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5.9. ｧ9 [89 897599 ｨ 5975 8 555 X 9 569875989 ﾁ575 755 r ｷ em e : e 5588997 985759 65975899 ｨ 59755 9 8575899 755999 9 7897 ｨ 5975556-9575 9 789579955 65 7 759 [9 5 ] 675-8957 9.. 98 9 8559, 95 679 99697 9 959589 795895 559799 679587 55- n 77 (8588 9 55 55859 58) 795755 759 755999 t e ' ｭrn 6 9 7 ' 7 8. ﾀ5ｨ 95 679 59898999 59 989595 ｨ 5975-5 59 78975 755997ｨ 9 8 6795879 ｨ 59-75597995879 559, 9 8797 959589 795899 85589ｨ 9 9585 ﾁ575 955. 799579 65755 ｨ 59755 675595899 95ｨ 575 869898 95 t e ' ｭrn 6 9 7 5 t ; 5 t 795755 759 89 (6755955 759 97599 ｨ 5975, 759 75899 879 9 9.6.). 79. 6575899 755999 ｨ 5975-55977 75-9 679 T ｷ 6 5559 589579958 m, 8 (5 8) 7 r, 7 8 7 98575 9 ﾁ59 CCl CH I C H 5Br - 閨58 9558 5999558 55659 795 - 閨58 9558 585 95659,, -779599659, -69599659 - 閨58 - ﾀ59 9558 95659 55659 9558 - 閨58 - ﾀ59,, -779599659 55659,78, 5,,68 7 7 7 7,78, 5,,6 5,68, 7,9,78,,, 7, 5,,78, 7 7,,,7,,,77,,6,,8,5,5 5,85,8,8 8,6,,7,6 6,,.. 75575995895 5857 955 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 5979 585979 95, 95 79 795898 65 85589 995989 59587 56595 9885599, 8 959 87599 ｨ 597567555899 9 799 9ｨ 59795 575 75998 79 8589 5555 7957, 898-7 8 8555758999 955 675595899. 655 95, 95 ｨ 597567555898 "959589" 799 9ｨ 59795 9 9 789575 5855 9579 565599, 595775 578ｨ 989 795899 75-88995 59899585-5889599587 759 996 M 6ｦ X > M X > M 6ｦz X 7z 7!k 7 a M 6ｦz 6ｦ X 7z : ｭ6 9 8588 X 55 ｨ 5975556957, 55 5855 795899, M X 55977 5658 [9], M 6ｦz X 7z 959 67 [, ], M 6ｦz, X 7z 85575 957, z 879555 985 955, 89855 8 5995 879 955 e i 85595595 e i ｷ ez, 5 e 879 67595. 縺9599, 95 87575 9957975 957 59 95 87ｨ 9 55977 56585 [5], 55 55 955 675 [6]. 6585 55699 [] 55977 5658 5675595989 675579555 85895995 57 955 675 9 85579 559, 8988 57 595779 55975 56585 58558995989 879 98-65789579 899. 7597567555898 799 9ｨ 59795 56987-5989 955795 87 ｨ 5975995, ｨ 86579598-75 9 95575995895 5857 59575 79 787597 6575 65595 67555 5 [ 5 6] (58959958-55 9857595 8. [, ]). ﾀ7575 5 657599 5857 5857 655759, 5895 8598 59 679997 9957975 558599. 5 ﾁ989585 9957975 58ｨ ｨ 597567555898 558ｨ 9 s [ 5 8, 7, 5] 99 l [6]; 99585 55 986588ｨ 9 659995 ｨ 9595 675595899, 5675-5955 595595 s=c, 5 c 559799 78957955 859. 7959ｨ 675595898 55-8ｨ 9 l [] 99 L [6]. ﾀ79 655 9885999 ｨ 597599 ｨ 9599 675595898 67565795-8 8755 65975899 655799587 9 5979-9587 955. 6585 7859 ｨ 589799 [8], 9855 [9], 9557 655, 縺8575 9 95885 [, ], 89895898 65975899 95 m 59 955 559799 n [] 9559 9 p 7 7 m i ｷ m i 7 b i n ; ｭ56 9 zi e b i ｷ 6pZ 6ｦ z z e s 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ez i q p pek B Tr i 6ｦ 7 7 e ; ｭ66 9 q ek B T q ｷ zz z 6ｦ z m 6ｦ m m z 6ｦ m z ; r i ｷ 6pR i Z ; 5 z i 879575 98 955 ｭi ｷ ; 6 9, Z 995-89 985898 789579959, m i 65975898 i-5 59555 95 9895 795899, 56755959 ﾁ575 77598 () 65 ｨ 5799 9999 985-899, R i ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 798 95 i-5 8579. 795 85595595 658759, 95 959 958 ﾁ57 58-59 8575898 97599 95 5 55 ｨ 5979585 655 579 9 8757 9 ﾁ579585 9 758955 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 [, 8]. ﾀ5975898 59555 95 8579 i 559579-9585 569875989 559 95 8 ﾁ5795855 79 7985 R i, 9755589 985 8655 8755. 5 ｨ 95 85 8958585 67997599 65-975898 569875989 777595 m i ｷ zie 6pR i Z : ｭ76 9 957 (5) 6585959 56755998 87 ｨ 5975-99 85675595ｨ 795898, 59575 959 958 ﾁ57 5 9959 97595 95: p 7 7 b i n 5 : ｭ86 9 m i

