Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.79, 2010 ( ) What is Going on around Chinese Temples in Contemporary Java? State, Religions, Chinese Communities in Post-Soeharto Indonesia Tsuda, Koji Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Since the fall of Soeharto s New Order in 1998, Indonesia has experienced political and social changes. It has been a decade of great change for ethnic Chinese living in this country, too. Contrary to the Soeharto s regime in which anything related to China or ethnic-chinese were oppressed both implicitly and explicitly, the post-soeharto governments have made effort to do away with anti-chinese policy. This change in policy has aroused the social atmosphere where everyone can enjoy Chinese Culture which the former regime strictly prohibited people from expressing in public space; now, Chinese New Year is celebrated officially. Along with shopping malls and executive hotels, it is Chinese temples (klenteng) which have become the center of celebration during this festive New Year s period. Though these Chinese traditional worship facilities had largely been marginalized during Soeharto s era and their activities had been restrained greatly, it seems that they are getting livelier and livelier following the general liberalizing policy regarding Chinese Culture mentioned above. Keywords: : Chinese temples, Java, Post-Soeharto era, ethnic-chinese community, state and religion 2009 1 25 2 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1980 Salmon & Siu 1997 2 Myra Sidharta Claudine Salmon ( ) ( ) 2009 7 61 ( ) ( ) ( )
38 79 Then, what on earth is going on and what sort of change is taking place around Chinese temples in Indonesia after 10 years of post-soeharto era? What kind of problems are they facing? To investigate these issues, the author and 3 other researchers executed a field trip during Chinese New Year s period of 2009, visiting about 30 Chinese temples located in East Java Province and the northern coastal area of Central Java Province. Based on the result of this field trip, this paper will argue several up-to-date topics concerning Chinese temples in post-soeharto Java, which will further reveal the nation-wide situation in Indonesia. Also, this paper will explore the complicated relationships among the Indonesian state, religions especially Chinese religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism and Chinese local communities surrounding the temples. 1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5. 5.1. 5.2. 6. 1 1998 (reformasi ) ( 1) ) 10 10 1965 9 30 2) 98 5 3) 4) 1) 20 (Pribumi) 2008: 19-23 2) 2006 3) 5 (Tragedi Mei) 5 1998 Purdey 2006 4) 1998 Purdey 2006: 174-178
