175ISSN 1344-3062 THE REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE SOCIAL SECURITY RESEARCH (KAIGAI SHAKAI HOSHO KENKYU) Summer 2011 No. 175 Special Issue: How do nations guarantee income of their elderly women? with a focus on public pensions Foreword... Emiko Ochiai SUMMER 2011 No.175 Social Security and Living Standard of Female Old Age Pensioners in Sweden...Yayoi Saito Guaranteeing Adequate Pension Incomes for Elderly Women in the UK... Yasuko Hirabe Old Women and Social Security Focused on OASDI... Kiyoe Sugimoto Income Security for Elderly Women in Germany: Focusing on the Pension... Chikako Mori Old Women and Their Pension Why are French Old Women Poor?... Machiko Kamio Women and the Pension System in South Korea: In the Context of the Late-coming Welfare State...Sung-won Kim Article Quality of Child Care Services and Interest of Children in America Analysis of Cases about Administrative Regulation... Yusuke Tsunemori Report and Statistics Youth Employment Problems in France and Japan... Tadashi Sakai Book Review Sung-won Kim Modern Theory of Welfare States: Searching for a new idea from East Asia... Takuji Tanaka Masayuki Kobayashi Disability Law in Asian Countries: Challenge and Prospects for Legal Rights...Katsufumi Urushibara 2 9 26 35 44 54 70 83 93 98 103
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3 30 Diane Sainsbury, 1996, Gender, Equality and Welfare States, Cambridge UP. 2010 2010 3
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 2001 3 40035,104 2007 102.15 13,855 5,315 720,927 2011 2 50 400 46,496 2010 12 16 13 25 1991 10 1.5 SMIC 3 800 7200 836,926 4 4 20119 1,046 4 4 4 1 316 9 10 200 8 2011 2011 2010 4 3 75 4 166575 37,300 454,524 2 2 12 3 30 4 48 5 50 3 90 6 OECD.Stat2010 187.761 116.241 135.64112.191,000 75.96 Web http://www.ipss.go.jp/syoushika/bunken/sakuin/kaigai/175.htm 4 1 4 4
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Summer 2011 No. 175 19 4 1 320 4 1 19 4 1 3 20 4 1 3 10 50 Offsetting Earmarking Sharing Earmarking, Sharing 25 5 60 50 60 60 3 60 3 8
保険料率 平均給付額 国民基礎年金 ( 定額 )14660 円 ( 月額 ) 厚生年金 15.704%( 労使折半 ) 16.448% ( 船員及び坑内員 ) [2007 年 ] ひとりあたり老齢基礎年金平均 663,428 円 ( 年額 ) 厚生年金 1,882,107 円 ( 平均年額 ) 退職共済年金 1,589,958 円 ( 平均年額 ) 15.34%( 労使折半 )1990 年以降 [2010 年 ] * 退職者 1,169 ドル (102,592 円 )( 月額 ) ( 男性 1,216 ドル (106,717 円 ), 女性 935 ドル (82,056 円 )) * 配偶者はその 50% 26.7% ( 本人 12.9%, 事業主 13.8%) 自営業者は週あたり,2.50 ポンド (339 円 ) の定額と年 7,225 ポンド (979,999 円 ) を超え 42,475 ポンド (5,761,309 円 ) 以下の所得の 9.0% [2011 年 ] 基礎年金被保険者 : 月約 408.6 ポンド (55,423 円 ) 扶養配偶者 : 月約 245.16 ポンド (33,253 円 ) 付加年金全受給者平均 : 月約 104 ポンド (14,107 円 ) 年金クレジット ( 資産調査つき最低保障年金 ) 夫婦 : 月約 549.48 ポンド (74,531 円 ) 単身 : 月約 838.80 ポンド (113,775 円 ) 19.9% ( 労使折半 ) [2010 年 ] 法定年金保険全受給者 : 742 ユーロ (86,250 円 ) 賃金総額に対して, 本人 0.1%, 事業主 1.6% の計 1.7% 社会保障の上限を限度とする賃金に対して, 本人 6.65%, 事業主 8.3% の計 14.95% 老齢者連帯手当は, 老齢連帯基金 ( 全ての人が負担する一般社会拠出金財源 ) により支出される. [2008 年 ] 直接的権利の年金受給者 : 約 1500 万人全ての制度の平均年金額 : 月 1122 ユーロ (130,421 円 )( 男性の平均年金額 1636 ユーロ (190,168 円 ), 女性の平均年金額 1020 ユーロ (118,565 円 )) 17.21% ( 本人 7.0%, 事業主 10.21%) * 生活保護受給者, 失業者は社会保険給付から 7% 負担し, 別途, 国が 10.2% を負担. * 自営業者は 17.21% を全額自分で負担. *17.21% は控除前の金額で, 控除後の金額は 18.5%. [2011 年 ] 保証年金 ( 月額 / 満額の場合 ) 単身 : 7,597 クローナ ( 92,574 円 ) 夫婦 /1 人当たり : 6,777 クローナ (82,582 円 ) 老齢年金 ( 保証年金 + 職業年金 + プレミア年金 ) 受給額年間 129,856 クローナ (1,582,379 円 ) 2009 年, 中央値 9.00% 被用者 : 本人 4.5%, 事業主 4.5% 自営業者 : 全額本人負担 任意加入者の保険料率は, 自営業者の中位所得の 9%, 保険料は全額本人負担 [2009 年 ] 国民年金 ( 老齢年金 ) 全受給者 : 188,000 ウォン (14,280 円 ) 扶養家族年金配偶者 : 17,900 ウォン (1,360 円 ) 子ども / 両親 : 11,900 ウォン (903 円 ) 基礎老齢年金単身 : 88,000 ウォン (6,684 円 ) 夫婦 : 140,800 ウォン (10,694 円 ) ーネ =12.19 円,1000 ウォン =75.96 円 ).
