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α α 2
(spin = ½) (spin = 1) u 1.5-4 MeV c 1.15-1.35 GeV t 172 GeV 2/3 γ d s b 4-8 MeV 80-130 MeV 4.1-4.4 GeV -1/3 W ±, Z 0 ν ν ν e e < 3 ev 0.5 MeV μ < 0.19 MeV μ τ τ < 18 MeV 106 MeV 1.78 GeV 0-1 g Higgs boson: W/Z & quark & lepton 3
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pp s = 14 TeV L design = 10 34 cm -2 s -1 ALICE : ion-ion, p-ion TOTEM 27 km ring 1232 superconduncting dipoles B=8.3 T ATLAS : pp, general purpose CMS : pp, general purpose LHCb : pp, B-physics, CP-violation 5
u u d xp p 6
dpi f( x) = dx X = P parton /P Protpn 7
Scaling violation Q = 10 GeV 2 2 Q = 10 GeV 2 4 2 8
Factorization Theorem (Note: Process Dependent) : Factorization Scale Process for which Factorization holds : PDF, : PFF Only their F,D Dependence Cal. (DGLAP) Contain Non-Perturbative Info. Parton fragmentation function 9
de df rev 1 E ρ m 4 ρ f rev = c 2πρ 10
570 φ B=8.3 T 194 mm magnetic flux 11
Dipole magnets 12
(IP1, IP5) RMS (IP1, IP5) (IP1, IP5) ATLAS, CMS - 26658.883 μ 2803.95 m 11.245 khz μ 7.55 cm 142.5 μrad (ATLAS), (CMS) 14.9 hour 3.6 kw / ring, 6.71 kev/turn 13
Nevent σ L 1 yr (= 1 ) = 3.15x10 7 s 1 = 8.64x10 4 s 116 = 1x10 7 s (barn, b) 1 b = 10-28 m2 = 10-24 cm 2 nb = 10-33 cm 2 (, n=10-9 ) fb = 10-36 cm 2 (, f = 10-12 ) 1 b -1 s -1 = 10 24 cm -2 s -1 1 nb -1 s -1 = 10 33 cm -2 s -1-1 -1 nb n ( b) n ( b) = 10 10 cm 15 2 = 10 cm -1 9 24 2 1 fb -1 = 10 36 cm -2 10 34 cm -2 s -1 120 10 34 cm -2 s -1 x 10 7 s = 100 fb -1 14
Event rate at L=10 34 cm -2 s -1 Total rate: 10 9 Hz b quark: ~10 7 Hz W boson: 2000 Hz S/N ~10-10 > 0.7TeV jet: 1 Hz 150 GeV higgs: 0.3 Hz 15
Simulation of CMS tracking detector : ~1000 charged particles produced over η < 2.5 (10 0 < θ < 170 0 ) However : < p T > 500 MeV applying p T cut allows extraction of interesting events p p p θ p T η = -ln tg θ/2 η=2.5 9.4 η=1.0 40 -- fast response : ~ 50 ns -- granularity : > 10 8 channels -- radiation resistance (up to 10 16 n/cm 2 /year in forward calorimeters) -- event reconstruction much more challenging than at previous colliders 16
LHC Physics Very broad physics programme : -- precise measurements of SM particles (e.g. W mass, top, CP-violation) -- SM Higgs searches -- Physics beyond the SM -- MSSM Higgs particles -- Supersymmetry -- Additional bosons and fermions -- Little Higgs -- Extra-dimensions -- Technicolour and strong EWSB -- Compositeness -- etc. 17
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- - - (Magnet spectrometer) traget tracking muon filter N S beam magnet (dipole) calorimeter barrel endcap endcap - - 19
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ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) Length : ~44 m Diameter : ~25 m Weight : ~ 7,000 tons Solenoid : 2 T Air-core toroids Density: 0.32g/cm 3 Length : ~22 m Diameter : ~15 m Weight : ~ 12,500 tons Solenoid : 4 T Fe yoke Compact and modular Density: 3 g/cm 3 21
