Library and Information Science No

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011, p. 83 107. Episodic Frame and Thematic Frame in Television News and Newspapers: An Analysis of the Coverage of General Elections in Japan Yuko MATSUBA Shuichi UEDA Résumé Purpose: Despite the rise of the Internet, both television and newspapers still play major roles as news media. This paper clarifies the differences between television and newspapers as news media during the period of a general election campaign in Japan. Methods: News stories reporting on the election of The House of Representatives of Japan were analyzed using episodic or thematic news frames Iyengar 1991. News was categorized according to the type of news and the type of frame. Results: News programs on television NHK and five commercial broadcast stations broadcast 172 news stories during the 2009 election campaign from 18 August 2009 to 1 September 2009. There were 386 news items in the Asahi Shimbun newspaper related to the election during the same period. The amount of coverage was large at both the beginning and the end of the election campaign. Television and newspapers showed similar tendencies. Moreover, no changes were observed between 2005 and 2009. Television news was composed of equal amounts of general news and featured news, while featured news accounted for about 80% of the news in the newspaper. On television, there were many episodic frames mainly portraying individuals involved in the election campaign. A large majority of newspaper coverage, however, dealt with theme frames. Yuko MATSUBA: School of Library and Information Science, Keio University e-mail: bibimaizoon009 @ gmail.com Shuichi UEDA: School of Library and Information Science, Keio University e-mail: ueda @ z5.keio.jp 2010 3 31 2010 9 5 2011 2 25 83

I. A. B. C. D. II. A. B. III. A. B. C. IV. I. A. news 1 1951 2007 6 93% 90%18%16% 63% 29 85% 80% 72% 2 3 84

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 80 B. 1. 4 5 2. 4 3. 4. investigative report 6 C. 1. 7 the agenda-setting function of mass media 8 W. 1922 9 P. F. R. K. 1948 status conferral function 810 1972 M. E. D. 11 1970 1960 85

limited effect model 1970 agenda setting what to think what to think about 12 1968 100 13 salience 13 12 12 2. the spiral of silence 14 = 15 12 3. inter-media consonance 16 = 17 17 = 86

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 17 4. D. 1. framing research 12 framing effects 8 4 12 collective action frames decision frames news frames issue frames 1819 2. episodic frame thematic frame 20 8 87

12 II. A. 21 2005 9 11 44 10 1999 22 1999 4 11 2 NHK NHK 5 B. 2009 4 2005 2009 2005 2009 1 88

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 20 2005 21 2009 2005 2009 1 III. A. 1. 45 2009 8 18 8 30 2 2009 8 18 9 1 15 21 10 2 22 2 2005 44 2005 8 30 9 11 2 2005 8 30 9 13 2. 6 16 1 1 2009 8 18 9 1 4:30 65 NHK 1 NHK 6:00 65 7:00 45 NHK 7 NHK 19:00 30 8/30 10 9 NHK 21:00 60 NNN NNN 11:30 15 8/30 11:25 10 22:54 64 NEWS ZERO NNN 23:55 60 NNN 18:00 55 8/30 NEWS23 JNN 23:00 30 23:30 30 8/21 NEXT JNN 17:30 80 FNN FNN 11:30 30 JAPAN FNN 23:30 25 23:58 25 WEEKEND FNN 17:30 30 LIVE FNN 22:00 71 8/30 ANN 21:54 76 8/31 15 ANN 6:30 90 J ANN 17:30 25 TXN 23:00 58 1 NHK NHK 1 89

2 NHK 33 1,705 8 320 41 2,025 NNN 22 861 4 90 26 951 JNN 10 300 2 160 12 460 FNN 22 605 7 221 29 826 ANN 11 851 6 280 17 1,131 TXN 11 638 11 638 109 4,960 27 1,071 136 6,031 1 NHK NHK 1 2005 22 8 21 8 30 8 31 ANN 2 136 6,031 100.5 4,960 1,071 3. B. 1. 3 23 3 90

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 3 3 20 21 2. II or or 2005 355 2009 386 4 23 3 1 20 91