表 4 先進諸国の公的年金制度 国名 公的年金の体系 対象者 ( 強制 任意 非加入 ) 日本 者自な営ど業 会社員 ( 厚生年金 ) 所得比例 被用者一定収入のある人 自営業 無職 ( 基礎年金 )20 歳以上 65 歳未満専業主婦には第 3 号被保険者制度あり 基礎年金 [ 2007 年 ] 年金額 被用者収入のある者 アメリカ 所得比例 自営業者 ( 年 400 ドル (35 104 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) 無職 現役時の所得 [ 2007 年 ] イギリス 最低保障年金 所得比例定額給付 適用除外 被用者 ( 週に 102.15 ポンド (13,855 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) ( それ以下の低所得者は ) * 国家第二年金 ( 報酬比例部分 ) には 適用除外が認められている 自営業者 ( 年 5,315 ポンド (720,927 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) ( それ以下の低所得者は ) 無職 [ 2011 年 ] ドイツ 所得比例 被用者 (2 か月以内又は 50 労働日以内の短期就労の者, もしくは月収 400 ユーロ (46,496 円 ) 以下の者は ) 自営業者 ( 業種によっては ), 無職 [ 2010 年 ] 被用者, 自営業者 フランス 老齢者連帯手当 無職 所得比例 所得税の納税者すべて ( 被用者, 自営業者, 失業者, 両親給付受給者, 疾病給付受給者, 障害年金受給者 ) スウェーデン 保証年金 所得比例 [ 2011 年 ] 被用者, 自営業者 学生や専業主婦 無職 韓国 所得比例 [ 2010 年 ] ( 注 ) 表中の円表示は,OECD.Stat による 2010 年平均レート (1 ドル =87.76 円,1 ユーロ =116.24 円,1 ポンド =135.64 円,1 クロー
941 5,570 18.52010 65 74 29.075 8446.385 75.1 1 65 7436.575 84 58.785 86.81 2007 77.92010 1970 80 2004 76 9
Summer 2011 No. 175 4 1 1999 2010 1 Pensionsmyndigheten Försäkringskassan Premiepensionsmyndigheten 2009 12 1 allmän pension inkomstpension premiepension garantipension 3 18.5 162011 18.5 2.52011 8005 AP: Allmän Pension Fond AP7 Såfa: Statens årskullsförvaltnings alternativ 3 40 40 1 6,777 1 7,597 1 2011 1 10
1 9,713 10,959 2002: 311 allmän pensionsavgift arbetsgivaravgiftstatlig ålderpensionsavgift3 7 10.21 10.21 18.5 1 tjänstepension avtalspension 2 BTP: Bostadstillägg till pensionär SBTP: Särskilt bostadstillägg till pensionär ÄFS: Äldreförsörjningsstöd Tandvårdsstöd 65 225 5,484 20 6,1394 9,345 7 2010 4,6501 2,325 2011 4,831 1 4,082 2011 65 1 1 3,683 7,543 6,140 32 2009 3 1 4 5.3 Lennartsson 2007: 12 118 25 14.4 2 65 11
Summer 2011 No. 175 12000 0-17 18-25 26-40 41-50 51-65 66-75 76 5.3 3.6 14.4 4.9 2.8 2.4 4.6 11.5 15.3 14.3 16.6 12.4 11.7 14.4 19.5 23.8 17.1 21.7 19.1 13.8 11.0 13.0 20.3 29.6 8.9 10.9 13.7 8.4 4.1 7.9 9.7 10.7 2001 Förster, Michael and Marco Mira dercole. 2005. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s. OECD Social, employment and migration working papers.4 1980 86.82004 93.4 85.4 141.2 Gustafsson 2008: 19 1990 20 2 65 1980-2004 1980 1990 1995 2000 2004 86.8 86.0 96.6 87.3 93.4 74.6 76.3 87.9 79.9 85.4 104.2 117.9 131.0 127.5 141.2 Gustafsson, Björn2008 37 1990 Palme 2002: 76 Palme 2002: 76-77 2 12 34 12
3 6612002 FP ATP 34.6 74.7 21.4 6.0 5.0 141.7 24.4 52.7 15.1 4.3 3.6 100 36.4 55.1 13.9 4.0 2.8 112.2 32.5 49.1 12.4 3.5 2.5 100 32.1 101.4 31.5 8.8 8.1 181.9 17.6 55.7 17.3 4.8 4.4 100 2003 FP: Folkpension ATP: Allmän tilläggspension Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 63 1 3 66 181,900 112,200 62SCB 2004: 12 ATP: Allmän tilläggspension 54.3 44.1 1999 FP: Folkpension 2 15 3 SCB 2004: 12 3 52.7 4 66 2003 66 20 65 7 10 48 49 12 7 5 5 1 5 11 7 10 8 5100 59 60 34 33 100 11 17 4 6 100 100 100 100 Ds2006: 68 32.5 3.666 2.9SCB 2004: 35 SCB 2004: 35 4 66 65 100 1002 13
Summer 2011 No. 175 DS 2006: 68 2 5 1 141,200 2002 151,800 133,600 62 88 5 2100 8 1.15.4 5 3 11066 10 SCB 2004: 81 10 SCB 2004: 8 15 8.5 16.1 3 6 5 1662002 11.4 21.9 151.0 1.3 0.1 4.9 0.4 49.7 0.0 141.2 6.9 21.4 140.6 0.5 0.1 7.2 0.5 43.5 0.0 133.6 17.6 22.5 165.5 2.3 0.1 1.7 0.3 58.4 0.0 151.8 20-65 186.5 15.5 21.7 18.5 7.3 1.1 1.2 73.5 1.8 176.5 Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 54 5 2662002 5.8 12.1 77.6 0.7 0.1 3.5 0.3 100 3.8 12.4 77.7 0.3 0.0 5.4 0.4 100 8.3 11.7 77.5 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.2 100 20-65 66.1 14.2 7.7 6.5 4.1 0.6 0.7 100 Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 55 14
5 3 662002 66 3.8 12.4 77.7 0.3 0 5.4 0.4 100 1-2.6 4.9 86.7 0.0 0.0 8.5 2.5 100 2 0.4 4.1 81.2 0.2 0.1 12.1 1.9 100 3 0.3 3.5 80.5 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.7 100 4 0.2 3.6 80.1 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 100 5 0.5 4.2 81.8 0.0 0.1 13.0 0.4 100 6 1.4 5.2 88.4 0.3 0.0 4.7 0.0 100 7 1.9 5.4 90.7 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.1 100 8 5.0 7.6 85.3 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 100 9 6.0 10.1 83.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 100 10 8.4 34.5 56.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 100 Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 55 20 65 1 254,170 66167,800 2003 50 34.8 27.3 SCB 2004: 31-32 4.11.9 1 900 2007: 4 6 66 2003 66 22-65 66 20-65 16.0 12.2 24,750 29,070 1.2 1.2 1,990 2,760 1.6 3.9 2,850 9,540 1.8 1.8 3,040 4,310 0.7 1.2 960 2,400 1.8 2.2 2,970 5,330 3.4 4.6 8,430 11,940 2.8 5.3 5,200 14,420 34.8 27.3 50,830 60,770 4.6 5 8,440 14,870 4.1 1.9 9,070 5,210 11.2 14.7 20,840 44,410 15.5 18.4 27,610 47,830 * hushålltjänst) Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 31 6 15