INNER TRACKER EM CAL. HAD CAL. ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) Silicon pixels+ strips TRT particle ID (e/π) B=2T σ/p T ~ 3.6x10-4 p T + 0.01 Pb-liquid argon σ/e ~ 10%/ E + < 0.7% longitudinal segmentation Fe-scint. + Cu-liq. Ar (~ 7λ @η=0) σ/e ~ 50%/ E + 3% CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) Silicon pixels + strips No particle identification B=4T σ/p T ~ 1.5-6 x10-4 p T + 0.005 PbWO 4 crystals (26 X 0 @η=0) σ/e ~ 2-5%/ E + 0.5% no longitudinal segm. Cu-scint. (5.5 ~ 11 λ) σ/e ~ 90%/ E +3% MUON Air-core toroids (Bl~ 2.5-5 Tm) σ/p T ~ 8 % at 1 TeV ~ 2 % < 100 GeV ( η <1, standalone system) Return flux of solenoid σ/p T ~ 15% at 1 TeV ~ 8 % < 100 GeV (@ η=0, with vertex constraint) 22
SUPERCONDUCTING COIL ECAL Scintillating PbWO4 crystals CALORIMETERS HCAL Plastic scintillator/brass sandwich IRON YOKE TRACKER Silicon Microstrips Pixels Total weight : 12,500 t Overall diameter : 15 m Overall length : 21.6 m Magnetic field : 4 Tesla 3 g/cm 3 Drift Tube Chambers MUON BARREL Resistive Plate Chambers MUON ENDCAPS Cathode Strip Chambers Resistive Plate Chambers 23
ATLAS density 0.31g/cm3 (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) Hadron Calorimeter Endcap Toroid Magnets (air-core) EM Calorimeter (Pb-LAr) Fe/Scintillator (central), Cu/W-LAr (fwd) ( η <5) Muon Spectrometer (MDT, CSC, RPC, TGC) ( η <2.7) Barrel Toroid (length = 26 m ) 25m (Weight = 7000 ton) Inner Detector (pixel, SCT, TRT) Tracking ( η <2.5, B=2T) 44m Solenoid Magnet (2T) 24
20 m diam. x 25 m length 8200 m 3 volume 170 t superconductor 700 t cold mass 1320 t total weight 90 km superconductor 20.5 ka at 4.1 T 1.55 GJ stored Energy 25
25 m 26 m 44 m 7000 Tons 35 Countries 158 Institutions 1650 Scientific Authors total (1300 with a PhD, for M&O share) 26
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V(φ) φ 2 Circle of minima radias = υ η ξ φ 1 29
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Higgs production 31
SM Higgs (Branching Ratio) M H > 2M W WW and ZZ M H < 2M W Higgs couples to M f M H ~ 100 GeV γγ ~ O(10-3 ) 32
H γγ ATLAS TDR (1999) 100 fb -1 33
H ZZ(*) 4μ NLO, Normalized to 30fb -1 Signal QCD ZZ Zbb ttbar ATLAS H[130GeV] 4μ H[150GeV] 4μ H[180GeV] 4μ H[300GeV] 4μ 34
(Very) high mass Higgs: H -> ZZ -> l + l - jj limit of statistics also l + l - νν for M H 600 GeV 100 fb -1 35
VBF H ττ -> Discovery channel at the low mass region! 36
S.Asai et al., Eur.Phys.J.direct C32 Suppl. 2 (2004) 19 S B γγ tth 37
Higgs discovery potential The LHC can probe the entire set of allowed Higgs mass values ATLAS TDR, 1999 38
After the discovery: Measurements of the mass, width, couplings -Resolution for γγ & 4 : ΔM H /M H (H γγ) ~ O(0.1%) (100 400 GeV) Assumption: absolute scale error 0.1% for photons and leptons, 1% for each jet -At large masses: (> 400 GeV) decreasing precision due to large Γ H - For H WW ν ν A transverse mass ll miss m = 2 p E 1 cos ΔΦ T T T ( ( )) 300 fb -1 39
Total width (direct measurement) 40
Branching ratio 41
Higgs Properties: Challenges ΔM/M = 0.1-1% large region ΔΓ/Γ = 5-8% (M H > 2M Z ) = ~20% (M H < 2M Z ) Ratios of couplings: 10-20% Higgs self coupling: 20-25% accuracy on λ with 3000 fb -1 (SLHC)??? Notice: w/o systematic error 42
