CO2 CO2 CO2-1 -
CO2 CO2-2 -
CO2 CO2-3 -
CO2 CO2-4 -
CO2 CO2-5 -
CO2 CO2-6 -
CO2 CO2-7 -
CO2 CO2-8 -
CO2 CO2-9 -
CO2 CO2-10 -
CO2 CO2-11 -
CO2 CO2-12 -
CO2 CO2-13 -
CO2 CO2-14 -
CO2 CO2-15 -
CO2 CO2-16 -
CO2 GDP GDP - 17 -
GDP - 18 -
- 19 -
- 20 -
CIF CIF 1965 1974 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 1.97 11.53 23.37 27.21 22.76 18.26 23.75 4,461 21,203 33,522 38,340 20,326 11,057 18,642 360.00 292.32 228.03 224.05 141.95 96.29 124.77 CIF1960 1 2 1974 11 1979 1981 36 OPECOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 1986 1990-21 -
1971 1985 1 CIF CIF 1965 1974 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 39.81 34.22 42.64 44.74 50.76 49.65 39.33 14,333 10,003 9,723 10,024 7,206 4,781 4,907 360.00 273.50 228.03 224.05 141.95 96.29 124.77 CIF 1981 1 1 1985 5 1012-22 -
67 1986 1 40 50 2 CIF CIF LNG 1969 1974 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 27.36 77.56 172.54 259.68 202.39 178.99 229.26 9,848 22,673 39,344 58,181 28,729 17,235 28,605 360.00 292.32 228.03 224.05 141.95 96.29 124.77 LNG CIF1973 LNG 1 27 1973 1974 77 1979 2-23 -
1981 1 303 CIF JCCJapan Crude Cocktail 1 160 250-24 -
2000 CCLClimate Change Levy 10 CCLA80% 17 CCLA 1990 12.5 CO2 20 1999 CCL: Climate Change Levy1998 11 Economic Instruments and the Business Use of Energy 17 5,000 10 NICs: National Insurance Contributions 0.3 CCLAClimate Change Levy Agreement 1999 11 2001 4 CCL - 25 -
CCL 2001 4 CCL 1 CCL 2001 5 5,460 2002 8 2,900 2003 3 CCL 2010 210 t-c 3 TH Treasury Dec. 2003 Pre-Budget Report - 26 -
- 27 -
- 28 -
CCL 80 CCL DEFRA CO2 CCL CCLA sector association underlying agreements DEFRA CCL 2001 4 2 CCL CCL 2001 10 44 2010 250 t-c - 29 -
IPPC GHGs CO2 GHGs CO2 4 CCL 6 40 ETSU ETSU 3 BAU Business As Usual ACE All Cost Effective ATP All Technically Possible ETSU ACE BAU 400 44 CCL BAU 250 ACE 60%DEFRA - 30 -
2000 CCLClimate Change Levy 10 17 CCLA80% CCLA CCL 2 DEFRA 80% CCL 80% CCL 80 2 CCL 2010 210 t-c CCL 44 2010 250 t-c - 31 -
1 4 1998 1999 430 t-c 221PJ 280 t-c CCL 1 2010 2003 12 CCL 80% EU 2005 EU EU 80EU EU EU EU State Aid Rules 5 EU CCL EU EU EU State Aid Rules EU 2 4 DEFRA 2003 4 14 Climate Change Agreements - Results of the First Target Period Assessment: Part 1, Climate Change Agreements - Results of the First Target Period Assessment: Part 2 5 Point Carbon 2003 12 11 UK TAX BREAK TO PREVENT EXODUS FROM EU ETS http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleid=2947&categoryid=147-32 -
1999 EcoTax Reform 1999-2004 1994 1998 1999 4 Eco-Tax 2 3 DM - 33 -
Stromsteuergesetz (Eco-Tax) 1999 4-34 -
6 http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/steuern-und-zoelle/mineraloel-und-strombesteuerung-.732. htm - 35 -
- 36 -
- 37 -
1988 EC 1990 1992 1996 1988 the General Environmental Provision Act 1990 1992 EU 50% 50% 1996 1998 1999 2001 34-38 -
- 39 -
- 40 -
- 41 -
1992 1993 50% 1994-98 Green Tax Reform 1996 1996 1990 Energy20001980 2005 1988 20 CO2 1992 1993 CO2 100DKr/t-CO2 50 1995 75 10 22-42 -
- 43 -
- 44 -
1990 1991 1993 25%VAT 50% 1996 1997 EU 2002 1991 30 50% 1970 1993 250 SEK/t-CO2 80 SEK/t-CO2 250 SEK/t-CO2 320-45 -
SEK/t-CO2 4 1 1992 36 SEK 522 1993 5 SEK 72 5000 1997 4 1 2 1 2001 370SEK/t-CO2 530SEK/t-CO2 30 SEK 435 500 SEK 7250 7% - 46 -
1kWh 18.1 2.6-47 -
1991 1992-93 1991 1992 1993 1991 1999 1999 1991 1991 2 2004 78 800 NOK 1210 64% 47% 2008-48 -
EUETS - 49 -
- 50 -
1 25.7 31.5-51 -
2.1 /kwh 8.5 /kwh - 52 -
7 1 2 1 1 2 22 7-53 -
- 54 -
kwh 0.5 1.6 22-55 -
- 56 -
- 57 -
1980 1985 UNEP 21 1988 40 G72005 1988 20 UNFCCC 1989 11 2000 IPCC 1990 5 25 IPCC 1988 IPCC 1 2100 3 60 1990 12 INC 1992 1992 5 INC 5 5 6 5 INC5 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change6 UNCED - 58 -