Summer 2011 No. 175 72002 174,200 131,900 2,400 8,900 / 1.4 6.7 121,400 109,200 2,800 7,000 / 2.3 6.4 133,900 117,100 3,800 12,900 / 2.8 11.0 260,800 231,800 1,400 11,800 / 0.5 5.1 Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 33 7 131,900 75 SCB 2004: 33 6.7 1.4 11.0 6.41990 75 84 Palme 2002: 77Socialstyrelsen1990 75 61 Palme 2002: 77 4 4 Szebehely 2002: 207 75 Palme 2002: 77 8 5 maxtaxa 2002 7 1 16
82011 minimibeloppet minimibeloppet 1,712 1,783 4,832 4,083 prisbasbelopp Socialstyrelsen. 2010. Meddelande. Uppgifter för beräkning av avgifter inom äldre- och handikapp- omsorgen år 2011. 8 6 8 förbehållsbeloppet 8 8 8 9 21 200412 9 2003 2005 2003 21 23 9 2004 12 12 13 2005 10 11 9 75 75 Socialstyrelsen 2007, 12 Palme 2002: 78 2001 121 23 4 17
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 1993: 36 1971 sambeskattning särbeskattning 1993: 36 1993: 36 1902 B.Miles 2003: 87 1908 1950 B.Miles 2003: 86-87 straffskatt på äktenskapet B.Miles 2003: 89 1952 tudelningsprincipen B.Miles 2003: 90 1960 1965 1970 1971 1 1 1978 1970 B.Miles 2003: 91 198017 80 B.Miles 2003: 92 1 1993: 36-37 2 193020 1966 1960 SCB 1999: 64 samborscb 1999: 65 18
1960 SCB 1999: 651950 60 1975 SCB 1999: 65 1960 SCB 1999: 65 1 2 1974 föräldrapenning föräldraförsäkring föräldraledighet 180 90 0.5 2 FK 2010: 7 4 75 3 11960 1975 1990 19
Summer 2011 No. 175 10 1974 18018090 1975 21021090 1978 270 270 903 1986 36027090 1989 45036090 1994 36090 1994 1995 450 360 80 30 90 1996 4503607585 1997 45036075 1998 45036080 2002 480 390 80 60 60 2008 Försäkringskassan 2008 10 1995 mamma- och pappamånader 30 2002 60 2 200922.3 FK 2010: 7 FK 2010: 15 11 FK 2010: 15 2008 Jämställdhetsbonusen 13,500 2011 20
Försäkringskassan 2008 14 2 1974 2007 112003 27 14 1 6 3 4 7 5 18 21 25 29 3 19 21 100 100 Försäkringskassan 2008 15 12 88 82 95 94 2007 jämställdhetspot, kvinnnopot 5 2 205 21
Summer 2011 No. 175 122004 383 54 88 12 18,600 18,700 100 109 63 63 37 19,000 20,300 94 59 101 37 63 24,900 31,300 79 19 101 16 84 24,100 27,500 88 80 20 80 20 19,500 21,500 91 6 84 6 94 19,300 20,100 96 44 44 53 47 29,400 37,300 79 62 21 75 25 22,600 22,600 100 4 77 5 95 18,500 21,400 86 63 14 82 18 16,200 17,000 96 SCB 2006: 72 70 LO: LandsorganisationenLO LO 4 efterlevandepension 2003 barnpension omställningspension änkepension 3 18 206 1,427 2,559 2005 12 65 18 12 18 12 förlängd omställningspension 6,818 6,7032005 12 1944 2011 22
67 1945 60 5 1989 12 31 3,4102005 12 3 1960 19894 4,000 10 9,000 1990 1 1 1989 13 30 39 5,000 1998 200537201033 1,788 80 651993 1720051120108.4 FK 2006: 4 4,169 6,997201010 4,000 7,000FK 2006: 5 SCB http://www.scb.se2010 31900-2009 13 2010 64 65 64 65 14,056 2,985 2,024 28,002 0 7 0 303,786 14,872 1,165 802 0 0 12 2 0 28,928 4,169 2,828 331,788 http://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se 18 65 23
Summer 2011 No. 175 1990 2011 33 3 1 2 33 3 1 5,0202011 7,007 31,063 15 Bergström Miles, Eva. 2003. Sambeskattning och särbeskattning. Deklarationen 100år och andra tillbakablickar. Riksskatteverket. pp87-93. Försäkringskassan (FK). 2006. Statistik 2006:2. Efterlevandepension 1993:2005. Försäkringskassan (FK). 2008. Family policy in Sweden 2008. Social Insurance Report 2008: 15. Gustafsson, Björn, Johansson, Mats and Edward Palmer. 2008. Pensionärernas inkomstandard under 90-talet djupa recession och den följande återhämtningen. Försäkringskassan. Lennartsson, Carin. 2007. Olika Livssituation för äldre kvinnor och män. Välfärd Nr 2, 2007. Socialstyrelsen. Palme, Joakim, Bergmark, Åke, Bäckman, Olof, Estrada, 24
Felipe, Fritzell, Johan, Lundberg, Olle, Sjöberg, Ola, Sommestad, Lena and Szebehely Marta. 2002. Welfare in Sweden: The balance sheet for the 1990s. Ds 2002:32. Pensionsmyndigheten. 2010. Orange report. Annual report of the Swedish pension system 2009. Socialdepartementet (Ds). 2006. Var det bättre förr? Pesionärenas ekonomiska situation i början av 2000-talet. Ds 2006:13. Socialdepartementet (Ds). 2009. Detta är pensionsöverenskommelsen. Ds 2009:53. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). 1999. Från folkbrist till en åldrande befolkning. - glimtar ur en unik befolknings - statistiks under 250 år. Fakta inför 2000-talet. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB).2004. De äldres ekonomiska välfärd - inkomster, utgifter och förmögenheter.- inkomster, utgifter och förmågenheter. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). 2006. På tal om kvinnor och män. Lathund om jämställdhet. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). 2006. Äldres levenadsförhållanden. Arbete, ekonomi, hälsa och sociala nätverk 1980-2003. Szebehely, Marta. 2002. Äldreomsorg i förendring. Värfärd, vård ovh omsorg. Antologi/Komitten Välfärdsbokslut. SOU 2000:38. pp.171-223 2001. 19932 2002 21 2004 586pp.72-96 1994 2008 2009 5 pp.1-15. http://www.scb.se http://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se http://www.fk.se http://www.sos.se 1 113.332011 4 1 2 De äldres ekonomiska välfärd - inkomster, utgifter och förmögenheter. -inkomster, utgifter och förmågenheter. 2004 2002 2003 3 1999 2002: 279 4 75 479,557 320,38959.9 2011 52009 25
