 20 2 Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Sha bl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Maktab al Siyāsl 2002 20 2004 3 14= Efrin.net 2004a Akhbār al Sharq 2002e 2002 8 Jamā a al Ikhwān al Musliml n fl Sūrl ya 1 al Mu tamar al Waṫanl al Awwal li l Ḣiwār 15 Ḣizb al Amal al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā 1981 * Kamāl Darwl sh = Munażżama Ḣalab wa Jabal al Akrād Shaykh Āll 81 11 3 KDP KDP KDP KDP 1983 * Nimr 1995 ; Ramaḋān n.d. 16 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Bārtl Partîya Demokrat ya Kurdî li Sûriyê al Partî Al Partî 1957 6 14 Ḣamza Nuwayrān 21 KDP al Ḣizb No.39 2005 73

a al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdistānl fl Sūrl ya 58 = McDowall 1992, 122; 2000, 477 478; Nazdar 1980, 215 Al Partî 1959 al Ittiḣād al Qawml 1957 60 8 10 22 5000 McDowall 1992, 122 Ramaḋān n.d. 1960 12 13 1 15 61 3 1 Kinnane 1964, 44 ; Mannā 2004, 7 ; Ramaḋān n.d. 1961 9 61 Muḣammad Īsā Maḣmūd 2 61 12 1 Kinnane 1964, 44 ; Mannā 2004, 7 23 1965 * 1970 8 Nowpedran KDP Muṡṫafā al Bārzānl KDP Provisional Leadership 24 Badr al Dl n 200175 * 77 * Ḣaml d Saydū 74

Iliyās Ramkū = Ṡawt al Akrād : Dengê Kurd Nimr 1995 1978 McDowall 2000, 478 81 *90 * * Naṡr al Dl n Ibrāhl m Muḣammad Nadhl r Muṡṫafā 2 * 1980 97 97 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Bārtl Munażżama Ūrubbā 2003 ; Ibrāhl m n.d. = Ṡawt al Akrād : Dengê Kurd 25 http://www.alparty.org/ 90 5 5 11 2004 4 24 18 * 2 Abd al Raḣmān Ālūjl 2004 3 7 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā al Bārtl 2004 17 Ḣizb al Waḣda al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūrl ya Yakl tl Partîya Yekîtî ya Demoqrat ya Kurd li Sûriyê Yekîtî 1993 4 * Ismā l l Amw Îsmaîl Emo No.39 2005 75

a Şêxo 2003 ; Şûro 2003 Muḣyl al Dl n Shaykh Āl l = al Wahda Newroz http:// www.yek dem.com/ http://www.yekiti.nl/ 1999 * 8 2003 3 2 3 2003 2 6 26 * 2 17 * 2003 6 25 13 10 5 142004 8 30 15 2004 4 24 18 2002 5 17 Muslim Shaykh Ḣasan 600 = 2002 8 3 Akhbār al Sharq 2002a; 2002c 27 2003 8 22 Muntadā Abd al Raḣmān al Kawākibl li l Ḣiwār al Waṫanl Zardāsht Muḣammad 13 Ḣizb al Waḣda al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā Yakl tl al Lajna al Siyāsl ya 2002 2004 4 1 al Hay a al Siyāsl ya Muḣammad All Muḣammad KDP PUK Ḣizb al Waḣda al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā Yakl tl al Lajna al Siyāsl ya 76

2004 18 Ḣizb al Shaghl la al Kurdl ya fl Sūrl ya Partîya Pale ya Kurd li Sûriyê 1982* Ṡibgha Allāh Hayzānl Abdl Na sān * 80 2 * PUK PUK Nimr 1995 1990 90 *92 * * 19 al Tajammu al Waṫanl al Dl muqrāṫl al Sūrl 1998 12 150 Muḣammad Marwān al Zarkl PKK PKK McDowall 2000, 479; Yekîtî 2000 20 Ḣaraka Birûsk fl Sūriyā 1980 Mullā Muṡṫafā birûsk Birûsk KDP Nimr 1995 21 Ḣizb al Ittiḣād al Dl muqrāṫl fl Sūriyā No.39 2005 77