39 5) 6) (Imlek) Gong Xi Fa Cai( ) (klenteng) 7) ( ) 8) 10 5) Suryomenggolo 2003 Winarta 2008 1967 14 (Instruksi Presiden No. 14/1967 tentang Agama, Kepercayaan dan Adat-istiadat Cina) 4 1967 14 2000 6 (Keputusan Presiden No. 6/2000 tentang Pencabutan Inpres No. 14/1967) (Imlek) 5 2002 ( 2003 ) 2006 2006 12 (Undang-undang No. 12/ 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia) 2008 6) ( ) 5 2009 7) Buanadjaya 1980: 97-98 (Kwan Im Tang) Salmon & Lombard 2003: 111 Gunawan (ed.) 1998: 115 8) 1988 455.2-360 (Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 455.2-360/1988 tentang Penataan Klenteng) (tata budaya asing) (kepribadian Indonesia) 5 2000 6
40 79 1 9) 2002; 2008; 2007 Brown 1987; Coppel 1989, 2002a, 2002b; Suryadinata 1993, 1998; 2009 Salmon 1993 2006 Salmon & Lombard 2003; Liem 2004 (1931) Moerthiko (ed.) 1980 Salmon & Siu 9) 2001: 72 ( ) cf. 2001; 2001 cf. 1999
41 1997 10) Herlijanto 2003; Suryadinata (ed.) 2008; Suryomenggolo 2003 2008: 1 2009 (Imlek) (Capgomeh) 20 1 (Sien Bing ) (Bio Kong ) 11) 2 10) Salmon & Siu 1997 Wolfgang Franke 1 2 3 11) 2009 8 3 10 20
42 79 1 No. 1 (Tjoe Tik Kiong) (Pasuruan) 2 (Liong Tjwan Bio) (Probolinggo) 3 (Poo Tong Bio) (Besuki) 4 (Pai Lien San) (Jember( ) 5 (Kwan Im Tong) (Jember( ) 6 Pasarean Gunung Kawi (Gunung Kawi) 7 (Eng An Kiong) (Malang) 8 (Poo An Kiong) (Blitar) 9 (Tjoe Tik Kiong) (Tulungagung) 10 (Tjoe Hwie Kiong) (Kediri) 11 (Hong San Kiong) (Gudo) 12 (Hok Liong Kiong) (Jombang( ) 13 (Bo Hway Bio) (Mojoagung) 14 (Hok Sian Kiong) (Mojokerto) 15 (Teng Swie Bio) (Krian) 16 (Kwan Sing Bio) (Tuban) 17 (Tjoe Ling Kiong) (Tuban) 18 (Tjoe Hwie Kiong) (Rembang) 19 (Hok Tik Bio) (Rembang) 20 (Tjoe An Kiong) (Lasem) 21 (Gie Yong Kong Bio) (Lasem) 22 (Poo An Bio) (Lasem) 23 (Tjoe Tak Bio) (Juwana( ) 24 (Tay Kak Sie) (Semarang) 25 (Tay Ping Ting) (Welahan) 26 (Hian Thian Siang Tee Bio) (Welahan) 27 (Hok Tek Tong) (Jepara( ) 28 (Pao An Thian) (Pekalongan) 29 (Tak Hay Kiong) (Tegal) 30 (Vihara Avalokitesvara Banten) (Banten) 2 1 (tuan rumah) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Salmon & Siu 1997: XIX, 1-5, 587-607
43 (Tee Kong) 12) 3 (Tuhan Yang Maha Esa) 13) 2 2 14) 2,860 m 19 (Mbah Djuggo) (Iman Soedjono) 12) ( ) 2002: 539-540 ( ) 2009: 361-374 13) 2003: 199-235 1970 (rejeki) (jodoh( ) (klenik) (musyrik) (Semua kepercayaan harus berketuhanan) ( ) 1978 (2003 5 7 Tan Gwat Hing ) 2006: 79-81, 46 14) Salmon 1993 2009: 382-411
44 79 1982: 119-120 15) 16) 40 km ( ) 1 17) 18) ( 1) 1 ( 2009 2 1 ) (Cheng Ho ) ( ) Salmon 1993: 283-291 15)Salmon 1993: 288-291 1950 (Im Yang Tjoe. 1953. Riwayat Ejang Djuggo, Panembahan Gunung Kawi. Surabaja: Palma) (Mbah Djuggo) 16) ( 珓 pwee-sien ) 1 17) 1950 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: 275-277 1990 Pengurus TITD Bo Hway Bio 1990 (2009 2 1 (ketua) (Oei Pek Tjoe) ) Mbah Djuggo Iman Soedjono 18) (Pa Gie Heng Teh) 1970 (Banyuwangi) 9 8 (2009 2 1 ) 9 30 Salmon & Siu 1997: 824-825
45 3 (Tak Hay Tjin Djin) 19) (Tan Hoe Tjin Djin Kongco Banyuwangi) 3 (Tan Oey Djie Sian Seng ) 18 (Kwee Lak Kwa) 2 1 2 1740 (VOC) 20) VOC Salmon 1993: 291-294; Gan (ed.) 2009: 111-112 (Mengwi) 2 2 3 Salmon 1993: 294-297; Salmon & Sidharta 2000; Salmon & Siu 1997: 742-743 3 1 18 2 3 2 1740 VOC 2 (Tan Kee Wie) (Oei Ing Kiat) 21) Salmon 1993: 298; Salmon & Siu 1997: XIX-XX, 475 ( ) ( ) 2002 3 19) ( ) Gan Tek Tjiang Gan (ed.) 2009: 91-92 1918 cf. Salmon 1993: 292; Salmon & Siu 1997: 514 ( ) ( ) ( Indramayu) ( Cirebon) ( ) 18 Salmon 1993: 291-294; Salmon & Siu 1997: XX 20)1740 ( ) VOC (Perang Cina) Remmelink 1994 21) 600 Gan & Kwa (ed.) 2006: 264-265