4 3 C. 1. a. 5 2 8 18 24 28 29 31 2 31 52.4% 44.5% 30 20 30 31 2005 1999 22 10 b. 2005 2009 6 2005 355 790,974 2009 386 928,742 2008 3 31 92

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 5 8 18 17 11,968 44.5% 8 19 11 3,054 11.4% 8 20 7 3,278 12.2% 8 21 7 2,201 8.9% 8 22 6 1,049 5.1% 8 23 6 1,485 9.1% 8 24 15 3,839 14.3% 8 25 6 2,744 10.2% 8 26 5 2,068 7.7% 8 27 8 2,625 9.8% 8 28 15 4,795 18.0% 8 29 15 2,475 12.0% 8 30 7 783 11.9% 8 31 35 14,552 52.4% 9 1 12 3,933 14.6% 172 60,849 6 2005 2009 2005 2009 8 30 31 101,041 8 18 35 109,575 8 31 28 93,270 8 19 30 97,078 9 1 16 16,937 8 20 18 19,313 9 2 17 14,680 8 21 21 28,022 9 3 23 25,963 8 22 20 20,288 9 4 16 80,799 8 23 12 12,615 9 5 17 17,291 8 24 14 19,378 9 6 21 19,291 8 25 21 20,798 9 7 15 12,483 8 26 21 22,009 9 8 15 12,145 8 27 32 97,433 9 9 15 31,507 8 28 22 22,159 9 10 28 75,171 8 29 25 92,488 9 11 14 20,614 8 30 14 19,584 9 12 72 210,415 8 31 67 230,946 9 13 27 59,367 9 1 34 117,056 355 790,974 386 928,742 2005 2009 93

2 2 3 22 2005 9 4 2009 8 27 2005 2 2005 27 59,367 2009 34 117,056 3 8 c. 2 2009 1 2 6 8 30 3 1999 21 10 2. a. 7 94

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 1999 2000 No. 50 p. 3 21 3 1999 7 8 18 7 4,022 33.6% 3 5,698 47.6% 7 2,248 18.8% 8 19 1 74 2.4% 1 1,534 50.2% 9 1,446 47.3% 8 20 0 0 0.0% 3 2,156 65.8% 4 1,122 34.2% 8 21 0 0 0.0% 4 1,551 70.5% 3 650 29.5% 8 22 1 320 30.5% 1 357 34.0% 4 372 35.5% 8 23 0 0 0.0% 2 912 61.4% 4 573 38.6% 8 24 2 809 21.1% 5 1,657 43.2% 8 1,373 35.8% 8 25 0 0 0.0% 5 2,516 91.7% 1 228 8.3% 8 26 0 0 0.0% 4 1,985 96.0% 1 83 4.0% 8 27 1 256 9.8% 5 2,018 76.9% 2 351 13.4% 8 28 4 1,079 22.5% 2 1,585 33.1% 9 2,131 44.4% 8 29 3 647 26.1% 2 805 32.5% 10 1,023 41.3% 8 30 2 203 25.9% 0 0 0.0% 5 580 74.1% 8 31 5 2,791 19.2% 3 2,206 15.2% 27 9,555 65.7% 9 1 4 1,703 43.3% 0 0 0.0% 8 2,230 56.7% 30 11,904 19.6% 40 24,980 41.1% 102 23,965 39.4% 95

8 21 7,410 17.5% 37 22,774 53.8% 67 12,180 28.8% 9 4,494 24.3% 3 2,206 11.9% 35 11,785 63.8% 30 11,904 19.6% 40 24,980 41.1% 102 23,965 39.4% 102 396.8 624.5 235.0 8 18 28 2 8 25 26 90% 1 9 NHK24 27 4 8 31 8 8 18 8 30 8 31 9 1 53.8% 11.9% 2005 9 2009 2005 57.3% 2009 2005 42.5% 2009 53.8% 96