1 2 2007 2008 1 2006 6527 21 17 1 4930 62 44 2 1 EU 26
2004Family Resources Survey 2004/05 The Gender Impact of Pension Reform p.12. Figure 2 ii 1 3 4 2007 2008 National Insurance 2007 2008 2 retirement pension 27
Summer 2011 No. 175 bereavement benefits basic state pension state second pension occupational pension widowed parent s allowance bereavement allowance bereavement payment 16 19 45 52 A 3 1 60 B 5 1940 Old Age and Widows Pension Act 1940 3 60 2010 6 6 2 28
basic sate pension B 2010 B 60 100 state second pension occupational pension personal pension 50 SSP 2002 100 2 B 60 2005 15 7 2 16 65 working life 90 qualifying years 8 2 1 1 2 25 44 11 29
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 statutory maternity pay carer s allowance 9 1975 Social Security Act 1975 Home Responsibilities Protection 2120 16 16 35 2005 8530 10 4 1 13 11 3 1978Council Directive EEC 79/7 60 65 2010 1995 Pension Act 199520102020 30
12 1999 Welfare Reform and Pension Act 1999 B 4 13 2007 2008 2 personal account 1 visible 2007 12 20 care s credit 2 41 tax year 31
Summer 2011 No. 175 2 B 2007 B 1995 2007 1995 2004 Civil Partnership Act 2004 2007 14 3 2007 225 2011 102 2007 2008 2003 15 Minimum Income Guarantee 60 The Pension Service Guarantee Credit Saving Credit 2 60 2011 137.35 209.70 65 2011 188.65 277.42 2011 20.52 27.09 32
4 16 1990 1983 6555 13 90 2003 31 2008 personal account 22 5,035 NEST automatic enrolment 3NEST 20122016111 20162017313 2017 413 2012 2017 3 5 EU 17 2 1978 EU 33
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 European Commission 2006, p.257 2 Department for Work and Pension 2006, pp. 12-13 3 Annika Sundén, A Discussion of Retirement Income Security for Men and Women, Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi 2010, pp. 59-62 4 Department for Work and Pensions 2005, pp. 124-125 5 1977 6 7 Department for Work and Pensions 2005, p. 68 8 1995Pension Act 1995 6065 20102020 200720242046 68 2010 30 9 N Wikely, A Ogus, 2002, p. 123 10 Department for Work and Pension 2006, p. 13 11 Department for Work and Pensions 2005, p. 67 12 N Wikely, A Ogus 2002, p. 571 13 Department of Social Security 1998, New ambition for our country: A New Contract for Welfare Cm3805. 14 2010 2015 15 State Pension Act 2002 16 Department for Work and Pensions 2005, pp. 83 17 Asghar Zaidi, Katrin Gasior and Eszer Zólyomi, Poverty Amongest Older Women and Pensions Policy in the European Union, Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi 2010, pp. 103-107. 2010 EU 2006 1999 2007 158pp.18-29 Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi Eds. 2010 Women s Work and pensions: What is Good, What is Best?, Ashgate Child Poverty Action Group 2010 Welfare Benefi ts and Tax Credits Handbook 2010/2011 12 th ed, Child Poverty Action Group Department for Work and Pensions 2005 Women and pensions: The evidence, DWP Department of Work and Pension 2006 The Gender Impact of Pension Reform, DWP European Commission 2006 Adequate and Sustainable Pensions Synthesis Report 2006, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities N Wikely, A Ogus 2002 The Law of Social Security 5 th ed, Butterworths 34
The Old- Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI OASDI Social Security ActThe Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDISupplemental Security Income Program: SSI The Old- Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI 35
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 path dependent Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI 1 Social Security Act 1 2 OASDI The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI 1960 1966 65 36
Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI Temporary Assisitance for Needy Familied: TANFAid to Families with Dependent Children 1996 1935 Old-Age AssistanceAid to the Blind1950 Aid to the Totally and Permanently Disabled 1972 SSI 74SSI 65 2007 700 37 TANF 18 General Assistance: GAGA 2 1 OASDI 192932 1929 30.49 25 10 F.D. 1935 3 2 3 Old-age Insurance OASDI 1936 12 315 65 1942 1 1939 1940 1 37
Summer 2011 No. 175 21980 56.12,740 1980 OASDI 1983 1939 1956 1958 OASDI 1939 15 5 1939 6 40 1 610 65 1956 1961 62 1961 1965 50 3 1980 1970 1975 1981 1983 1983 1983 198414.0 1983 13.41990 15.3 38
