Drift Chamber
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- ひでか かやぬま
- 5 years ago
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1 Quench Gas Drift Chamber 23 25
2 Drift Chamber Gas (efficiency) Drift Chamber Pulse Height (efficiency) (efficiency) ( )
3 2.1 Drift Chamber Anode Wire x t X PreAmp HV C 2 H 6, i C H 1 β HV C 2 H 6, i C H 1 efficiency curve i C H 1 TDC (Cathode HV=2V) i C H 1 TDC (Cathode HV=21V) C 2 H 6 TDC (Cathode HV=18V) C 2 H 6 TDC (Cathode HV=19V) i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V i C H 1 V c = 2V V = 2V i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V i C H 1 V c = 21V V = V i C H 1 V c = 21V V = 2V i C H 1 V c = 21V V = V C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = 2V C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = V C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = 2V C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = V i C H 1 V c = 185V V = V efficiency = 9.9 % i C H 1 V c = 185V V = 2V efficiency = % C 2 H 6 V c = 165V V = V efficiency = % C 2 H 6 V c = 165V V = 2V efficiency = % i C H 1 V c = 18V V = V efficiency = % i C H 1 V c = 175V V = 2V efficiency = 1.37 %
4 .32 C 2 H 6 V c = 16V V = V efficiency = % C 2 H 6 V c = 155V V = 2V efficiency = 3.65 % i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V (µ ) σ R i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V (µ ) C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V (µ ) C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V (µ ) V = V efficiency curve V = V β σ R HV V = 2V efficiency curve V = 2V β σ R HV
5 i C H 1 C 2 H i C H 1 C 2 H 6 HV 1(efficiency 1% ) i C H 1 C 2 H 6 HV 2(efficiency 1% ) i C H 1 C 2 H 6 V ( µ )
6 1 Drift Chamber(DC) Ar He Xe (Quench Gas) CH C 2 H 6 i C H 1 DC DC DC DC DC Quench Gas Quench Gas1% DC 1atm Quench Gas1% DC 5
7 2 2.1 Drift Chamber Drift Chamber 2.1 Cathode Anode wire Potential wire Potential Wire Anode Wire Charged Particle Cathode 2.5mm Plane 1 2.5mm electron Cathode Cathode Plane 2 Cathode 2.1: Drift Chamber cathode potential wire anode wire DC anode wire anode wire ( ) anode wire DC anode wire t anode wire t anode wire DC 6
8 g/cm 2 Bethe-Bloch D=.15[ MeV g β = P T +m e 1 β γ = 1 cm 3 ] de dx = D Z 1 A β 2 [ln m2 e(γ 1) 2 (γ + 1) 2I (γ 1)2 { 1 + (2γ 1) ln 2}] (2.1) γ2 8 P : T : A : Z : m e : I : de dx = (de dx ) coll + ( de dx ) rad (2.2) 7
9 2.3 ( ) ( ) anode Wire (Avalanche) anode Wire Cathode -HV + Avalanche Anode Wire : Anode Wire 8
10 2. Gas DC 2.1 DC 2.2 anode wire anode wire DC Gas DC anode wire (He,Ar ) i-c H 1,C 2 H 6 (Quench Gas) DC Quench Gas Quench Gas1% DC 1atm Quench Gas1% i C H 1 C 2 H (efficiency) (efficiency) efficiency = hit event trigger event 1 = T DC event ADC gate event 1 [%] (2.3) S1 S2 β DC DC TDC event anode wire β anode efficiency wire 9
11 2.6 anode wire t Anode wire t t = t anode wire t 1 z z = t1 t v D (t)dt (2.) Particle 1 Particle 2 Scintillator Cathode Potential Anode electron Particle 1 t1 X1 X2 Particle 2 t2 Cathode 2.3: x t 1
12 3 3.1 X Pre-Amp Y-Y Potential Y-Y X Pre-Amp Cathode X-X Cathde Y Pre-Amp X X Potential Y Pre-Amp 3.1: 16mm 16mm Anode Wire Au W/Re φ15 µm Potential Wire Au Al φ8 µm DC Y X ( X1 X2 X3 X ) 11
13 3.2 Beta-Source(Sr9/Y9) PreAmp PERIC PRV-1 PMT Drift Chamber PMT DIVER S 1 S 2 Discri (Threshold=7.5V) Amp-Discri. LeCroy 2735PC (Threshold=3mV) (Width=7nsec) LOGIC UNIT G/G 8ch TDC Common Stop 12ch ADC Gate TDC LeCroy 291B TDC Controller LeCroy 298 DATABUS Interface LeCroy 299 G/G STOP START 12ch ADC 8ch TDC OUTPUT RESISTER CAMAC Observer 3.2: Scintillator : Plastic S1 : 5mm 5mm, 1mm S2 : 5mm 5mm, 5mm Photomultiplier : R1398 (HAMAMATSU) S1,S2 and DC TDC 12
