No. 20 February 2013 The Policy of Public Health during the U.S. Military Occupation Period in South Korea: U.S. Military Venereal Disease Policy Hwasu Jin After the liberation from Japanese colonial rule, South Korea was occupied by the U.S. military. After that, South Korea was under the control of the U.S. military government for three years 1945 1948. This paper explores the deployment of the public health policy of the U.S. military government in South Korea, especially focusing on the venereal disease policy. To protect the health of American soldiers, the U.S. military public health service in South Korea emphasized mainly public sanitation programs such as prevention and elimination of the epidemic. They placed more importance on ensuring the health of the U.S. military personnel. The U.S. military took the stance of a policy of suppressing prostitution, and licensed prostitution was officially outlawed under the name of democracy. However, prostitution in the occupied region was regarded as an inevitable means of entertaining male soldiers, and prostitutes were regulated to control the spread of venereal disease. A prostitution system for the U.S. military in South Korea was encouraged to ensure the health of its soldiers. Although venereal disease arises between military personnel and women, only women were seen as conduits of venereal disease, and were forced into compulsory examination and treatment. On the other hand, soldiers only were encouraged to utilize the prophylactic. 1945 8 15 3 1945 9 8 R John R. Hodge 24 9 9 MacArthur 1 1 2 3 199
1 2 4 RAA 5 1. 6 1882 7 Dia-rrhea Gono-rrhea Ko-rea 8 9 1945 9 24 1 10 11 12 13 GHQ/SCAP PHW F Crawford F. Sams 14 15 200
16 1946 2 8,800 1,885 5,500 586 5,951 17 7 2 18 1947 19 20 21 DDP 22 DDP 23 2. 1945 TB Technical Bulletin MED Medical a. b. c. d. 24 201
1945 9 Office of corps surgeon 25 26 27 1946 5 4 72 5 69 70 81 82 28 29 1945 10 12 10 40 1946 30 1947 1945 1946 75 85 31 1947 10 202
1945 2 1947 3 136 47 68 20 32 33 1946 34 3 1947 1100 730 35 90 60 40 10 36 37 38 39 800 203
40 41 42 2 1 43 24 44 45 46 47 48 1946 13 5,000 530 49 1947 50 51 52 53 54 3 1948 2 12 55 204
56 57 1948 2 1947 11 3 153 1 2 3 4 58 1946 59 60 61 1948 1 26 10 680 2 62 63 568 333 57.8 142 25 40 2 14 1 2 64 9 1,000 205
4 1948 1 3 5 1948 65 4 5 1948 5 6 12 200 1947 5 1948 7 14,889 58.8 1,985 73.8 66 1948 2 14 67 1948 4 5 68 5 VD Control Council vice squads Special Service Division 69 red district 70 1948 7 12 53 91 71 72 73 1948 8 15 206
6 1948 74 75 76 1948 12 1949 1 3 1948 12 263 1949 1 319 77 1948 6 1948 16,874 67 78 207
1 1945 1948 1971 1 2 3 2004 138 141 Bruce Cumings, The origins of Korean War: liberation and the emergence of separate regimes, 1945 1947, Princeton, 1981, 1986 207 4 2 5 1950 7 2005 7 2006 29 2006 1950 20 2010 75 2007 2004 14 2004 2004 Katharine H.S, Moon, Sex among allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997 Prostitute Bodies and Gendered States, In Dangerous Women, eds. Elaine H. Kim and Chungmoo Choi, New York and London: Routledge, 1998 6 E E. Grant Meade 1993 278 285 9 2 2000 218 2008 7 1994 40 46 100 3 1999 8 Don Oberdorfer 2 2002 9 Headquarters United States Army Forces in Korea APO235, 1945.10.4, John R. Hodge To: All Personnel, United States Army Forces In Korea, Subject: Your Health In Korea, p. 2, RG332, USAFIK, XXIV Corps, G-2 Historical Section, Record Regarding the Okinawa Campaign USAMGIK, Box20. 52 53 10 120 11 1945 9 22 SCAPIN48 208
12 13 1994 56 14 Crawford. F. Sams. Medic: The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Warton Korea. New York: An East Gate Book.1998 p. 278. 15 1995 117 118 16 1907 1907 1876 1910 5 2 1996 1876 1910 1996 10 2000 17 1946 5 8 18 1947 4 11 19 1947 2 7 20 1947 5 23 21 1946 1 4 5 25 22 1946 10 31 1947 1 15 23 88 91 24 Medical Intelligence Division, Preventive Medicine Service. TB MED 208, Medical and Sanitary Data on Korea, 34 35 25 52 53 26 Headquarters United States Army Forces in Korea APO 235, 1945.10.4, John R. Hodge To: All Personnel, United States Army Forces In Korea, Sub: Your Health In Korea, p.2, RG332, XXIV Corps, G-2 Historical Section, Record Regarding the Okinawa Campaign USAMGIK, Box 20. 