46 79 : 2007a: 43-46 22) 4 3 3 1 23) 1945 29 ( ) 24) (Pancasila ) 1965 9 30 Brown 1987: 111; Suryadinata 1998: 6 25) 22) 2 ( Pahlawan Nasional ) 2007a 23) 1 24) 1994: 276-277 25) 20 1965 5 (agama) (Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965) 1967 (Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia, MATAKIN)
47 1980 (Cina) 26) 9 30 (Masalah Cina) 2006 1967 1967 14 27) 1979 (berbau Cina) 28) 2 2006: 69-74 29) 9 30 20 Coppel 1989; 2002a; 2002b Suryadinata 1998: 6-9 26) (Cina) 1920 (Tiongkok) (Tionghoa) China Chinese Coppel & Suryadinata 1970 27) 5 1980 28)MATAKIN 10 (Golkar) 1979 1 MATAKIN 9 27 Suryadinata 1998: 9; 2005: 81 2009: 26-28 29) (Madiun)
48 79 1967 5 (Perhimpunan Tempat Ibadat Tri Dharma se-jawa Timur, PTITD se-jatim) (Penguasa Perang Daerah Jawa Timur) 12 (Dirjen Bimas Hindu dan Buddha, Departmen Agama) (PTITD se-indonesia, PTITD ) 30) (Tri Dharma) 1930 (Kwee Tek Hoay; 1886 1952 ) (Sam Kauw Hwee) 31) ( Gabungan Tridharma Indonesia GTI) 9 30 32) PTITD (TITD) ( ) 70 TITD 33) 39 PTITD 34) PTITD 30)2009 8 30 (Hong Tik Hian) PTITD se-indonesia (Ong Khing Kiong) PTITD se-indonesia PTITD se-indonesia 1988: 1 31) 3 ( ) Willmott 1960: 253 Djajadi 2003: 1-10 ( ) 1991: 190-191 ( ) 32) GTI PTITD 1977 1 2 (Majelis Rohaniwan Tridharma Seluruh Indonesia, Martrisia) 9 WALUBI( Perwalian Umat Buddha Indonesia) 1997 Martrisia (Majelis Agama Buddha Tridharma Indonesia) Djajadi 2003: 2-9 33)2009 2 2 (wakil sekretaris) (Ie Khing Hien/Nur Iskandar) 34) 17 15 PTITD PTITD 2 ( )
49 2 2 ( 2009 2 1 ) 3 ( 2009 1 28 ) 35) PTITD 3 ( ) (Yang Mulia Tri Nabi Tri Suci) PTITD ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 13 ( 2 3) 36) ( ) 1966 Eng An Kiong: 3 1857 ( ) 60 PTITD 37) 2 2008 (Yuan Man Fu Tang) 35)PTITD (Anggaran ( Dasar PTITD se-indonesia) 7 4 PTITD ( ) 36) PTITD ( ) ( ) 2 (2009 2 2 ) 37)2009 1 27 Siauw Yoe Liong(Yudhi Dharma Santoso)
50 79 PTITD PTITD PTITD TITD PTITD TITD (Vihara) ( ) 38) ( ) 3 ( Salatiga) ( Muntilan) (Kudus) ( ) ( Demak) ( Solo) ( ) (Vihara Avalokitesvara) 39) 2006 1970 95 (Klenteng is Klenteng) 38) 1987 Yayasan Klenteng Po An Thian Yayasan Tri Dharma 2000 Yayasan Tri Dharma Klenteng Po An Thain Gan (ed.) 2009: 93-94 39)PTITD (TITD) (Keputusan Menteri Agama No. H/31/SK/1979 tentang Penyempurnaan Keputusan Menteri Agama No. H/29/SK/1979) PTITD TITD (cf. Surat P.T.I.TD No. 001/P.T.I.TD/I/1994 tertanggal 23 Januari 1994 prihal Kelengkapan T.I.TD sebagai Tempat Ibadah Umat Tridharma)