a Partîya Yekîtî ya Demokratîk PYD 2003 9 All Muḣammad Muḣammad Nadhl r Silw http://www.pyd.be/ KADEKEfrin. net 2003; http://www.pyd.be/pyd/english/demo CRATICLIBERATIONANDTHESOLUTIONOF.htm 2004 12 2004 8 7 Efrin.net 2004f 8 30 15 22 Partîya Demokrat a Kurd a Yekbûyî 1990 * * * 1992 * * 1 91 * Şêxo 2003 23 Xoybûn 1927 Celadet Bedirxan 28 xoybûn 1920 1923 1928 Badr al Dl n 2003, 15 16, 159; McDowall 1992, 122; 2000, 468 1 Darrāj and Bārūt 1999; n.d. 2 1980 7 8 49 3 Ḣusnl al Za l m 1949 3 78

Sāml al Ḣinnāwl 49 8 Adl b al Shl shakll 49 11 51 11 3 4 1962 8 23 196293 10 5 5 = 275 1015 332 14 1960 6 2000 9 2001 9 2005 7 2003 3 12 = 18 30 130 1700 8 Efrin.net 2004d; 2004e 2004 5 31 Shu ba al Mukhābarāt al Askarl ya 1958 93 1958 7 8 2004 6 2 9 Lajna al Difā an Ḣuqūq al Mujarradl n min al Jinsl ya Lijān Iḣyā al Mujtama al Madanl Lijān al Difā an al Ḣurrl yāt al Dl muqrāṫl ya wa Ḣuqūq al Insān fl Sūriyā Jam l ya Ḣuqūq al Insān fl Sūrl ya Nāshiṫū Munāhaḋa al Awlama fl Sūrl ya al Muntadā al Thaqāfl li Ḣuqūq al Insān fl Sūrl ya Rābiṫa al Difā an Ḣuqūq al Insān fl Sūrl ya Lajna Naṡra Filasṫl n wa al Irāq bi Ḣimṡ Muntadā Jamāl al Atāsl li l Ḣiwār al Dl muqrāṫl Ḣizb al Amal al Shuyū l al Tajammu al Waṫanl al Dl muqrāṫl Mudhakkira ilā al Sayyid Ra l s Majlis al Wuzarā 2003; Taṡrl ḣ Ṡuḣufl... 2003 10 Ḣamw 2003 1991 11 5 As l d 2002, 492; McDowall 2000, 478 479 12 14 13 No.39 2005 79

a Muḣammad Muṡṫafā Āmir Murād Sālār Ṡāliḣ Khālid Muḣammad All Ḣusayn Ramaḋān Hūzān Muḣammad Aml n Ibrāhl m Muḣammad Sharl f Faramān Aṫfāl al Kurd fl Sūriyā 2003 ; Ḣizb al Waḣda al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā Yakl tl et al. 2003 ; Ḣizb al Yasārl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā et al. 2003 14 al Ḣizb al Dl muqrāṫl al Taqadduml al Kurdl fl Sūriyā et al. 2003 ; Lijān al Difā an Ḣuqūq al Insān fl Sūriyā et al. 2003 ; al Mu taṡimūn al Mujarradūn min al Jinsl ya al Sūrl ya 2003 15 3 15 Ḣizb Yakl tl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā et al. 2004 16 2004 3 Hishām Bikhtiyār Idāra al Mukhābarāt al Āmma Muḣammad Manṡūra Sall m Kabūl Akhbār al Sharq 2004b; Ḣaml dl 2004 17 Nimr 1995 18 4 Ḣusaynl 2004 19 Efrin.net 2004c PKK 20 2002 12 21 Mannā 2004, 7 22 Mannā 2004, 7 1959 23 Kinnane 1964, 44 24 McDowall 2000, 478 KDP 25 Munażżama al Ḣizb fl Dimashq = al Ḣayāt : JînMunażżama al Ḣizb fl Muḣāfaża Ḣalab = al Ḣurrl ya : Azadî 26 Rashl d Sha bān Ibrāhl m Ibrāhl m 2 Aḣmad Aḣmad al Qāsim Nūrl Burl mū 3 Umar Atl y Amude.net 2003a ; 2003b 27 2002 12 80

