Affirmative Action Fisher Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, F. d ( th Cir. ). Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, U.S. _ (). Fisher Affirmative Action Fisher Fisher Michigan Affirmative ActionAA Grutter Gratz AA Abigail Fisher Texas Austin UT UT Fisher Grutter v. Bollinger, U.S. (). Gratz v. Bollinger, U.S. (). Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, U.S. _ (). 121

Affirmative Action AA Fisher AA Fisher Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, F. d ( th Cir. ). UT standardized test Academic IndexAI Hopwood AA Hopwood UT AI Personal Achievement Index 122

PAI PAI essays Personal Achievement Score Personal Achievement Score UT UT Personal Achievement Score Texas Top Ten Percent Law Hopwood Texas Texas Texas AI PAI Hopwood v. Texas, F. d ( th Cir. ). Hopwood UT Texas Bakke Powell Hopwood v. Texas, F. d ( th Cir.), cert. denied, S. Ct. () Texas 123

Affirmative Action UT Grutter UT UT critical mass UT Personal Achievement Score AI PAI UT Liberal Arts Grutter UT AI PAI UT Fisher UT Fisher UT UT UT Fisher Grutter, U.S. at 124

Higginbotham Higginbotham King Garza panel Higginbotham suspect Grutter Grutter Grutter UT Grutter Grutter UT 125

Affirmative Action UT AI PAI UT UT AI PAI Grutter percentage plans UT 126

Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, U.S. _ (). Fisher en banc Fisher Fisher Grutter Kennedy Kennedy Roberts Scalia Thomas Breyer Alito Sotomayo Scalia Thomas Kagan UT UT Bakke Grutter Gratz Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, U.S. (). 127

Affirmative Action Powell Bakke Bakke California Davis Powell quota system Powell Powell benign Powell 128

Powell Grutter Gratz Bakke Powell Grutter Powell Grutter Gratz Bakke Powell 129

Affirmative Action Grutter Grutter Grutter Grutter Grutter Grutter UT UT 130

Grutter UT AI PAI UT 131

Affirmative Action UT AI PAI UT trial Grutter UT UT UT 132

Scalia Grutter Grutter Grutter Thomas UT Ginsburg Grutter AA UT Fisher Affirmative Action Fisher AA Bakke Grutter 133

Affirmative Action Gratz Fisher Bakke AA AA Bakke California Davis Bakke Bakke Bakke Bakke Powell Bakke Powell AA AA societal discrimination Powell Powell U.S.C d et seq. d 134

Powell freedom of a university AA Powell Harvard Powell tiebreaker Brennan White Marshall Blackmun an important state interest substantially related AA Brennan 135

Affirmative Action AA stigma Burger Stewart Rehnquist Stevens Powell Bakke Powell Rehnquist Court Roberts Court Grutter Michigan Grutter Michigan Grutter O'Connor Stevens Souter Ginsburg Breyer Scalia Thomas Brennan AA 136

O'Connor Adarand O'Connor Croson AA O'Connor Bakke Powell AA O'Connor Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, U.S. (). Adarand O'Connor Croson Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., U.S. (). Croson Richmond O'Connor AA AA Richmond 137

Affirmative Action O'Connor individualized consideration Rehnquist Scalia Kennedy Thomas Rehnquist O'Connor good motives AA Rehnquist Bakke Powell Grutter Powell 138

Gratz Michigan Gratz Michigan Gratz Rehnquist O'Connor Scalia Kennedy Thomas Rehnquist AA Rehnquist Bakke Powell Rehnquist Ginsburg Souter 139

Affirmative Action Ginsburg policy of exclusion policy of inclusion Ginsburg careful judicial inspection Grutter Gratz Grutter Gratz Fisher Grutter Fisher Pauline T. Kim, The colorblind Lottery, FORDHAM L. REV., (). 140

fundamental rights suspect classification stigma San Antonio Independent School District San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, U.S. (). Id. at. 141

Affirmative Action Warren Court Gerald Gunther Warren Court strict in theory and fatal in fact Korematsu Black Warren Court Rehnquist Court Roberts Court Gerald Gunther, The Supreme Court Term-Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model of for a Never Equal Protection, HARV. L. REV., (). Korematsu v. United State U.S. (). Id. at. Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Strict Judicial Scrutiny, UCLA. L. REV., (). 142

O'Connor Grutter O'Connor Croson Adarand Ginsburg O'Conner O'Connor Dworkin O'Connor rebuttal Fisher Kennedy Parents Involved in Community Schools PICS Id. at -. Grutter, U.S. at -. Adarand, U.S. at. O'Connor Affirmative Action RONALD DWORKIN, SOVEREIGN VIRTUE (Harvard University Press ). 143

Affirmative Action Croson O'Connor Fisher Kennedy Fisher Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No., U.S. (). Parents Involved in Community Schools Seattle Alabama Jefferson Roberts Grutter Grutter Croson Kennedy O'Connor Croson, U.S. at - Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No., U.S. at. Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, U.S. _. 144

Fisher Fisher Kennedy Grutter Grutter Kennedy Grutter Kennedy Grutter Kennedy UT AI PAI Kennedy UT UT Kennedy Id. at _. Id. at _. Id. at _. 145

Affirmative Action Fisher Kennedy PICS PICS Kennedy PICS Kennedy Jonathan W. Rash O'Connor Kennedy Fisher Grutter Rash Grutter AA AA Kennedy Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No., U.S. at. Jonathan W. Rash, Affirmative Action on Life Support: Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin and the End of Not-So-Strict Scrutiny, DUKE J. CONST. L. & PUB., () 146

AA Kennedy AA Kennedy Grutter O'Connor Kennedy O'Connor PICS Kennedy AA AA Fisher UT Ibid Id. at -. 147

Affirmative Action Fisher Kennedy AA AA AA Kennedy UT Kennedy Princeton William G. Bowen Harvard Derek Bok AA Fisher Bakke Grutter WILLIAM G. BOWEN AND DEREK BOK, THE SHAPE OF THE RIVER: LONG-TERM COMSEQUENCE OF CONSIDER RACE IN COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ADMISSION (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ). 148