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28 2013 p.101117 54 1 pubertyadolescence J. J. J. W. 2

102 1960 Keniston 1971, Kohlberg & Gilligan 1971E. H Erikson 19501960 Erikson 1968 2 3 3 11970 cf. 2009 1998 cf. 1992 1991 2 Turiel 2002, Haidt 2006

28 2013 103 3 Best 1999 cf. 2002 2009 2 2310 1 2 2 N. Tinbergen 19633 4 1 1 2 1990L. Barkow et al 1992

104 14 2000 2010 2012 2003 3 L. 1960 Kohlberg 1981, 1984G. H. J.

28 2013 105 reasoning 3 6 6J. J. Kohlberg et al 1983 4 1960 4 1 /2 Kohlberg 1984 4 5 Kohlberg et al 1983 1980 C. E. Gilligan 1982 2 2 Kohlberg et al 1983 56

106 Turiel 2002 1990 de Waal 1996, Green et al 2004, Pinker 2008 20072010 2 4 3J. J. Haidt 2006: 20 22, 2007: 998, 2012: 3 26

28 2013 107 1 Haidt 2006: 29 4748 3 Haidt 2012: xivxvi 1 Haidt 2012: xiv 2

108 / / / / / Haidt 2012: 125 2J. 5 2 5 /6 6Haidt 2012: xivxv 3 90 10Haidt 2012: xvi

28 2013 109 1 5 200720103 3 DVD 20 3

110 4 19502010 420 Hirschi & Gottfredson 1983 Moffitt 1993 1 Baumeister 1997, Van Bavel et al 2012 2

28 2013 111 Guo et al 2008, Dabbs & Dabbs 2000, Canli & Lesch 2007, Chao & Blizinsky 2010, Zak 2012 2 1960 20 1970 20 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 200520 41 2 3 4 Dabbs & Dabbs 2000 2 2010 Dabbs & Dabbs 2000, 2009, Eisenegger et al 2011, 2010, Manning 2008 Nisbett & Cohen 1996, Dabbs &

112 Dabbs 2000 Eisenegger et al 2011, 2010 5 van Bokhoven et al. 2006 201352 16 3 9 1 2 6500 4 1.6 4 1 77 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 5 Dabbs & Dabbs 2000

28 2013 113 6pg/ml 1n25 1 2 3 4 4 2 A.138.217.231.411.066 B.001.003.012.125.470 C 0.321.160.033.435.168 D.011.254.106.460.622 E.264.145.137.391.195 F.075.264.243.556.616 p.01 p.05 4 1 B 1 2 4 1 D B F

114 Nisbett & Cohen 1996, Dabbs & Dabbs 2000, Eisenegger et al 2011, 2010 6 E. H. L. J. 3 1 2

28 2013 115 1 1T. 196919841985 cf. Kanazawa & Still 2000, Rowe 2001, 2009 2 3 3 20 20 4500 2009

116 Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., eds., 1992, The Adapted Mind, New York: Oxford University Press. Baumeister, R., 1997, Evil, New York: W. H. Freeman. Best, J., 1999, Random Violenc e, Berkeley: University of California Press. Canli, T. & Lesch, K. P., 2007, Long Story Short, Nature Neuroscience 10(9): 11031109. Chiao, J. Y. & Blizinsky, K. D., 2010, Culture-Gene Coevolution of Individualism-Collectivism and the Serotonin Transporter Gene, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 227: 529537. Dabbs, J. M. Jr., & Dabbs, M. G., 2000, Heroes, Rogues, and Lovers: Testosterone and Behavior, New York: McGraw- Hill. de Waal, F., 1996, Good Natured, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Eisenegger, C., Naef, M., Snozzi, R., Heinrichs, M. & Fehr, E., 2010, Prejudice and Truth about the Effect of Testosterone on Human Bargaining Behaviour, Nature 463(21): 356359. Eisenegger, C., Haushofer, & J., Fehr, E., 2011, The Role of Testosterone in Social Interaction, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15 6: 263271. Erikson, E. H., 1950, Childhood and Society, New York: W. W. Norton. Erikson, E. H., 1968, Identity: Youth and Crisis, New York: W. W. Norton. 2002 Gilligan, C., 1982, In a Different Voice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Greene, J., Nystrom, L., Engell, A., Darley, J. & Cohen, J., 2004, The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment, Neuron 44: 389400. Guo, G., Roettger, M., Shih. J. C., 2008, The Integration of Genetic Propensities into Social-control Models of Delinquency and Violence among Male Youths, American Sociological Review 73 (4): 543 568. Haidt, J., 2006, The Happiness Hypothesis, London: Arrow Books 2011 Haidt, J., 2007, The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology, Science 316: 998 1002. Haidt, J., 2012, The Righteous Mind, New York: Pantheon Books. 2000 2012 2012 1 23 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., 2005, Homicide by Men in Japan, and Its Relationship to Age, Resources and Risk Taking, Evolution and Human Behavior 26: 332 343. Hirschi, T., 1969, Causes of Delinquency, Berkeley: University of California Press. Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. R., 1983, Age and the Explanation of Crime, American Journal of Sociology 89: 552584. 2009 Kanazawa, S. & Still., M. C., 2000, Why Men Commit Crimes (and Why They Desist), Sociological Theory 18: 434447. Keniston, K., 1971, Youth and Dissent, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Kohlberg, L., 1981, Essays on Moral Development Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development, San Francisco: Harper & Row. Kohlberg, L., 1984, Essays on Moral Development Vol. II: The Psychology of Moral Development, San Francisco: Harper & Row. Kohlberg, L., Levine, & C., Hewer, A., 1983, Moral Stages, Basel: Karger1992

28 2013 117 Kohlberg, L., & Gilligan, C., 1971, The Adolescent as a Philosopher, Daedalus 100: 105186. 2010 1998 Manning, J. T., 2008, The Finger Ratio, London: Faber & Faber. Moffitt, T. E., 1993, Adolescence-limited and Life-course-persistent Antisocial Behavior, Psychological Review, 100: 674 701. 1992 Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D., 1996, Culture Of Honor, Boulder: Westview Press. 1991 Pinker, S., 2008, The Moral Instinct, The New York Times, January 13, 2008. Rowe. D. C., 2001, Biology and Crime, Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company. 2009 201059(7): 1557 1559 1984 1985 200732: 60 75 201025: 57 75 2012 2013 2 Tinbergen, N., 1963, On Aims and Methods in Ethology, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20: 410433. 2009 Turiel, E., 2002, The Culture of Morality, New York: Cambridge University Press. van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Haas, I. J., Cunningham, W. A., 2012, The Importance of Moral Construal. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48693. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048693. van Bokhoven, I., van Goozen, S. H., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Séguin, J. R., Assaad, J. M., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., 2006, Salivary testosterone and aggression, delinquency, and social dominance in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Hormones and Behavior 50(1): 118 125. Welch, W. P., 2007, Tinbergen s Four Questions, English Wikipedia (Retrieved 9, June, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tinbergen27s_four_questions). 2003 Zak, P., 2012, The Moral Molecule, Transworld Digital.