28 Rewşen Xanim Bedirxan Hawar Ronahî 2003. = 63 116. 2005. 1... Akhbār al Sharq http://www.thisissyria.net/ 2002a. Ḣizb Sūrl Kurdl Qalaq min Istimrār I tiqāl al Nāshiṫl n al Akrād fl Sūrl ya, June 8. 2002b. Indimāj Ḣizbayn Kurdl yayn Mu āriḋayn bi Ḣuḋūr Mumaththill n an al Ba th, June 17. 2002c. al Ḣukm alā Mu taqal Kurdl Sūrl bi al Sijn Thalātha Ashhur, August 14. 2002d. Ḣizb Kurdl Yunażżim Nadwa fl Dimashq an Waḋ al Akrād fl Sūrl ya, October 2. 2002e. Ḣizb Kurdl : I āda al Jinsl ya li l Mujarradl n fl Iṫār al Dl muqrāṫl ya wa al Muṡālaḣa al Waṫanl ya, November 8. 2003. Ḣizbān Kurdl yān Yad uwān ilā Iqāma al Taḣāluf min ajl Sūrl ya Dl muqrāṫl ya, June 16. 2004a. Amn al Dawla al Ulyā Tufrij an al Qiyādl yayn al Kurdl yayn Ḣasan Ṡāliḣ wa Marwān Uthmān, February 26. 2004b. 14 Qatl lan fl Muwājahāt Damawl ya bi al Qāmishll wa Iqtihām al Sifāra al Sūrl ya fl Burūksil, March 14. Aljazeera.net http://www.aljazeera.net/ 2004. al Ra l s al Sūrl wa al Awḋā al Arabl ya al Rāhina, May 1. Amude.net http://www.amude.net/ 2003a. Bada al Murashshaḣūn al Akrād bi al Di āya al Intikhābl ya fl Madl natay Ḣalab wa al Raqqa, February 19. 2003b. Murashshaḣl al Taḣāluf al Dl muqrāṫl al Kurdl fl Sūriyā : al Tadakhkhul al Fāḋiḣ fl Sayr al Amall ya al Intikhābl ya Huwa Ta kl d alā Istimrārl ya al Ta āmul al Shūfl nl ma a Abnā al Sha b al Kurdl fl Sūriyā, March 4. As l d, Shākir 2002. al Barlamān al Sūrl fl Tatawwur hu al Tārl khl 1919 2001. Damascus : Dār al Madā li l Thaqāfa wa al Nashr. Aṫfāl al Kurd fl Sūriyā 2003. Mudhakkira Aṫfāl al Kurd fl Sūriyā ilā Munażżama al Umam al Muttaḣida li l Ṫufūla fl Sūriyā, June 25. Badr al Dl n, Ṡalāḣ 2001. Mashrū Barnāmaj al Ḣaraka al Waṫanl ya al Kurdl ya fl Sūrl ya : Maṫrūḣ li l Munāqasha. Hevgirtin.org http://www.hevgirtin. org/hevgirtin.html, January 1. 2003. al Ḣaraka al Qawml ya al Kurdl ya fl Sūrl ya: Ru ya Naqdl ya min al Dākhil. Beirut : Rābiṫa Kāwā li l Thaqāfa al Kurdl ya. Bārtl Dl muqrāṫl Kurdistānl Sūriyā 2003. Bārtl Dl muqrāṫl Kurdistānl Sūriyā Yuql m Nadwa fl 23/8/2003 bi Madl na Būn al Almānl ya ḣawla al Taḣāluf min ajl Sūrl ya Dl muqrāṫl ya, August 23. Barwārl, Ṡalāḣ n.d. Limādhā al Iṡrār alā Idhkā Nār al Khilāfāt al Kurdl ya : Raddan alā Ṡalāḣ Badr al Dl n. Iraqi Writer.com http://www.iraqiwriter. com/. al Dl muqrātl http://dimoqrati.org/ 2003. Muḣākama Aḣmad Muṡṫafā Qāsim Intihāk Ṡārikh li Ḣuqūq al Muwāṫinl n, wa Ittihāmāt Bāṫila, No.453 December : 4. Darrāj, Fayṡ al and Jamāl Bārūt ed. 1999. al Aḣzāb wa al Ḣarakāt wa al Jamā āt al Islāml ya. 2 Vols. Damascus : al Markaz al Arabl li l Dirāsāt al Istrātl jl ya. n.d. al Aḣzāb wa al Ḣarakāt al Qawml ya al No.39 2005 81

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