51 1 1978 (Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal ) 4 2000 PTITD Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal 40) TITD 5 3 2 (yayasan) 41) 80 (organisasi kemasyarakatan ormas) 42) (asas tunggal) 40)2009 2 8 (ketua upacara) (Tan Min San) 41) Djasmin 2008 42) 1985 8 (Undang-Undang RI No. 8/1985 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan) (Peraturan Pemerintah No. 18/1986) (Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 5/1986) NGO (Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 8/1990 tentang Pembinaan LSM)
52 79 (BAKIN) (Dirjen Sospol) (perkumpulan/ perhimpunan) 43) 44) 1998 (kepastian hukum) KKN (korupsi) (kolusi) (nepotisme) 2001 2004 2001 16 (UU RI No. 16/2001 tentang Yayasan) 2004 28 (UU RI No. 28/2004 tentang Perubahan atas UU RI No. 16/2001) 2 2004 28 71 1 3 2001 16 1 2 (pembina) ( ) (pengurus 5 ) (pengawas 5 ) (anggota) 43) perkumpulan/perhimpunan (Staatsblad 1870 No. 64) (1653-1665 KUH Perdata) 44) Yayasan Metta Bhumi 1975 1986 3 8 42 1985 8 9 1994 10 24 ( ) (Vereeniging) 1917 Gan (ed.) 2009: 91
53 4 ( 2009 1 30 ) (rapat anggota) 1970 2009 (aslinya dulu; tempat ibadah) 45) 2 (perkumpulan biasa) 46) ( ) 5 3 ( 4) ( ) ( ) (Yayasan Dwi Kumala) 1996 2006: 69 2008 10 10 45)2009 1 28 (ketua) (Listyo Sentoso) 46)2009 2 2 perkumpulan/ perhimpunan 43 perkumpulan/perhimpunan Djasmin 2008
54 79 TITD 2 (Buddhayana) 47) 4 48) (Tiong Gwan/ Rebutan) (Tiong Ciu) (She Jit) (wayang potehi) 49) 47)2008 10 28 GK( ) 48) ( ) 2000 2005 600 Gan Kok Hwie & Kwa Tong Hay (ed.) 2006 49) (dalang)
55 5 2009 ( 2009 1 28 ) 10 50) 4 1 12 km 1980 1990 51) ( ) 52) 53) 50) 51) (locu) 52)2005 7 21 (Liong Thian Yoe) 53) ( ) 1991 98 (cf. 48)
56 79 (Cilacap) 2008 4 280 km (ketua umum) 54) 2007 9 1 (Denpasar) 2001 (Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari) 2 ( 2 5 ) 55) 56) ( ) (Musyawarah Pimpinan Daerah Muspida) ( ) (2009 2 2 ) 54)2008 10 23 (Liem Hoo Kiat) 2008 3 ( ) (Krawang) ( ) 55)2008 10 28 2008 (penerima tamu) (Liong Kiam Kiat) 56)2009 2 7 ( )
57 6 4 ( 2009 2 2 ) 1 2 57) ( ) ( ) ( 6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 58) 50 59) 57) 10 2006 62 26 3 13 1 58) (Lung Fung Thang) 3 40 ( 5 ) 2008 6 57 2008 2 59)2009 1 31 (wakil seksi ritual) (Yap Tjong Han)
58 79 60) 4 2 PTITD 3 PTITD (PTITD Komda Jatim) 1 1 61) PTITD 4 3 2 4 ( ) ( ) ( Banyuwangi) ( Rogojampi) 62) 63) 1 ( Ampenan) 18 ( ) 1880 ( ) ( ) 2 Salmon 1993: 295-296 64) 60) ( ) 2009 2 1 Go Soen Hien(Supriyadi) 61)2009 1 28 2009 8 30 62) 2009 9 4 (Indrana Tjahjono) 63)Salmon 1993: 295-296 (Buleleng Singaraja) (Kuta) (Tabanan) (Mengwi) (Bangli) (Gianyar) (Klungkung) (Karangasem) 8 64) Salmon & Sidharta 2000 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
59 2 2000 (Paguyuban Tan Hu Cin Jin) 4 4 ( Negara) 1 9 65) ( 7 2) 2008 ( ) 2 9 2009 (2 7 8 ) 66) 67) 65)2009 9 4 2000 66) 600 48 67) 2001
60 79 7 9 ( 2009 1 28 ) 5 (umat) 3 5 5 1 PTITD PTITD 68) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 68)2009 8 30 PTITD cf. Surat P.T.I.TD. No. 29/VI/ PTITD/88 tertanggal 23 Juni 1988 perihal Instruksi Mendagri No. 455.2-360 dan Lampiran: Penjelasan Singkat tentang Tempat Ibadat Tridharma tertanggal 1 April 1984