OASDI 50 OASDI 65 2000202767 1938 3 1 OASDI 2007 93.7 OASDI 1990 15.3 7.65 15.3 1040 62 6562 64 65 6670 2010 3,400 OASDI 63.81 162 50 150 15 162 1062 2 62 OASDI 1 OASDI 2010 53,349 100 34,048 63.8 1,169 2,333 4.4 576 587 1.1 574 4,310 8.1 1,103 155 0.3 835 1,967 3.7 750 7,967 14.9 1,065 160 0.3 286 1,822 3.4 318 Social Security Bulletin,Vol.70,No.3,2010 39
Summer 2011 No. 175 50 17 18 1 2010 230 58 65 60 100 150 32 60 17 431 15 196 6565 100 50 2010 796 16 182 2 5,300 1 OASDI 21 4 3,100 1,600 1,216 935 50 230 44,000 98 OASDI 2OASDI 2007 31,528 1,079 69.1 16,112 1,216 39.8 15,416 935 29.3 7,099 1,004 14.5 3,774 1,126 8.6 3,325 866 5.8 2,432 531 2.6 2,388 536 2.6 44 308 OASDI 49,865 956 100 0.05 2 40
SSI 200765 86 68 39 90 3015.5 5 Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI 65 3 SSI 65 57.1 SSI 637 9562007 61.8 4 3 SSI 65 69 54.3 38.2 57.1 70 74 20.8 61.8 18 75 79 12.3 1.5 80 12.7 2 62 65 6 1939 OASDI 2 7 1950 1949 Old- Age Assisitance 1972SSI 41
Summer 2011 No. 175 2 4525 50 50 250 2 50 75 100 50 60 60 50 2 2 earning sharing2double-decker, two-tire system 8 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 42
4 12,638 100 100 11,321 90 90 10,119 80 100 10,268 81 104 4,415 35 100 5,204 41 118 8,670 100 100 3,825 44 44 3,341 39 100 4,228 49 127 3,314 38 100 8 Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F.Slevin 1 Neil Gilbert, ed. 2006, Gender and Social Security Reform: What's Fair for Women?, Tansaction Publishers1 2 2007 Committee on Ways and Means, U. S. House of Representatives, 2008, 2008 Green Book, http://democrats.waysandmeans. house.gov/media/pdf/111/ssgb.pdf 3 2 1989 2000 OASDHI 4 1 2010 2007 2 52 6 Hoskins, Dalmer D. 2010 "U.S. Social Security at 75 Years: An International Perspective" Social Security Administration, 2010, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2010 7 1999 8 36 1997 21Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F. Slevin, 2001, Gender,social Inequalities, and Aging, Alta Mira Press Social Security Administration, 2010, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2010 Neil Gilbert, ed. 2006, Gender and Social Security Reform: What's Fair for Women?, Tansaction Publishers Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F. Slevin, 2001, Gender, social Inequalities, and Aging, Alta Mira Press,, 2000, 1989 43
1957 3 Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung GRV GRV 1957 1 2 3 3 GRV GRV 3 44
. GRV 1. GRV GRV Rürup Kommission, 2003, 68 GRV Deutsche Rentenversicherung: DRV 2011 1 19.9 SGB GRV SGB 1-3 16 SGB 712009 12 2624.7 34.325.98.4 DRV, 2011, 2 4 3 5 WartezeitSGB 50 rentenrechtliche Zeiten 65 2012 4 65 67 Witwen-/Witwerrente46 Erziehungsrente 47 5 Waisenrente48 6 5 Beitragszeiten beitragsfreie Zeiten Berücksichtigungszeiten 54 55 Kindererziehungszeit3 56 Anrechnungszeiten58 7 Zurechnungszeit59 8 10 57 2. 1 GRV 45 Standardrente 451.01.0 27.20 1,224 2009 1.020.78 BMAS, 2010b 20f. 41.2 40.2 44.9 29.3 26.6 38.3 ebenda 45
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 SGB 64 persönliche EntgeltpunkteSGB 66 Zugangsfaktor77 1 110.003 0.005 Rentenartfaktor 67 1.0 1.0 30.25 4 1.0 30.55 4 aktueller Rentenwert 68 2010 7 27.20 24.13 7. 1. 1 1986 1 Bundesregierung, 1984, 281 1 75 1 3 SGB 70 2 9 2002 1 SPD Bündnis90 die Grünen, 2000, 3725 2002 199210 1.5 10.0278 10.083370 3a 0.0278 0.0833 10 1 3 10 2 3 2004 180 2 1995 1 14 46
GRVSGB 3 1a 170 12008 29 26.6 DRV, 2010, 3 11 2002 125 1991 18 1.5 1 0.027810.0833 70 3a 2. 200617.99 13.91 22.7 Statistisches Bundesamt, 2006 2009 7.6 57.4 34.1 8.7 26.61.2 12.4 14.3 74.1 11.5 6.7 3.5 2.03.2 Statistisches Bundesamt, 2009 2010 618 22.788.7 18 68.7358.7 Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010c geringfügige Beschäftigung; Mini-Job 400 2 50 400 BMAS, 2011, 7 GRV 15DRV SGB 172 3 2010 6 266 462 165.6 326 BA, 2011 268.4 1 1972 Rente nach Mindesteinkommen 1995 120 25 3 4 0.0625 1.5 0.0625 199235 1991 47
Summer 2011 No. 175 SGB 262 2002 1 1992 18 181 2 GRV 12 DRV GRV 28.5 3.1 25.4 Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010c, 3 15 15 13 3. 1 5 4718 55 3 100 25 3100 1986 1 2009 54.2 490DRV, 2010 2002 1 0.60.55 2002 1 1 40 3 1 10.1010 0.0505 13 1.9998 3 0.9999 199f. BMAS, 2010a, 23 14 47 18 24SGB 46 1 224 201 15 SGB 18a 2 Versorgungsausgleich 1977 7 48
1984 1272009 9 3 Rentensplitting 2002 1 1 2 2001 12 312002 1 1 2002 1 1 40 SGB 120a 25 BMAS, 2010a, 14ff.. 1. 20071 GRV 1,217 818 592 360 6 BMAS, 2008, Tabelle BC.1 65 2 2,271 1,502 1,191 1 1,622 1,010 60 764 1,376 Parität, 2009 2 20 10 5 18 14 18 15 31 24 2 16 65 2009 14 26 2 Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010d 49