53 27 History of Surgeon s Section Headquarters XXIV Corps, September 1, 1945 to June 30, 1948 RG554, EntryA1 1378, Box 70. 28 1945 1948 1956 69 75 29 280 281 30 RG 554 Entry A1 1378 Box 70 USAFIK History of Surgeon s Section History of Surgeon s Section Headquarters XXIV Corps 1 Sep 1945 to 30 June 19. 31 1946 12 10 32 1947 11 11 33 History of Surgeon s Section Headquarters XXIV Corps, September 1,1945 to June 30,1948 RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 70. 34 RG 554 Entry A1 1378 Box 70 USAFIK History of Surgeon s Section History of Surgeon s Section Headquarters XXIV Corps1 Sep 1945 to 30 June 1948. 35 1947 5 9 36 1947 5 10 37 1947 5 10 38 1946 12 10 39 1947 2 19 40 1947 9 10 41 1947 3 20 42 1947 9 10 43 1947 2 19 239 240 44 History of Surgeon s Section Headquarters XXIV Corps, September 1, 1945 to June 30, 1948 RG554, EntryA1 1378, Box 70. 45 Charles Ennis. Colonel, Adjutant General, Venereal Disease Control Measures, August 29, 1946 Headquarters United States Army Forces in Korea, RG 554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 46 Edward F. Witsell. Major General The Adjutant General, Venereal Disease control posters, August 26, 1948 Department of the Army Office of the Adjustment General Washington 25, D.C, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 47 726.1 Venereal Disease 1945 1949. September 28, 1948 Headquarters Special Troops XXIV Corps; RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 147, September 24, 1948; Headquarters 61st Ordinance Group RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 147, September 25, 1948; Headquarters 2D Engineer Construction Group RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 147, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 147. 209
48 July 27, 1948 Headquarters USAGK, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 49 1946 5 23 50 1947 12 14 51 1946 12 10 52 1946 12 10 53 1947 7 20 54 1947 11 19 12 2 55 1952 180 56 9 2001 215 21 1945 1948 150 1996 57 1948.1.7. Headquarters XXIV Corps APO 235 RG554 Entry A1 1378 USAFIK Box 90. 58 405 1948 1 14 8 180 59 1947 5 10 60 1947 11 11 61 1947 11 1 62 1948 1 25 63 Harold W. James. Colonel, IGD Inspector General, Venereal Disease Council Meeting, February 7, 1948, Headquarters XXIV Corps, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 64 1948 2 12 65 1947 11 2 66 Earl L. Rhodes, Lt Col Adjutant General, Venereal Control Program in South Korea, July 27, 1948 Headquarters United States Army Military Government in Korea, RG554, EntryA1 1378, Box90. 67 Essential Technical Medical Data Report for April 1949, April, 1949; RG554, Entry 1403, Box 87. 68 July 6, 1948 Headquarters XXIV Corps, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 69 J. W. Fraser Colonel Adjutant General, Venereal Disease Control and Excessive Rate, May 20, 1948, Headquarters United States Army Forces in Korea, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 147. 70 Surgeon United States Army Forces in Korea,.726.1, 1948 1949, Venereal Disease Reports, RG 554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 71 July, 1948 RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 72 May 11, 1948 Headquarters XXIV Corps Office of the Surgeon APO, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 90. 73 History of Surgeon s Section US Army Forces In Korea, November 15, 1948 to January 15, 1949. RG 554, Entry 1403, Box 87. 74 History of surgeon s section Headquarters XXIV Corps, September 1, 1945 to June 30, 1948 RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 70, Surgeon USAFIK 726.1, 1949, Venereal Disease Reports, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box90. 75 History of surgeon s section US Army Forces In Korea, November 1948 to January 1949.1, RG554, Entry A1 1378, Box 70, XXIV Corps Essential Technical Medical Date 1948 RG112, Entry 1012 AI, Box 496. 76 RG 554, Entry 1403, Box 87 ; XXIV Corps Essential Technical Medical Date, 1948, RG 112, Entry 1012 AI, Box 496. 77 February 10, 1949 RG554, Entry 1403, Box 87. 78 History of Surgeon s Section US Army Forces In Korea, Nov 15, 1948 to Jan 15, 1949 RG554, Entry A1. 210