14 .1 Drift Chamber Pulse Height (efficiency).1.1 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 β straggling (6.1 ) X X 55 F e X DC 55 F e X 5.9keV cathode potential wire HV HV cathode HV V c (< ) potential wire HV V p (< ) V p = V c V (V = V, 2V, V ) (.1) V DC 5.9keVX Pulse Height HV DC Pulse Height efficiency S1 β anode wire TDC DC β 9 Sr/ 9 Y.1 HV V (efficiency) 13
15 Pulse Height [mv] 1 CH1 V=V CH1 V=2V CH1 V=V C2H6 V=V C2H6 V=2V C2H6 V=V Cathode s H V [V].1: X PreAmp HV CH1 V=V CH1 V=2V CH1 V=V C2H6 V=V C2H6 V=2V C2H6 V=V efficiency [%] Cathode H V [V].2: C 2 H 6, i C H 1 β HV 1
16 .1.3 (.1.3) 55 F e 5.9keVX HV β efficiency 1% HV DC : C H 1 C 2 H [kev] 1.82 [kev].2: i C H 1 HV kv β 1% 5.9keVX 2mV β 3.2keV 5.9keVX (2mV) 1.8mV 3.2[keV ] : 5.9[keV ] = x[mv ] : 2.[mV ] x = 1.8[mV ] DC β efficiency 1.8[mV] efficiency 1% C 2 H 6 β 1.8mV efficiency 1% 5.9keVX 35.6mV.1 X 36mV HV 1.7kV β efficiency 1% 55 F e efficiency 1% HV Delay Pulse Delay 55 F e 9 Sr efficiency 1% HV DC.3 i C H1 C 2 H 6 efficiency 1% HV[V] i C H 1 C 2 H 6 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 15
17 .3: i C H 1 C 2 H 6 i C H1 C 2 H 6 g ρ [ cm ] I[eV ] energy loss[kev ] [ ] efficiency 1% HV[V] 2 18 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 ( ) CH C 3 H 8... F CF 16
18 .2 (efficiency) efficiency TDC V = V 2V V i C H 1 C 2 H CH1 V=V CH1 V=2V CH1 V=V C2H6 V=V C2H6 V=2V C2H6 V=V efficiency [%] Cathode H V [V].3: C 2 H 6, i C H 1 efficiency curve 17
19 HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC.: i C H 1 TDC (Cathode HV=2V) HRBDC TDC.5:. 18
20 HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC.6: i C H 1 TDC (Cathode HV=21V) HRBDC TDC.7:.6 19
21 HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC.8: C 2 H 6 TDC (Cathode HV=18V) HRBDC TDC.9:.8 2
22 HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC HRBDC TDC.1: C 2 H 6 TDC (Cathode HV=19V) HRBDC TDC.11:.1 21
23 .2.3 TDC V V 2V V efficiency 1% plateau HV TDC V DC TDC 22
24 .3 ( ).3.1 β.1.2 HV (1)efficiency1% Plateau (2)Plateau (3)efficiency 5% σ R σ R HV (6.2 ) (µ ) σ R.3.2 TDC σ R TDC DC TDC Anode wire x TDC dn dt dn dt = dn dx dx dt (.2) dn dx = const dn dt x = = const dx dt = const v D (.3) t1 t v D dt = 1 const t1 t dn dt (.) dt v D TDC TDC wire anode wire 2 fit fit χ 2 fit y i = a + bx i dχ i = y i a bx i x i ( anode wire ) i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V 23
25 /3/13. i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V 1 ENTRIES E+6.171E x cell (mm) xdx all : 1 23/3/13.5 i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V 2 ENTRIES E x cell (mm) xdx all.13: 2 2
26 .12 x 2.5mm TDC.13 y σ σ R ( )i C H 1,C 2 H 6 V =, 2, V efficiency1% plateau σ R 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V Mean E E+7/ 9 Constant.2267E+5 Mean.3188E-2 Sigma projection to y axis.1: i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=2V V=2V Mean.2938E E+7/ 91 Constant.2267E+5 Mean.392E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.15: i C H 1 V c = 2V V = 2V 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V 3213 Mean.27E E+7/ 88 Constant.217E+5 Mean.3525E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.16: i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V 25
