TFR198 1.5 2. TFR 3 TFR2 2 2.11 total fertility rate, TFR 2.5 3 TFR OECD3 25TFR 2 5 1 TFR 1.5212 2 262. 1.5 13 3 18 193 19 2 195 196 TFR van de Kaa 1987 Lesthaeghe and Moors 2 1997TFR198 4
2.1 TFRTFR 1.5 TFR 1.5 1 TFR 1947 49 1957TFR2.4 196 TFR2. 196 7 7 TFR198 2. 1.5 2. 195 TFR 197 197 TFR 4.53 1985 1.67 198TFR1.5 2.8 2 1.52. 1 198 TFR1.5 1 1983 1993 TFR 1.5 251.5 4 TFR1.5 197TFR 19892.12 2. Chandola et al. 22 24Pool and Sceats 23 TFR 5
Autumn 27 No. 16 5. 4.5 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1.. 195 1955 196 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 EUROSTATCouncil of Europe 26, Office for National Statistics, Key Population and Vital Statistics NCHS 26; 27a; 27b 1 TFR195 25 6
31 3 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 2 196 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b27a 2 196 25 7
Autumn 27 No. 16 TFR TFR 196 7 TFR TFR TFR TFR 1. 196TFR 21 197 TFR 3-1 3-2 1 26 7 78 6 7 8 2 24 25 29 25 29 25 29 23 25 29 62 25 29 9 38 35 39 37 4 2 TFR 2 3 TFR 8
2 3TFR 2. 4-14-25 196 24 51 25 4-1 25 29 33 34 1951 55 25 29 25 29 4-21981 85 3 3 34 1971 75 2 5193 1965 195 2 2 1.8 1.9 4-1 197 3 1942 2 2 TFR Lesthaeghe and Willems 1999; Frejka and Calot 21; d Addio and d Ercole 25Lesthaeghe and Willems 1999 TFR 2 TFR 9
Autumn 27 No. 16 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 2 2 24 25 29 3 34 35 39 4 44 45 3-1196 24 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b
11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 196 197 198 199 2 22 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 2 2 24 25 29 3 34 35 39 4 44 45 3-2196 24 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b
Autumn 27 No. 16 12 12 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 12 12 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 12 1 8 1942 46 1952 56 66 76 86 1941 45 1951 55 1961 65 1971 75 1981 85 6 4 2 2 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4- Council of Europe 26Office for National Statistics 27NCHS 26; 27a; 27b 4-1 12
12 12 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 12 12 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 12 1 8 1941 45 1951 55 1961 65 1971 75 1981 85 6 4 2 15-19 2-24 25-29 3-34 35-39 4-44 45-49 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27a; 27b 4-2 13
Autumn 27 No. 16 5. 4.5 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5. 193 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 194 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 195 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 196 1961 1963 1965 1 198 85 9 95 2 2545 49 2 19564 Council of Europe 26Frejka and Sardon 2427a 5 14
TFR d Addio and d Ercole 25 Frejka and Sardon 26 3. 2.5 2. 251.5 1..5. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. 3.5 15 4925 World Value Survey 198 2Testa 2627b 198 199 2 26 6198 26 15
Autumn 27 No. 16 3. 2.5 2.59 2.43 2.48 2.38 2.27 2.36 2.37 2.3 2.11 1. 2. 1.91 1.5 2.42 2.11 2.2 1.76 2.4 1.73.5. 25 Testa 2627b 725 39 26 6198 26 TFR 2 2 2 Goldstein et al. 2321 Eurobarometer Survey 2 26 2 2 2 Testa 26 2 16
7 2 Bongaarts 21 199 Lesthaeghe and Moors 2Frejka and Calot 21Bongaarts 22 Castles 2323Billari and Kohler 24d Addio and d Ercole 25 198 Billari and Kohler 241975 99 Castles 23 Brewster and Rindfuss 2; Ahn and Mira 22; Castles 23; Rindfuss et al. 23; Adserá 24; Kögel 24; Engelhardt et al. 24 17
Autumn 27 No. 16 Mayer 214 Reher family ties Chasnais 196TFR 8 1.5 2. TFR 8 TFR 1.51.3 2 2 18
1 2.5 2. 2.52.29 23 2.21 24 NCHS 27a Demographic Yearbook 24 2 1.77 24 1.53 1.78 1.64 241.78 1.81.941.69 1.831.76 1.95 241.69 EUROSTAT Demographic Yearbook 24 3 1.41.331.31 1.351.411.28 1.31 1.33 1.25 1.4 1.26 1.26 1.8 EUROSTAT 4lowest-low fertilitykohler et al. 22 TFR1.3 1.5 1997 53:1 pp.3-2 23 59:1 pp.27 48 24 11 13 pp.429 51 27a 27 27b 13 19
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Morgan (23), The Changing Institutional Context of Low Fertility, Population Research and Policy Review, 22, pp.411-438. Testa, Maria Rita (26), Childbearing Preferences and Family Issues in Europe, European Commission. Van de Kaa, D. J. (1987), The Europe s Second Demographic Transition, Population Bulletin, 42:1, Population Reference Bureau. 21