Summer 2011 No. 175 2 652007 1,000 5,091 6,849 1,677 868 460 349 5,172 3,957 634 582 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200 300 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 300 400 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 400 500 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 500 750 1 13 9 4 16 14 14 11 28 19 750 1,000 3 21 15 8 25 17 23 22 30 24 1,000 1,250 7 21 18 17 20 19 22 14 18 17 1,250 1,500 12 17 20 25 15 16 16 17 9 12 1,500 1,750 15 10 12 16 7 10 9 10 5 8 1,750 2,000 15 6 9 13 4 7 5 5 2 5 2,000 2,500 20 5 7 9 4 8 4 4 3 5 2,500 3,000 11 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 1 3 3,000 4,000 9 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 2 4,000 7 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2,271 1,267 1,502 1,622 1,351 1,400 1,191 1,222 1,010 1,178 BMAS, 2008, Tabelle BC.56 1 Deutscher Frauenrat Deutscher Frauenrat, 2008, 1f. 2007 Welt online, 2007 2008 12 Kinderförderungsgesetz 2013 335 BMFSFJ, 2010, 4 2 2002 50
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75 15 43 2009 2010 1,500 droit direct 1 2006 50 1,12213 3,500 2 2003 0.62.4 2,510 29 8,690 12.9 1,800 21 4,200 6507 7,350 607,140 2008 2010 2010 2010 3 2010 54
1 4 1 6 Assurance volontaire 5 6 AVPF 2 25 2010 au taux plein50 1 1952 60 8 164 41 65 8164 20131.25 5 5 3 3 Code de la Sécurité Sociale 3 assurance maladie assurance maternité assurance invalidité assurance viellesse assurance veuvage assurance décès 43 1 les régimes de base 55
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 1951 1 1 1951 6 30 163 163 60 60 65 65 1951 7 1 1951 12 31 163 163 60 60 4 65 65 4 1952 164 164 60 60 8 65 65 8 1953 164 165 60 61 65 66 1954 164 165 60 61 4 65 66 4 1955 164 165 60 61 8 65 66 8 1956 164 165 60 62 65 67 GIP INFO RETRAITE 19512010 2010 12 31 2003 légalement obligatoires 2 les régimes complémentaire légalement obligatoires CNAV ARRCO 2 3 CNAV ARRCO AGRIC CNAVPL 13 les formes d épargne retraite collective ou individuelle régimes supplémentaire facultatifs 5 3 2 L.311-2 1 56
MSA ARRCO AGRIC CNAV IRCANTEC CRPN CNIEGCRPCF CRPCENENIM CRP RATP CRP SNCF RAFP CNRACL FSPOEIE MSA RSIAVA ORGANIC CNAVPL CRNCAVOMCARMF CARCDSF CAVP CARPMO CARPV CAVAMAC CAVECCIPAV CNBF CNAV IRCEC ENIM CAVIMAC GIP INFO RETRAITE 1 1 4 SMIC La Salaire minimum de croissance 800 2011SMIC 9 7,200 85 6,800 SMIC 800 SMIC 200 1,800 21 4,2001 validé SMIC 200 4 57
Summer 2011 No. 175 19931998 2003 8 21 ARRCO AGRIC 3 A B C C ASPA 2010 4 1 8,507.49 101 2,391 13,889.62 165 2,865 ASPA ASPA 3 9,000 464 1,000 6 1 3 l allocation de solidarité aux personnes agée ASPAle Fonds de solidarité vieillesse FSV 1993 7 22 CSG Contribution sociale génélaisée A 65 3 120 155 60 B 1 les majorations de durée d assurance MDA MDA1971 12 31 2 1 assurance vieillesse des mère de famille AVMFAVPF 2 58
2009 9 23 2010 4 1 MDA maternité 7 1 4 2 4 4 46 6 4 3 A 1 8 4 11 B 4 C4 4 3 4 8 59
Summer 2011 No. 175 3 3 12 8 2 3 10 16 9 3 assurance vieillesse des parents au foyer AVPF AVPF 1979 AVPF AVPF A B 32 C 2 1 1 1 12 2009 4,670.40 AVPF A 3 1 B 3 2 1 1 632011 1,856 AVPF 2 1 60
AVPF A80 20 B 80 20 1 1 9,718 2 1pension de reversion le douaire PACS Pacte civile de solidarité PACS PACS douaire 55 8 2 2003 1 18,720 SMIC 2,080222 7,680 29,952 1 1.6 356 4,2882011 54 274.19 3 2,629 795.42 9 4,6552011 2l allocation de veuvage 55 A B C D PACS 727.72 8 6,599 2 50 1 2 582.18 6 9,279 2011 1 9 60 61
Summer 2011 No. 175 13.8280 12.2230 54.5 1817.4 17.3 48.9 1824 21.8 18.4 54.3 25 34 12.5 10.6 54.83544 12.89.857.3 4554 11.911.053.255 64 9.79.352.56574 8.3 7.456.07515.18.873.7 18 5075 2008 2001 2 2 1 9960 10 54.4 95.2 32.84.5 12.80.3 2 50 60 2 0.8 6.9 1 1 1.9 5.2 1 1 4.2 11.8 1 6.9 13.7 1 13.5 25.3 3.6 10.0 6.1 12.4 Enquete Rf2001, Calculs Dress et Insee 2004 3 1,636 19 4,684 1,020 12 1,380 62 62 48 2 62
3 2004 60 64 65 69 70 74 75 79 80 84 85 1,672 1,674 1,604 1,612 1,624 1,574 1,636 1,661 1,660 1,588 1,588 1,594 1,525 1,617 6 8 10 17 22 32 13 6 5 6 8 8 14 7 1,191 961 941 986 1,048 1,097 1,020 1,100 835 742 700 655 639 787 75 120 192 279 373 437 229 6 7 7 8 11 22 9 71 57 59 61 65 70 62 67 50 47 44 42 42 48 DRESS, Echantillon intrrégimes de retraiéts EIR 2004 60 3 2 83.03 65.8 3 95.3 3 3 1 79.097.1 2 1366.196.9 313 DRESS 2003 2008 2004 DRESS 12 31 2 40.395.7 79.6 50.2 2004 2005 11 1 82.7 19.2 63
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 29.9 6.0 81.9 2 48 52105 les familles professionnelles 87 12 50.6 77.5 3 cadres 13.819.1 39.5 23.4 12 4 carrières complètes 200465 41 86 65 69 45 85 332010 41 60 2317 13 la première liquidation 193860 6146053 726164 111065 66 305 60 86 59 1 CNAV 1,139 5,340 4951 2 ARRCO 955 9,69354 462 AGRIC 190 6,141 77 23 2008 3 AGRIC 64
261 3 1,059ARRCO 695 8 2,705ARRCO AGRIC 2,460 29 2,740 2004 2 61.210.4 MDA 41.9 0.0 MDA 10 AVPF 27.1 0.0MDA 10 11.20.0MDA AVPF9.40.0 1035.9AVPE 102.6 AVPF 0.489.6 MDA 38.4 10 MDA 2005 MDA 1 71381462 171161313 25991234 3690130 2004 4 AVPF 51.5 36.3 11.1 0.9 0.1 2007 AVPF 3 14 3 4 19341938 2004 a b 1ab 1 1,122 995 737 527 320 1,122 1,029 818 703 627 0 3.3 9.9 25.0 49.0 0 7.4 18.3 34.4 58.9 693 825 16.0 26.4 DRESS,Echantillon interrégimes de retraiéts EIR 2004, Echantillon interrégimes de cotisants EIC 2001 1 65