27 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=21V V=V Mean.1577E E+7/ 86 Constant.199E+5 Mean.351E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.17: i C H 1 V c = 21V V = V 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=21V V=2V 2873 Mean.87E E+7/ 91 Constant.21E+5 Mean.352E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.18: i C H 1 V c = 21V V = 2V 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=21V V=V Mean -.183E E+7/ 89 Constant.1988E+5 Mean.3327E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.19: i C H 1 V c = 21V V = V 26
28 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=18V V=V Mean.6218E E+7/ 91 Constant.235E+5 Mean.3138E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.2: C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=18V V=2V 3128 Mean.1567E E+7/ 93 Constant.2279E+5 Mean.3328E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.21: C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = 2V 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=18V V=V 3311 Mean.255E E+7/ 9 Constant.2285E+5 Mean.3232E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.22: C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V 27
29 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=19V V=V Mean E E+7/ 91 Constant.2156E+5 Mean.322E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.23: C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = V 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=19V V=2V 361 Mean.35E E+7/ 93 Constant.211E+5 Mean.329E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.2: C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = 2V 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=19V V=V Mean.81E E+7/ 9 Constant.299E+5 Mean.323E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.25: C 2 H 6 V c = 19V V = V 28
30 ( )efficiency1% σ R 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=185V V=V efficiency=9.937% Mean E E+7/ 97 Constant.171E+5 Mean.2639E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.26: i C H 1 V c = 185V V = V efficiency = 9.9 % 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=185V V=2V efficiency=97.888% Mean.817E E+7/ 96 Constant.2392E+5 Mean.351E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.27: i C H 1 V c = 185V V = 2V efficiency = % 29
31 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=165V V=V efficiency=88.675% Mean E E+7/ 97 Constant.168E+5 Mean.26E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.28: C 2 H 6 V c = 165V V = V efficiency = % 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=165V V=2V efficiency=97.589% 3881 Mean.8856E E+7/ 93 Constant.231E+5 Mean.2562E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.29: C 2 H 6 V c = 165V V = 2V efficiency = % 3
32 ( )efficiency 5% σ R 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=18V V=V efficiency= % 896 Mean.1977E E+6/ 97 Constant 389. Mean.182E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.3: i C H 1 V c = 18V V = V efficiency = % 23/3/ i-ch1 Vc=175V V=2V efficiency=1.3698% Mean.2185E E+5/ 93 Constant 83.7 Mean.217E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.31: i C H 1 V c = 175V V = 2V efficiency = 1.37 % 31
33 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=16V V=V efficiency=53.116% 6125 Mean -.258E E+6/ 95 Constant 286. Mean.1897E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.32: C 2 H 6 V c = 16V V = V efficiency = % 23/3/ C2H6 Vc=155V V=2V efficiency=3.6521% Mean E E+5/ 87 Constant 137. Mean.99E-3 Sigma Projection to y axis.33: C 2 H 6 V c = 155V V = 2V efficiency = 3.65 % 32