UNFCCC 1992 1994 185 EUUNFCCC 5 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 UNFCCC 2000 1994 3 21 COP COP1 1995 2000 COP3 COP2 IPCC 2 COP3 Kyoto ProtocolUNFCCC 1997 COP3 3-59 -
CO2CH4N2OHFCsPFCs SF6 6 B Annex B 1990 2008 2012 B 1990 5.2-6%-7%EU -8% 0% B 2 3 sink - 60 -
COP COP4 COP6 Buenos Aires Plan of Action COP5 COP6 2002 COP6 EU 2001 3 29 1990 COP6 COP7 COP6 EU Bonn AgreementCOP6 1 COP7-61 -
1 Supplementarity EU COP7 COP7 COP COP7 CDM CDM DOE DOE COP CDM CDM CDM COP9 COP LDCFthe Least Developed Countries FundSCCF the Special Climate Change Fund 8 8 CDM CER 2 CDM - 62 -
3 9 7 2005 12 31 9 2 COP/MOP2 COP8 4 2 1 I 4 2 7 2 COP COP9 COP9-63 -
2004 2005 6 6 2004 1 12 2010 6% - 64 -
6% 6 6% - 65 -
2004 1 2,586 2%13 8 4,377 1,900 6% 3,708 3,300 9% 1,549 9,700 10% 1,509 7,300 7% 1,385 2,100 20% CO2 2,556 8,000 340 15% 2 50 CDM/JI NEDO CDM/JI41 15 19 15 4 CDM/JI CDM/JI - 66 -
15 100 50 5060 CDM/JI NEDO 13 11 15 9 250 80 CDM/JI CDM 2 2004 1 3 CDM PDDOE Operational Entity CDM - 67 -
CDM 20 3 PDD 20 2 CDM/JI 15 10 CDM/JI CDM/JI CDM/JI 2 3 1 3 CDM CDM CDM OE CDM CDM - 68 -
CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM OE CDM CDM CDM 15 19 5 15 19 5 15 19 5 15 4,873 1 3,250 2,680 3 CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM/JI 36 CDM NEDOCDM/JI NEDO 16 CDM/JI CDM JI - 69 -
CDM JI CDM/JI 1/4 NEDO CDM/JI (Verification, Certification) ERUCER AAURMU 1.3-70 -
2008 AAU RMU JI ERU CDM CDM - 71 -
14 15 15 9 4-72 -
2006 3 15 9-73 -
37 4 5 4 30 342 CDM CDM CDM CER CDM Share of Proceeds CER CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM 2000 2001 11 9 COP7 2005 CDM validationregistration2000 1 1 2001 11 10 CDM - 74 -
CDM/JI 15 a 29 CDM/JI CDM/JI PDD() b 16 a b c d a CO b CO,CH4,N2O,HFC,PFC,SF6 15 16 CER - 75 -
CER a b c PDD 2003 2004 6 4 2 1 67 405 t- CO 2 69 809 t- CO a b c d CER CO CH4,N2O,HFC,PFC,SF6-76 -
2003 a 9 CO b CO c CO CER a b c a 2004 5 2003 2 b 2003 2004 6 9-77 -
14 36 a 36 b 2001 7.9% 4 14%RDF 2001 14% 2001 7.9% 2001 19.9% c CO CO 2002 3 NGO 21 CO CO - 78 -
CO CO CO CO CO CO - 79 -
10 13 10 15 8 2 1 2 3 4CO2 5 6 10 2004 2007 6-80 -
AIM CO2 2010 1990 2 45,000 3,000 GDP 0.16%0.06 14 PPPpolluter pays principle - 81 -
CDMJI CDM CDM 3 JI NEDO 6 t-co2 F/S 11 CDM DOEDesignated Operational Entity 19 6 4 JQA TECO 2 CDM JI 4 1 12 11 NEDO http://www.nedo.go.jp/informations/koubo/150919_2/150919_2.html http://www.nedo.go.jp/informations/koubo/130716/130716.html 12 http://www.gm-unccd.org/field/multi/iadb/fr_fond.htm - 82 -
CDM 13 14 CDM 15 16 CDM 2004 2 17 CDM CDM 18 e7 G7-83 -
OTC CDM JI OTC OTC 19 http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/envext.nsf/46bydocname/carbonfinanceattheworldbank 20 http://www.tomen.co.jp/news/2001/301.html http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/press/p_010606/menu.html http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/whats/news/2001/11031b.htm http://www.yonden.co.jp/press/index.htm http://www.mitsubishicorp.com/jp/pdf/csr/report/03sr-all.pdf (18 ) http://www.mitsubishi.com/expo2005/eco/index.html http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleid=3173&categoryid=147-84 -
Shell BP 21 22 21 http://matsushita.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/jn030702-1/jn030702-1.html http://greenweb.hitachi.co.jp/ecoproducts/ondanboshi.html http://www.kobayashi.co.jp/env/e_conservation/global_warming/ (7 ) http://konicaminolta.jp/about/environment/report/konica/pdf/03/konicasustainabilityreport2003.pdf 22 http://www.seiyu.co.jp/business/press/news/030625.html 23 http://www.mitsui.co.jp/activity/eco/report/2002_r10.html http://www.mri.co.jp/press/2001/20010915_gwd01.pdf http://www.mri.co.jp/press/2002/pr02092500.html ()() http://www.gispri.or.jp/newsletter/2002/0201-4.html http://www.gispri.or.jp/newsletter/2003/0301-3.html PwChttp://www.chuoaoyama.or.jp/environment/topics/030409_0101.html - 85 -