61 2008 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) MATAKIN 1979 MATAKIN(Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia ) 2006 69) ( ) 20 MATAKIN 70) 2 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 71) ( ) 50 72) 69)2007 (Peraturan Pemerintah No. 55/2007 tentang Pendidikan Agama dan Pendidikan Keagamaan) 2009 70)2009 1 31 Endang Titis Bodro Triwarsi 1950 (Purworjo) 1973 76 79 MATAKIN 71) ( ) ( ) (Bojonegoro) 70 (2009 1 31 ) 2 3 3 (2009 2 1 Go Soen Hien(Supriyadi) ) 72)2009 1 27 Siauw Yoe Liong(Yudhi Dharma Santoso)
62 79 8 ( 2009 2 1 ) MATAKIN MAKIN TITD 3 73) TITD (MAKIN Tegal) ( ) 2006 74) 2 100 ( 9) 1994 73) PTITD MAKIN TITD MAKIN (2009 8 30 ) 74)2009 2 8 (MAKIN Tegal) (Lie Ing Liong) MAKIN Tegal 1970 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: 344-346 1982 Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal (Seksi Agama Konghucu Indonesia)
63 9 ( 2009 2 8 ) 1971 75) 2000 76) 2009 60 km (MAKIN Pekalongan) 1966 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: 342-343 TITD (klenteng) 1 (Konghucu Tridharma) (Konghucu murni) MAKIN 77) 75)2009 2 8 ( ) 21 22 PUTI( Paguyuban Umat Tao Indonesia ) 1 76) 1 14 15 2009 3 77)2009 2 7 Gan Tek Tjiang
64 79 MATAKIN MAKIN MATAKIN PTITD 78) 20 79) 21 80) 3 M. Hefner 1993 81) ( ) 78) Coppel 2002b: 260 19 79) 25 80) 2009: 34 MATAKIN 81) (2009 2 8 ) (2009 9 4 ) MAKIN (1 31 ) (2009 2 1 ) MAKIN TITD MAKIN
65 (kuno) (tidak keren) cf. 2006: 95 5 2 82) 1970 2008: 58-59 3 83) (Lawang) 50 ha 2008 11 84) (Mandarin) 1960 85) 2009; Hoon 2008: 62-67 82) Salmon & Siu 199720 Mayor( ) Kapitan( ) 83) 84) (Taman Makam Asri Abadi) 85) ( ) Chokkajitsumpun 2001; Kuah 2000; Ang-see 1995 (Resinicization) 2009: 249-254
66 79 10 ( 2009 1 31 ) 11 ( 2009 2 1 ) 2000 15 19 ( 11) 86) 2006 13 km 30 40 87) TITD 2009 3 8 (tata kuromo) 2 4 ( ) 88) 2003 60 (supaya ramai) ( Tua Kok Tui) 86) 6 1 35 (2009 2 1 Go Soen Hien (Supriyadi) ) 87) 2002 (HSK) B 88)2009 1 28
67 89) 4 90) 91) 6 92) 89)2009 2 7 Gan Tek Tjiang 2007b: 95-96 Yayasan Pusaka 2 90) ( ) 2009 2 9 ( ) 3 ( ) 2004 5 ( ) 91) 1838 (keaslian) (karisma) (2009 2 3 ) 2007a: 56-57, 61 92)
68 79 10 93) CD DVD 94) ( ) 95) 96) 93) 2 2006: 82 (2009 2 4 (Liem Ngo Iet) ) 94) 2003 3 95) 96) 500 ( 50 ) 9 (2008 1 28 ) Ong 2008: 106; 2001; 2001; 2001
69 4 4 4 4 4 2006 Ang-see, Teresita. 1995. The Chinese in the Philippines: Continuity and Change, in Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). Southeast Asian Chinese: The Social Cultural Dimension. 28-41, Singapore: Times Academic Press. Brown, Iem. 1987. Contemporary Indonesian Buddhism and Monotheism, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Vol. XVIII No. 1): 108-117. Buanadjaya. 1980. Mengenal Lebih Dekat: Apakah Klenteng Itu?, in Moerthiko (ed.). Riwayat Klenteng, Vihara, Lithang, Tempat Ibadat Tridharma se-jawa. Semarang: Sekretariat Empeh Wong Kam Fu. Chokkajitsumpun, Pranee. 2001. Chinese Literacy in a Bangkok Chinese Family, in Tong Chee Kiong and Chan Kwok Bun (eds.). Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand. 203-226. Singapore: Times Academic Press, in association with Liden: Brill Academic Publishers. Coppel. Charles A. 1989. «Is Confucianism a Religion?»: A 1923 Debate in Java, Archipel (38): 125-35.. 2002a. Khong Kauw: Confucian Religion in Indonesia, in Studying Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. 228-242, Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies.. 2002b. The Origins of Confucianism as an Organised Religion in Java, 1900-1923, in Studying Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. 256-278, Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies. First published in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Vol. XII, No. 1): 179-198. Coppel. Charles A. & Leo Suryadinata. 1970. The use of the Terms Tjina and Tionghoa in Indonesia: An Historical Survey, Papers on Far Eastern History (2): 97-118, Camberra: Division of Pacific & Asian History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Djajadi. 2003. Maha Pandita Sasanaputera S atyadharma: 5 0th Pengabdian pada Tridharma. Jakarta: Yayasan Balai Kitab Tridharma Indonesia. 2001 ( ) 161-189 2002 Gunawan Tjahjono (ed.). 1998. Architecture (Indonesian Heritage Vol. 6). Singapore:
70 79 Archipelago Press. Hefner, Robert. 1993. Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley: University of California Press. Herlijanto, Johanes. 2003. Tionghoa di Persimpangan: Studi Mengenai Gerakan Sosial Orang Indonesia Keturunan Tionghoa Sejak Tahun 1998, Studia Sincia (Seri Studi Cina No. 02): 1-26, Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia. Hoon, Chang-Yau. 2008. Chinese Identity in Post- Suharto Indonesia: Culture, Politics and Media. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press. 2001 ( ) 191-212 ( ) 1991 1999 ( ) 195-214 ( ) 2002 2009 (6): 20-39. 2008 2003 Kuah, Khun Eng. 2000. Rebuilding the Ancestral Village: Singaporeans in China. Aldershot: Ashgate. Liem Thian Joe. 2004. Riwayat Semarang. Jakarta: Hasta Wahana. First published in 1931. Semarang-Batavia: Penerbit Boekhandel Ho Kim Joe. 2001 (24): 61-74 2001 (24): 47-59 2008 2001 ( ) 213-238 Moerthiko (ed.). 1980. Riwayat Klenteng, Vihara, Lithang, Tempat Ibadat Tridharma se-jawa. Semarang: Sekretariat Empeh Wong Kam Fu. 2007 Ong, Susy. 2008. Recent Developments in Ethnic Chinese Religions, in Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia. 97-116, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Purdey, Jemma. 2006. Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996-1999. Honolulu: University of Hawai i Press. Remmelink, Willem. 1994. The Chinese War and the Collapse of the Javanese State, 1726-1743. Leiden: KITLV Press. Salmon, Claudine. 1993. Cults Peculiar to the Chinese of Java, in Cheu Hock Tong (ed.). Chinese Beliefs and Practicies in Southeast Asia: Studies on the Chinese Religion in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. 279-305, Selangor Darul Ehsan: Pelanduk Publications. Salmon, Claudine & Denys Lombard. 2003. Klenteng-klenteng dan Masyarakat Tionghoa di Jakarta (Edisi Kedua). Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. Salmon, Claudine & Myra Sidharta. 2000. From Skipper to Deified Ancestor: The Worship of Kongco in East Java and Bali (18th-20th Centuries), Asian Culture (24): 1-25. Salmon, Claudine & Anthony K. K. Siu (ed.). 1997. Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Indonesia, Volume 2: Java. (under the direction of Wolfgang Franke). Singapore: South Seas Society, Paris: EFEO, Archipel. 1982 ( ) 109-138 2001 (24): 75-88 Suryadinata, Leo. 1993. Confucianism in Indonesia: Past and Present, in Cheu Hock Tong (ed.). Chinese Beliefs and Practices in Southeast Asia: Studies on the Chinese Religion in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. 251-277, Selangor Darul Ehsan: Pelanduk Publications.. 1998. State and Minority Religions in Contemporary Indonesia: Recent
71 Government Policy towards Confucianism, Tridharma and Buddhism, in Tsuneo Ayabe (ed.). Nation-State, Identity and Religion in Southeast Asia. 5-24, Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies.. 2005. Buddhism and Confucianism in Contemporary Indonesia: Recent Developments, in Tim Lindsey & Helen Pausacker (eds.). Chinese Indonesians: Remembering, Distorting, Forgetting. 77-94, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (ed.). 2008. Ethnic Chinese in Con temporary Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publications. Suryomenggolo, Jafar. 2003. Hukum sebagai Alat Kekuasaan: Politik Asimilasi Orde Baru. Yogyakarta: Galang Press. 2009 2006 (33): 67-106. 2007a (73): 27-71. 2007b (74): 35-100. 2008 2009 ( ) 221-257 1994 Willmott, Donald Earl. 1960. The Chinese of Semarang: A Changing Minority Community in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Winarta, Frans H.. No More Discrimination against the Chinese, in Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia., Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ibadat Tridharma se-indonesia. Djasmin. 2008. Badan Hukum Alternatif Pengganti Yayasan Lama. (http://www.iapw.info/ home/index.php?option=com_content& view=article&id=111:badan-hukum-alternatifpengganti-yayasan-lama&catid=28:hukum& Itemid=45, 2009 3 10 ). Eng An Kiong ( ). 2007. Suplemen: Sekilas Sejarah Klenteng dan Mengenal Para Shen Ming. Malang: Widya Karya. Gan Kok Hwie & Kwa Tong Hay (ed.). 2006. 600th Pelayaran Muhibah Zheng He: 262th Tay Kak Sie ). ( Semarang. Gan Tek Tjiang (ed.). 2009. Mengenal Klenteng Po An Thian dari Dekat. Pekalongan. Pengurus TITD Bo Hway Bio. 1990. Tempat Ibadat Tridharma Bo Hway Bio: Kenangkenangan Peresimian Gedung Serba Guna 4 Nopember 1990 & Peringatan Kwan Im Hut Co 19-9-2541. Mojoagung. Surat P.T.I.TD. No. 29/VI/PTITD/88 tertanggal 23 Juni 1988 perihal Instruksi Mendagri No. 455.2-360 dan Lampiran: Penjelasan Singkat tentang Tempat Ibadat Tridharma tertanggal 1 April 1984. No. 001/P.T.I.TD/I/1994 tertanggal 23 Januari 1994 prihal Kelengkapan T.I.TD sebagai Tempat Ibadah Umat Tridharma. 2009 8 7 PTITD se-indonesia. 1988. Anggaran Dasar & Anggaran Rumah Tangga Perhimpunan Tempat