34 (µ ) σ R i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V muon 23/3/ Mean E E+5/ 39 Constant Mean.183E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.3: i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V (µ ) σ R 33
35 5 i-ch1 Vc=2V V=V muon 23/3/ Mean E / 39 Constant 52.7 Mean.68E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.35: i C H 1 V c = 2V V = V (µ ) 3
36 6 5 C2H6 Vc=18V V=V muon 23/3/ Mean E / 1 Constant Mean.51E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.36: C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V (µ ) 35
37 6 5 C2H6 Vc=18V V=V muon 23/3/13.37 Mean E / 6 Constant Mean.3369E-2 Sigma Projection to y axis.37: C 2 H 6 V c = 18V V = V (µ ) 36
38 .3.3.: i C H 1 C 2 H 6 HV 1(efficiency 1% ) i C H 1 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] C 2 H 6 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] : i C H 1 C 2 H 6 HV 2(efficiency 1% ) i C H 1 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] efficiency [%] C 2 H 6 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] efficiency [%] : i C H 1 C 2 H 6 V ( µ ) i C H 1 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] C 2 H 6 V c [V] V [V] σ R [µm] ( )( )( ) β σ R efficiency 1% plateau HV efficiency 1% HV σ R
39 1 9 C2H6 i-ch1 8 7 efficiency [%] Cathode s HV [V].38: V = V efficiency curve..35 C2H6 i-ch Sigma [mm] Cathode s HV [V].39: V = V β σ R HV 38
40 1 9 C2H6 i-ch1 8 7 efficiency [%] Cathode s HV [V].: V = 2V efficiency curve..35 C2H6 i-ch Sigma [mm] Cathode s HV [V].1: V = 2V β σ R HV DC σ R plateau HV plateau HV 5 1V HV 39
41 .6 µ σ R β σ R P β µ θ P µ P e P µ P µ =.6 [ GeV c P e =.9 [ MeV c ] = 6 [ MeV c.9 ] (.5) ] (.6) µ β σ R (µ ) σ R µ σ R σ R.6 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 V = V V = V σ R β potential wire cathode HV anode wire V potential wire cathode DC geometry Potential wire Cathode V V = V V = V σ R β
42 5 1 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 Drift Chamber 1%Quench Gas Drift Chamber (1atm) : C 2 H 6 i C H 1 C 2 H 6 i C H 1 Drift Chamber Pulse Height(analog signal) efficiency 1% cathode HV efficiency 1% Cathode HV C 2 H 6 18V i C H 1 19V σ R C 2 H 6 i C H 1 σ R = 168.6[µm] σ R = 17.8[µm] Drift Chamber 1
43 6 6.1 γ E γ hω I n T (1) (T = hω I n ) T = hω I n (6.1) (2) n X (hν = I n I m ) (T = I n 2I m ) (3) m... (2)(3)... X I n hω 2
44 6.2 Drift Chamber Gauss θ Z,P,β : ] L R : (radiation length) L : θ = 1.1 L P β Z (1 + 1 L R 9 log L 1 ) (6.2) L R [ MeV c θ : ( ) θ Drift Chamber 3
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46 Reference [1] W.R.Leo : Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments -2nd Edition Springer-Verlag [2] W.Blum L.Rolandi : Particle Detection With Drift Chamber s [3] Glenn F.Knoll : Radiation Detection and Measurement Second Edit ion [] K.Kleinknecht : Detectoren Fur Teilchenstrahlung
2005 4 18 3 31 1 1 8 1.1.................................. 8 1.2............................... 8 1.3.......................... 8 1.4.............................. 9 1.5.............................. 9
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2005 2005 3 23 1 2 2 2 2.1 Muon.......................................... 2 2.2 Muon........................... 2 2.3................................. 3 2.4 Muon life time.........................................