Summer 2011 No. 175 15 AVPF AVPF AVPF 7,360 87 5,8404,233 50 3,727AVPF 7,672 91 2,9685,662 67 3,778AVPF 312 3 7,1284.2 1,429 17 5133.8 AVPF CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES 5 AVPF AVPF MDA 3 13 1 2 5 Oui Non Non Non Non AVPF Oui Oui Non Oui Oui MDA Oui Non Non Oui Oui Non Oui Oui Non Non Oui Non Oui Oui Non Non Oui Non 3 Oui Non Non Oui Non Non CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES Retraites:droits familiaux et conjugaux Sixième rapport adopté le 17 décembre 2008 221 20032004 1 1 66
65 12,181 144 9,53913 1,547361 4 2,959 1,297 15 4,343 532( 6 3,308 )11,233 133 6,727358 4 2,602592 7 0,448 923 10 9,83734 ( 4,046 )19992001 2 MDA 2001 12 21 32 L.351 4 8 1 2003 8 14 16 23 intéret général 24 25 200111 31 L.351 4 2009 2 19 6 L.351 41950 11 4 1 n 1 1 1 67
Summer 2011 No. 175 5 17 2011 2012 1 1 1 2006 3 23 PACS Haute Autorité de Lutte contre Discrimination et pour l égalité, HALDE 2010 9 13 18 1PACS 95 2 PACS 19 1 2 1 1192011 4 1 NY 3 2010 300 3 5,700 2018 440 5 2,360 www.retraites2010fr 4 Patrick Aubert et Virginie Christel, Les Retraités et les retraites en 2008, Minstère du Travail, de l emploi et de la Santé, Observatoire-retraites, Conseil d Orientation des Retraites, www.retraites 2010. fr, GIP INFO RETRAITE 2008 19956 1999 2006 16120073749 5 68
6 CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES, Retraites:droits familiaux et conjugaux, Sixième rapport adopté le 17 décembre 2008, Dominique Grandguillot, Droit Social 12é 2010-2011, Gualino, 2010, Ministère de Solidarités et de la Cohésion Sociale HP l Assurance Retraite HP 7 maternité 8 2009 1 1 55 2007 7 12008 12 31 51 2005 7 12007 6 30 52 2005 7 1 55 9 Ministère de Solidarités et de la Cohésion Sociale CHIFFRES-CLÉS 2010 2011 2009 CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES op.cit. 10 27p. 36. 11-160 p. 66-67. 12p. 41. 13 Samia BENALLAH, Patrick AUBERT, Nadine BARTHELEMY, Marianne CORNU-PAUCHET et Julien SAMAK, Les motivations de départ à la retraite, études et resultats N 745, janvier 2011, p. 6. 14 3( 36 ) 153 21 3 16 Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n 2003-483 DC du 14 aoû t 2003 17 Marie-Thérèse LANQUETIN, Les retraites des femmes: quelle égalité?, DROIT SOCIAL N novembre 2003, p. 969Les retraites des femmes: quelle égalité?, DROIT SOCIAL N 3 Mars 2011, p. 286. 18 Délibration n 2010-202 du 13 septembre 2010 19 Catherine ZAIDMAN, L individualisation des droits réduirait-elle les inégalités homes/femmes?, DROIT SOCIAL N 6 Juin 1998, p. 592. 69
OECD45.1OECD 13.3 150 1 1988 2008 2 3 2 4 6 1 2 3 70
4 1 2011 2KBS 150kg 7,000 500 1 20 1.5 870 2080 20102009 65 48.9 58.3 1 2 1 2008 58.4 4.3 46.3 272.2 2 46.527.2 2.0 28.216.41.2 58.4 100.0 14.8 25.4 165 10.7 4.1 16.4 5.0 11.4 27.2 18.3 7.1 28.2 8.7 19.5 46.5 2009 pp.795-797 71
Summer 2011 No. 175 25.414.81.1 8.7 7 2008 OECD 2009 p.60 1 1986 1988 10 1992 5 20035 1995 1999 1999 1 1860 60 20 65 9 2 20 60 2008 1020 510 3 40 40 1 2 10 1 51 4 5 1 5 72
2010 2009 65 24.5 60 28.3 4 9 18.8 1.3 2 70 199820072 40 OECD OECD 2009 1960 1970 2000 2000 7.3 2 4 4040 20 2011 201140 20 20 2007 p.305 2010 p.160 20 73
Summer 2011 No. 175 40 20 2009 110.4 202.3 30 OECD 35 2009 33.8 60 2010 pp.174-177 20102050 37 10 2009 p.7 ibid p.6 1 1 22009 65 24.5 37.3 15.7 3 13.521.3 6 2 420 29 7 5 3 94.384.5 74
22009 1,272,352 1,129,942 6 54,979 38,882 1,034,739 1,336 7,840 131,159 1,786 1,625 24.5 788,056 763,005 4 45,980 29,605 687,061 355 6,292 17,428 632 699 37.3 484,296 366,937 2 8,999 9,277 347,678 981 1,548 113,731 1,154 926 15.7 65 2010 pp. 156-221 32009 18.8 70.1 44.8 34.6 16.8 12.2 21.3 82.8 47.4 37.7 18.9 9.4 13.5 44.8 31.5 24.5 12.8 13.2 2010 pp. 156-221 42009 18,623,845 100.0 9,866,681 53.0 8,679,861 46.6 3,627,597 19.5 5,052,264 27.1 36,368 0.2 40,935 0.2 90.2 62.2 11,409,767 100.0 6,304,399 55.3 5,083,519 44.5 2,230,372 19.5 2,853,147 25.0 9,115 0.1 12,734 0.1 94.3 74.6 7,214,078 100.0 3,562,282 49.4 3,596,342 49.7 1,397,225 19.3 2,199,117 30.4 27,253 0.4 28,201 0.4 84.5 49.3 2010 pp. 22-23 1.5 3 3 20102009 3.97.4 139.5 199.77 5 75
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2007 1988 2007 4 1 6 40 60 20 1988 2007 pp.25-26 2010 pp. 94-100 10 4010 20 5020 60 21 1988 1860 2009 1.8 77
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2010b pp.484-487 2010 5 2009 8.8 0.6 14.1 1.0 2010 2008 p.3 2008 1 2 2 1 1 1960 1970 2009 2010 79
Summer 2011 No. 175 Wilensky 1975 2007 p. 122 pp. 300-301 1 1980 2003 1990 M 2007 80