Spin & Parity (J PC = 0 ++ ) F ( φ) = 1+ α cosφ + β cos 2φ G( θ ) = Lsin 2 θ + T ( 2 1+ cos θ ) R = L L + T T ATLAS 100 fb -1 M H >250 GeV: distinguish between S=0,1 and CP even.odd M H <250 GeV: only see difference between SM-Higgs and S=0, CP=-1 α,β less powerful 43
MSSM Higgses (Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model) Two Higgs doublets 5 Higgses: h, H, A, H - Cascade scenario is not included (decay from SUSY particles) 44
Two Higgs doublets H H 1 0 H φ 1 1 = = φ H1 1 1 2 1 + H φ 2 2 = = φ H2 2 2 2 0 H H 1 2 v1 = 0 0 = v 2 v 2 v tan β = 2 v1 ( v m / g 246 ) = v 2 + v 2 = GeV 1 2 2 W 5 Bosons: 3 neutral + 2 charged h,h: CP even neutral Higgs A: CP odd neutral Higgs ± H : charged Higgs 45
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Mass bands for neutral MSSM Higgs Parameters from Boos, Djouadi and Nikitenko Hep/0307079 h,h can be clearly distinguished outside the M A = 130+-5 GeV range, 47
Production: h, H -gg h, H - associated production: hbb, Hbb 48
MSSM Higgs: Decay h -decays to bb(90%) & ττ (8%) -cc, gg decays are suppressed. H/A -decays to top (low tanβ) -For large tanβ, still to bb &ττ -WW/ZZ are suppressed 49
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σ 3pb for m( q, g ) =1 TeV 100 events/day@10 33 cm 2 s 1 51
inclusive signature of 0-lepton mode SU3 bench mark point: m 0 =100GeV, m 1/2 =300GeV, tanβ=6, A=-300GeV, m>0 Meff = 4 p T (jet) + EtMiss inclusive signature with 1-lepton 52
Discovery Potential of SUSY (msugra) m 1/2 : universal gaugino mass at GUT scale m 0 : universal scalar mass at GUT scale tanβ: vev ratio for 2 Higgs doublets sign(μ): sign of Higgs mixing parameter A 0 : trilinear coupling If low energy Supersymmetry exists, LHC will almost certainly observe it Squarks and Gluinos detectable up to 2.5-3 TeV mass with 300 fb -1 Need only a short time to cover the interesting region for Cold DM LEP/Tevatron No EWSB 53
Large Extra Dimensions Curved Space: RS Extra Dimensions Curled up + 54
L Compton = hc Mc 2 h. 34 = 1 055 10 Js π hc = 0197. GeV fm, fm = 10 15 m 13 386. 10 m 16 210. 10 m 55
L < R = 2G M / c Compton Schwarzchild N 2 M hc M Planck > = 1 10 2G 2 N 19 GeV 56
3 17 M 841 10 s 2 3 5120π GN M t ev = =. 6 hc kg Planck mass 74 67 t = 661. 10 s = 21. 10 year ev t = 87. 10 40 2 88 1 TeV/c t ev = 48. 10 s ev s τ h Mc 2 M BH M ( n + 3) /( n+ 1) M MBH M 2 1 TeV/c τ 28 66. 10 s 57
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アトラス最初のビームイベント 2009.09.10 tertiary collimators 140 m BPTX 175 m 62
Data taking using cosmics 63
LHC Incident (19 Sept. 2008) 64
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E cm = 10 TeV Int. lumi. ~ 200 pb -1 66
Annex: RB bus and joint BUS Cross-section Cu: 282 mm 2 Cross section NbTi: 6.5 mm 2 Kapton+isopreg insulation RRR specification: >120 RRR experimental (D. Richter) - RB bus: 223-276 (4 data) - RQ bus: 237-299 (4 data) Copper Wedge SnAg soldering layer U profile JOINT Joint length: 120 mm Cu U-profile: 155 mm x 20 mm x 16 mm Cu wedge: 120 mm x 15 mm x 6 mm Insulation: - 2 U-shaped layers of kapton (240 mm x 0.125 mm thick) - 2 U-shaped layers of G10 (190 mm x 1 mm) 67
( 68