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 9 2005 2009 2005 1 2009 5 12.5% 17 42.5% 18 45.0% 17.5% 53.8% 28.8% 19 27.1% 6 8.6% 45 64.3% 24.3% 11.9% 63.8% 24 21.8% 23 20.9% 63 57.3% 19.6% 41.1% 39.4% 1 21 10 2005 8 30 2 4,295 4.3% 11 74,570 73.8% 18 22,176 21.9% 8 31 2 3,316 3.6% 13 79,693 85.4% 13 10,261 11.0% 9 1 0 0 0.0% 9 13,823 81.6% 7 3,114 18.4% 9 2 0 0 0.0% 8 8,888 60.5% 9 5,792 39.5% 9 3 1 1,268 4.9% 11 18,849 72.6% 11 5,846 22.5% 9 4 1 3,326 4.1% 12 75,961 94.0% 3 1,512 1.9% 9 5 0 0 0.0% 9 11,609 67.1% 8 5,682 32.9% 9 6 0 0 0.0% 8 11,206 58.1% 13 8,085 41.9% 9 7 0 0 0.0% 7 9,197 73.7% 8 3,286 26.3% 9 8 0 0 0.0% 7 10,099 83.2% 8 2,046 16.8% 9 9 1 2,188 6.9% 9 25,833 82.0% 5 3,486 11.1% 9 10 1 2,027 2.7% 16 67,506 89.8% 11 5,638 7.5% 9 11 1 2,534 12.3% 8 15,055 73.0% 5 3,025 14.7% 9 12 2 7,080 3.4% 33 166,525 79.1% 37 36,810 17.5% 9 13 1 1,185 2.0% 6 45,292 76.3% 20 12,890 21.7% 9 18,954 3.6% 128 422,289 81.0% 119 79,949 15.3% 3 8,265 3.1% 39 211,817 78.5% 57 49,700 18.4% 12 27,219 3.4% 167 634,106 80.2% 176 129,649 16.4% b. 2005 2009 10 11 2 8 2005 2009 2005 128 81.0% 97

11 2009 8 18 2 4,772 4.4% 15 91,208 83.2% 18 13,595 12.4% 8 19 1 1,458 1.5% 16 87,878 90.5% 13 7,742 8.0% 8 20 1 1,313 6.8% 7 8,881 46.0% 10 9,119 47.2% 8 21 0 0 0.0% 11 21,375 76.3% 10 6,647 23.7% 8 22 0 0 0.0% 9 15,306 75.4% 11 4,982 24.6% 8 23 0 0 0.0% 6 9,447 74.9% 6 3,168 25.1% 8 24 0 0 0.0% 8 11,714 60.4% 6 7,664 39.6% 8 25 1 1,062 5.1% 8 11,372 54.7% 12 8,364 40.2% 8 26 1 897 4.1% 8 12,052 54.8% 12 9,060 41.2% 8 27 2 3,890 4.0% 19 85,291 87.5% 11 8,252 8.5% 8 28 1 791 3.6% 6 9,730 43.9% 15 11,638 52.5% 8 29 2 2,663 2.9% 13 81,907 88.6% 10 7,918 8.6% 8 30 1 2,556 13.1% 4 9,580 48.9% 9 7,448 38.0% 8 31 2 4,571 2.0% 26 180,326 78.1% 39 46,049 19.9% 9 1 0 0 0.0% 15 102,396 87.5% 19 14,660 12.5% 12 19,402 3.3% 130 455,741 78.5% 143 105,597 18.2% 2 4,571 1.3% 41 282,722 81.2% 58 60,709 17.4% 14 23,973 2.6% 171 738,463 79.5% 201 166,306 17.9% 119 15.3% 2009 130 78.5% 143 18.2% 2005 0 1 c. 4 4 8 98

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 4 3. a. 12 90% 8 24 76.1% 23.9% 62.5% 37.5% 2005 13 2005 2005 12 2005 20.9% 2009 41.3% 99