W 1983 W ± Z cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC ADC [ (µs)] = [] (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (Ge
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22 2 24 W 1983 W ± Z 0 3 10 cm 10 cm 50 MeV TAC - ADC 65000 18 ADC [ (µs)] = 0.0207[] 0.0151 (2.08 ± 0.36) 10 6 s 3 χ 2 2 1 20 µ + µ 8 = (1.20 ± 0.1) 10 5 (GeV) 2 G µ ( hc) 3 1 1 7 1.1.............................
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Fe muonic atom X 25 5 21 3 1 4 1.1......................... 4 1.1.1....................... 4 1.1.2.................. 4 1.1.3 Coulomb potential.............. 5 1.2.......................... 6 1.2.1...................
25 3 4
25 3 4 1 µ e + ν e +ν µ µ + e + +ν e + ν µ e e + TAC START STOP START veto START (2.04 ± 0.18)µs 1/2 STOP (2.09 ± 0.11)µs 1/8 G F /( c) 3 (1.21±0.09) 5 /GeV 2 (1.19±0.05) 5 /GeV 2 Weinberg θ W sin θ W
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( ) TA 2234 oda@phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2161 sumi@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2161 takada@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp TA (M1) 2254 tanaka@epp.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp µ ( ) 1 2 1.1...............................................
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6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2
![6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2](/thumbs/92/109118076.jpg "6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2")
1 6 6.1 (??) (P = ρ rad /3) ρ rad T 4 d(ρv ) + PdV = 0 (6.1) dρ rad ρ rad + 4 da a = 0 (6.2) dt T + da a = 0 T 1 a (6.3) ( ) n ρ m = n (m + 12 ) m v2 = n (m + 32 ) T, P = nt (6.4) (6.1) d [(nm + 32 ] )a
放射線化学, 92, 39 (2011)
V. M. S. V. 1 Contents of the lecture note by Prof. V. M. Byakov and Dr. S. V. Stepanov (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia) are described in a series of articles. The first article
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masato@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp 996 Start 997 998 999 000 00 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 SK-I Accident Partial Reconstruction SK-II Full reconstruction ( SK-III ( ),46 (40%) 5,8 (9%),9 (40%) 5MeV 7MeV 4MeV(plan)
Thick-GEM 06S2026A 22 3
Thick-GEM 06S2026A 22 3 (MWPC-Multi Wire Proportional Chamber) MPGD(Micro Pattern Gas Detector) MPGD MPGD MPGD MPGD GEM(Gas Electron Multiplier) GEM GEM GEM Thick-GEM GEM Thick-GEM 10 4 Thick-GEM 1 Introduction
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![5 H Boltzmann Einstein Brown 5.1 Onsager [ ] Tr Tr Tr = dγ (5.1) A(p, q) Â 0 = Tr Âe βĥ0 Tr e βĥ0 = dγ e βh 0(p,q) A(p, q) dγ e βh 0(p,q) (5.2) e βĥ0](/thumbs/99/141438380.jpg "5 H Boltzmann Einstein Brown 5.1 Onsager [ ] Tr Tr Tr = dγ (5.1) A(p, q) Â 0 = Tr Âe βĥ0 Tr e βĥ0 = dγ e βh 0(p,q) A(p, q) dγ e βh 0(p,q) (5.2) e βĥ0")
5 H Boltzmann Einstein Brown 5.1 Onsager [ ] Tr Tr Tr = dγ (5.1) A(p, q) Â = Tr Âe βĥ Tr e βĥ = dγ e βh (p,q) A(p, q) dγ e βh (p,q) (5.2) e βĥ A(p, q) p q Â(t) = Tr Â(t)e βĥ Tr e βĥ = dγ() e βĥ(p(),q())
基礎数学I
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4. ϵ(ν, T ) = c 4 u(ν, T ) ϵ(ν, T ) T ν π4 Planck dx = 0 e x 1 15 U(T ) x 3 U(T ) = σt 4 Stefan-Boltzmann σ 2π5 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = W m 2 K 4 5.