compressed path 8 2 2001 1 2006 43.1 2007 43.7 2008 44.62006 54.32007 55.02008 55.1 2 9 3 1.2A B1 0.05n A 3 Bn 20 4 24.5 65 27.6 2008 6570 5 20102008 100 66.5 81
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1996 CCDBG TANF 7 30 8 3 CCDBG 1 2 9 1 Rush v. Obledo 10 4 institutional day care centersfamily day care homes unannounced warrantless inspection revocation 4 85
Summer 2011 No. 175 11 4 Wooster business 4 12 13 North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon 14 1981 1981 1984 1984 1 2 3 Matis 1 compelling interest 15 41 2 Ruiz v. Mcdonnell 16 86
17 Deshaney 18 42 1983 19 affirmative conduct immediate threat of harms Walding v. U.S.A 20 14 reckless Deshaney private harm actions created or exacerbated a danger Taylor 21 14 Ray v. Foltz 22 Taylor 1983 Deshaney 3 141983 87
Summer 2011 No. 175 1 North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon 2 6 compelling 23 Rush v. Obledo 24 1 2 3 2 Currie 25 Rush v. Obledo4 88
Zigler 1970 custodial carecomprehensive care developmental care CCDBG 26 MatisNorth Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon registration Matis 27 Zigler accreditation NAEYC National Association for the Education of Young Children, 28 Matis Zigler 89
Summer 2011 No. 175 22 6 23 4 2007 pp.43-50. 20002p.56. 2000 7 113 pp.250-255. 1 EDWARD ZIGLER, KATHERINE MARSLAND & HEATHER LORD, THE TRAGEDY OF CHILD CARE IN AMERICA, Yale University Press 6-8 2009. 2 2008 01 3 3 6 84 1 8 1 204 12 20 2008 36 p.54. 3 2008 Kindergarten 2 p.54. 4 19855 28 17 42 22 11 545 Child Care Needs of Low-income Families: Hearing of the Committee on Ways and Means House of Representatives 100th Congress second session 96-97 1988statement of Robert Rector. 5 2003 pp.74-77. 6 CCDBGOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 P.L.101-508 2010 43 3 p.43. 7 AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 18 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 P.L.104-193 AFDCTANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 2003 96 5312 pp.72-79. 8 CCDBG6 pp.41-47, 54-55. 9 1998license APA 1998 Governmental Benefits 214 p.178. 1980APA Administrative Procedure Act licensepermit license interchangeable 1980 12 pp.70-71. 10 Rush v. Obledo 517 F. Supp. 905 U. S. Dis. Cal. 1981. 11 very same portions See case cited at supra note 10. 90
12 Ann K. Wooster, Annotation, Validity of Warrantless Administrative Inspection of Business That is Allegedly Closely or Pervasively Regulated; Cases Decided Since Colonnade Catering Corp.v. U.S., 397 U.S.72,90 S. Ct.774, 25 L.Ed. 2d 60 1970, 182 A.L.R.Fed. 467, 470, 498-501 2011. 13 1 1 14 2009 p.200. Forest Hills v. Lukhard 1 nonsectarian sectarian 1 Forest Hills v. Lukhard 728 F.2d 230 U.S.App. 4th Cir. 1984. 14 North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon 696 F.Supp. 518 U.S.Dist. Cal. 1988. 15 Greg J.Matis, Comment:Dilemmma in Day Care:The Virtues of Administrative Accomodation, 57 U.Chi. L.Rev. 573, 580-596 1990. 16 Ruiz v. Mcdonnell 299 F. 3d 1173 U.S.App. 10th Cir. 2002. 17 18 Deshaney Deshaney v. Winnebago 489U.S.189; 109S. Ct.998; 103L.Ed.2d 249 1989. special relationship danger creation Ruiz v. Mcdonnell danger creation 1 2 3 4 5 6 See case cited at supra note 16. 19 1983 1983 19853 20086 pp.145-149. 20 Walding v. U.S.A. U.S.Dis. LEXIS20549 Tex. 2009. 21 Taylor Taylor v. Ledbetter 818F. 2d 791 U.S.App. 11thCir. 1987. 5 14 14 14 1990 Taylor By and Through Walker v. Ledbetter, 818 F 2d 791 11th Cir.1987 91
Summer 2011 No. 175 42.U.S.C. 1983 19901 p.127. 22 Ray v. Foltz 370F.3d 1079 U.S.App. Fla. 2004. 23 See case cited at supra note 14. 24 See case cited at supra note 10. 25 JANET M.CURRIE, THE INVISIBLE SAFETY NET PROTECTING THE NATION S POOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES, Princeton University Press 119 2006. 26 ZIGLER, MARSLAND & LORD, supra note 1, at 28-29,66-67. 27 Matis, supra note 15, at 598-600. 28 ZIGLER, MARSLAND & Lord, supra note 1, at 75. 92
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1. 1200 1 16,000 400 3 5 2 12,000 3 8,000 4 6,000 2. 123123 abc 3. 4. 5. 11 1 1 6. 7. 1 2 1 8. 1997 Ashford, DouglasE. 1986. The Emergenceofthe Welfare State. Basil Blackwell. Heidenheimer, A. 1981. Educationand Social Entitlementsin Europeand America. In The Development of Welfare State, edited by P.Flora and H.Heidenheimer. Transaction Books. Beattie, Roger. 1998. Pension Systems and prospects in Asia and the pacific. International Social security review, Vol.58, No.3, 63-87. 1998 125 pp.56-72 1998343 pp.260-267 URL UN 2009 Human Development Report 2009, Human development indicators, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/ 2010 6 3 9. DTP Desk Top Publishing 1 CD 2 3 OS Windows Macintosh Excel Lotus2.0 107
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