12 8 18 14 11,002 91.9% 3 966 8.1% 8 19 4 2,471 80.9% 7 583 19.1% 8 20 4 1,975 60.3% 3 1,303 39.7% 8 21 6 2,099 95.4% 1 102 4.6% 8 22 5 1,043 99.4% 1 6 0.6% 8 23 5 1,451 97.7% 1 34 2.3% 8 24 4 1,455 37.9% 11 2,384 62.1% 8 25 6 2,744 100.0% 0 0 0.0% 8 26 4 1,311 63.4% 1 757 36.6% 8 27 4 1,365 52.0% 4 1,260 48.0% 8 28 8 3,767 78.6% 7 1,028 21.4% 8 29 6 1,146 46.3% 9 1,329 53.7% 8 30 2 394 50.3% 5 389 49.7% 8 31 21 8,889 61.1% 14 5,663 38.9% 9 1 8 2,660 67.6% 4 1,273 32.4% 72 32,223 76.1% 53 10,141 23.9% 29 11,549 62.5% 18 6,936 37.5% 101 43,772 71.9% 71 17,077 28.1% 13 2005 2009 28 70.0% 59 84.3% 87 79.1% 1 21 2005 1 2009 12 30.0% 11 15.7% 23 20.9% 40 100.0% 70 100.0% 110 100.0% 72 57.6% 29 61.7% 101 58.7% 53 42.4% 18 38.3% 71 41.3% 125 100.0% 47 100.0% 172 100.0% 1 433.4 240.5 1 14 2005 2009 2009 100

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 14 2005 2009 2005 1 2009 5 100.0% 14 82.4% 9 50.0% 28 70.0% 14 66.7% 30 81.1% 28 41.8% 72 57.6% 17.9% 50.0% 32.1% 100.0% 18.5% 59.9% 21.7% 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 17.6% 9 50.0% 12 30.0% 7 33.3% 7 18.9% 39 58.2% 53 42.4% 0.0% 25.0% 75.0% 100.0% 14.3% 34.4% 51.3% 100.0% 5 100.0% 17 100.0% 18 100.0% 40 100.0% 21 100.0% 37 100.0% 67 100.0% 125 100.0% 12.5% 42.5% 45.0% 100.0% 17.5% 53.8% 28.8% 100.0% 17 89.5% 6 100.0% 36 80.0% 59 84.3% 6 66.7% 1 33.3% 22 62.9% 29 61.7% 28.8% 10.2% 61.0% 100.0% 19.5% 9.9% 70.6% 100.0% 2 10.5% 0 0.0% 9 20.0% 11 15.7% 3 33.3% 2 66.7% 13 37.1% 18 38.3% 18.2% 0.0% 81.8% 100.0% 32.3% 15.3% 52.4% 100.0% 19 100.0% 6 100.0% 45 100.0% 70 100.0% 9 100.0% 3 100.0% 35 100.0% 47 100.0% 27.1% 8.6% 64.3% 100.0% 24.3% 11.9% 63.8% 100.0% 22 91.7% 20 87.0% 45 71.4% 87 79.1% 20 66.7% 31 77.5% 50 49.0% 101 58.7% 25.3% 23.0% 51.7% 100.0% 18.8% 46.7% 34.6% 100.0% 2 8.3% 3 13.0% 18 28.6% 23 20.9% 10 33.3% 9 22.5% 52 51.0% 71 41.3% 8.7% 13.0% 78.3% 100.0% 21.6% 26.6% 51.8% 100.0% 24 100.0% 23 100.0% 63 100.0% 110 100.0% 30 100.0% 40 100.0% 102 100.0% 172 100.0% 21.8% 20.9% 57.3% 100.0% 19.6% 41.1% 39.4% 100.0% 1 21 101

9.9% 2005 2005 2009 2005 7 2005 2005 2005 2005 b. 2005 15 2009 16 2005 2009 76.4% 7 8 2005 2009 17 2005 2009 102