A 1. Boltzmann Planck u(ν, T )dν = 8πh ν 3 c 3 kt 1 dν h 6.63 10 34 J s Planck k 1.38 10 23 J K 1 Boltzmann u(ν, T ) T ν e hν c = 3 10 8 m s 1 2. Planck λ = c/ν Rayleigh-Jeans u(ν, T )dν = 8πν2 kt dν c
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120 9 I I 1 I 2 I 1 I 2 ( a) ( b) ( c ) I I 2 I 1 I ( d) ( e) ( f ) 9.1: Ampère (c) (d) (e) S I 1 I 2 B ds = µ 0 ( I 1 I 2 ) I 1 I 2 B ds =0. I 1 I 2
9 E B 9.1 9.1.1 Ampère Ampère Ampère s law B S µ 0 B ds = µ 0 j ds (9.1) S rot B = µ 0 j (9.2) S Ampère Biot-Savart oulomb Gauss Ampère rot B 0 Ampère µ 0 9.1 (a) (b) I B ds = µ 0 I. I 1 I 2 B ds = µ 0
(1.2) T D = 0 T = D = 30 kn 1.2 (1.4) 2F W = 0 F = W/2 = 300 kn/2 = 150 kn 1.3 (1.9) R = W 1 + W 2 = = 1100 N. (1.9) W 2 b W 1 a = 0
1 1 1.1 1.) T D = T = D = kn 1. 1.4) F W = F = W/ = kn/ = 15 kn 1. 1.9) R = W 1 + W = 6 + 5 = 11 N. 1.9) W b W 1 a = a = W /W 1 )b = 5/6) = 5 cm 1.4 AB AC P 1, P x, y x, y y x 1.4.) P sin 6 + P 1 sin 45
H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [
![H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [](/thumbs/99/141438442.jpg "H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [")
3 3. 3.. H H = H + V (t), V (t) = gµ B α B e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e iht Φ(t) H e iht Φ(t) + ie iht t Φ(t) = [H + V (t)]e iht Φ(t) Φ(t) i t Φ(t) = V H(t)Φ(t), V H (t) = e iht V (t)e
ATLAS 2011/3/25-26
ATLAS 2011/3/25-26 2 LHC (Large Hadron Collider)/ATLAS LHC - CERN - s=7 TeV ATLAS - LHC 1 Higgs 44 m 44m 22m 7000t 22 m 3 SCT( ) SCT(SemiConductor Tracker) - - 100 fb -1 SCT 3 SCT( ) R eta=1.0 eta=1.5
1 filename=mathformula tex 1 ax 2 + bx + c = 0, x = b ± b 2 4ac, (1.1) 2a x 1 + x 2 = b a, x 1x 2 = c a, (1.2) ax 2 + 2b x + c = 0, x = b ± b 2
filename=mathformula58.tex ax + bx + c =, x = b ± b 4ac, (.) a x + x = b a, x x = c a, (.) ax + b x + c =, x = b ± b ac. a (.3). sin(a ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B, (.) cos(a ± B) = cos A cos B sin
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/ Christopher Essex Radiation and the Violation of Bilinearity in the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Planet.Space Sci.32 (1984) 1035 Radiation and the Continuing Failure of the Bilinear Formalism,
素粒子物理学２ 素粒子物理学序論B 2010年度講義第2回
素粒子物理学２ 素粒子物理学序論B 2010年度講義第2回 =1.055 10 34 J sec =6.582 10 22 MeV sec c = 197.33 10 15 MeV m = c = c =1 1 m p = c(mev m) 938M ev = 197 10 15 (m) 938 =0.2 10 13 (cm) 1 m p = (MeV sec) 938M ev = 6.58
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