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 15 2005 8 30 16 27,654 27.4% 15 73,387 72.6% 8 31 14 16,089 17.2% 14 77,181 82.8% 9 1 9 7,753 45.8% 7 9,184 54.2% 9 2 13 12,326 84.0% 4 2,354 16.0% 9 3 12 12,620 48.6% 11 13,343 51.4% 9 4 8 11,697 14.5% 8 69,102 85.5% 9 5 10 9,419 54.5% 7 7,872 45.5% 9 6 13 11,241 58.3% 8 8,050 41.7% 9 7 11 6,633 53.1% 4 5,850 46.9% 9 8 8 6,815 56.1% 7 5,330 43.9% 9 9 9 8,849 28.1% 6 22,658 71.9% 9 10 13 11,174 14.9% 15 63,997 85.1% 9 11 5 5,832 28.3% 9 14,782 71.7% 9 12 33 27,282 13.0% 39 183,133 87.0% 9 13 15 11,187 18.8% 12 48,180 81.2% 141 148,102 28.4% 115 373,090 71.6% 48 38,469 14.3% 51 231,313 85.7% 189 186,571 23.6% 166 604,403 76.4% 16 2009 8 18 14 24,947 22.8% 21 84,628 77.2% 8 19 15 12,568 12.9% 15 84,510 87.1% 8 20 11 8,120 42.0% 7 11,193 58.0% 8 21 13 13,292 47.4% 8 14,730 52.6% 8 22 13 10,577 52.1% 7 9,711 47.9% 8 23 7 6,766 53.6% 5 5,849 46.4% 8 24 9 11,584 59.8% 5 7,794 40.2% 8 25 14 11,617 55.9% 7 9,181 44.1% 8 26 11 12,417 56.4% 10 9,592 43.6% 8 27 12 14,022 14.4% 20 83,411 85.6% 8 28 15 17,758 80.1% 7 4,401 19.9% 8 29 12 9,751 10.5% 13 82,737 89.5% 8 30 9 13,581 69.3% 5 6,003 30.7% 8 31 27 39,013 16.9% 40 191,933 83.1% 9 1 17 13,181 11.3% 17 103,875 88.7% 155 167,000 28.8% 130 413,740 71.2% 44 52,194 15.0% 57 295,808 85.0% 199 219,194 23.6% 187 709,548 76.4% 103

17 2005 2009 2005 2009 1 11.1% 79 61.7% 61 51.3% 141 55.1% 4 33.3% 69 53.1% 82 57.3% 155 54.4% 0.8% 73.9% 25.3% 100.0% 3.8% 62.8% 33.4% 100.0% 8 88.9% 49 38.3% 58 48.7% 115 44.9% 8 66.7% 61 46.9% 61 42.7% 130 45.6% 4.8% 83.8% 11.4% 100.0% 3.1% 84.8% 12.1% 100.0% 9 100.0% 128 100.0% 119 100.0% 256 100.0% 12 100.0% 130 100.0% 143 100.0% 285 100.0% 3.6% 81.0% 15.3% 100.0% 3.3% 78.5% 18.2% 100.0% 1 33.3% 7 17.9% 40 70.2% 48 48.5% 2 100.0% 3 7.3% 39 67.2% 44 43.6% 3.1% 27.8% 69.1% 100.0% 8.8% 9.8% 81.4% 100.0% 2 66.7% 32 82.1% 17 29.8% 51 51.5% 0 0.0% 38 92.7% 19 32.8% 57 56.4% 3.1% 86.9% 10.0% 100.0% 0.0% 93.8% 6.2% 100.0% 3 100.0% 39 100.0% 57 100.0% 99 100.0% 2 100.0% 41 100.0% 58 100.0% 101 100.0% 3.1% 78.5% 18.4% 100.0% 1.3% 81.2% 17.4% 100.0% 2 16.7% 86 51.5% 101 57.4% 189 53.2% 6 42.9% 72 42.1% 121 60.2% 199 51.6% 1.3% 64.4% 34.3% 100.0% 5.0% 50.2% 44.8% 100.0% 10 83.3% 81 48.5% 75 42.6% 166 46.8% 8 57.1% 99 57.9% 80 39.8% 187 48.4% 4.1% 85.0% 10.9% 100.0% 1.8% 88.6% 9.6% 100.0% 12 100.0% 167 100.0% 176 100.0% 355 100.0% 14 100.0% 171 100.0% 201 100.0% 386 100.0% 3.4% 80.2% 16.4% 100.0% 2.6% 79.5% 17.9% 100.0% 104

Library and Information Science No. 65 2011 2005 2009 2005 7 3 7 8 2009 62.8% 33.4% 9.8% 81.4% 0 2005 3 2009 1 c. 5 71.9% 28.1% 23.6% 76.4% IV. 3 2005 1999 22 105

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