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 55 67957, 9 978 ﾁ5795755 8 679 R i A, Z ｷ ; ﾀ, e ｷ ;e, T ｷ 679 6755-95899 s 7 縺 7 7 9 558797 95 75 65975899 8 595 s ｷ em i n 955 m i ; 75 8 (5 8) 7 p 7 7, b i n =mi 7 5. 75 5898 96855 99697 675595895 799 9ｨ 5979-5 799579 (8) 76595989. 79 5785, 799 9ｨ 5979 567559ｨ - 5ｨ 758 97ｨ 9 6775 89558999, 67959595 57859ｨ 957 67 9 56587 955 [, ]. 755799 677 8955899 795899 7 78759 65589 [7] 9 585 5655-99 5 95, 95 8575899 98859955-7559- 957 6755885 955 99997ｨ 989 9 ﾁ ﾁ895 9 9795 955 ｨ 5979585 655. 9 75 7 7985 8575898 755999 a 59787 5-65595 [, 7]: a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9R ; ｭ96 9 5 D, D 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 9 ﾁ ﾁ899, R 8 8759 7985 55 75595. 69 879757 75595 65 659 758899 [] a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B 7 exp ｭ 7`B=R 6 9 : ｭ6 9 8588 `B ｷ r B, 5 r B 798 955 677, 5675595-7 8585 55699 65555 5 8577 [, ] r B ｷ ee 8pek B T : ｭ6 9 5 ﾁ575 () e, e 8797 955, e 85ｨ 99 9ｨ 5979589 675955898 8757, k B 6589599 58, T 85ｨ 99 9565797. 55 9598, 95 ﾁ57 () 6575599 (9) 679 r B!. 5777595 9 58997 8575899 9885999 k 957 67 58 59 9999 555 ｨ 59795855 659 869875989 95 [9, 5] ｭ rb `B k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B exp r dr 7 7 R r ｭr B 7 R 6 9 : ｭ6 9 5 85 7 957 7985 ｭR 5 r B 6 9 8 595 89695995855 67589599 ｭ = exp s ds ｷ d exp 6ｦ O ｭd 6 9 ; d 5 ; d s d ｭ6 9 655 k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B R exp 7 ; d ｷ R : ｭ6 9 d r B 縺95595 a =k 87ｨ 9 58995 885999 9 558ｨ 9 K ｷ K acc [, 5]. 9865889 () 9 (), 9 89 5589 955 ｭd ｷ R =r B 5 6 9 8695 99585 67555 () 8 ﾁ575 8577 []. ﾀ5-59 89999 9969 ﾁ989585 999 9 898 8 78979 679975999. 7, 589 985998 98 55699 5997 957 67, 95 5955 8999-899589 8 575 65998 777595 9 K acc, 65 85589 856ｨ 555 8 ﾁ575 6 (8., 67957, [5] ﾁ577 (8.) 9 (8.5)). 659, 95 ﾁ577 () 9 () 6557 9599589 5955 655-855, 7857 955 677 5675595989 8585 55699 65555 5 8577. 59995 555 ｨ 59795855 659 6755887 755999 955 9 9885999 957 67 65775 7885975 縺857 [6]. 9865889 595 655-855 7 55699 957 67 65555 5 8577 9 6756557599 5899 78575 955, 5 58, 95 8575898 755999 5 89899 59 679755899 555 659 E 9 5675595989 a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B ｷ em 6ｦ e m e ; ｭ66 9 5 m i 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 65975899 955, 89875 8 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99599 9 ﾁ ﾁ899 85595595 795 k B T=e i ｷ D i =m i. 957 (6) 8559 98 () 679 r B =R 9 655 65775 7555 679 98855-99 ｨ 597567555899 6597 8 [5, 5]. 6575898 9885999 65 縺857 5 k ｷ k F ｭ p6 9 ; F ｭ p6 9 ｷ I ｭp6 9 p ; p ｷ ee ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9E = : k B T pe ｭm e 6ｦ m e 6 9 ｭ76 9 99ｨ F ｭ p6 9 87ｨ 9 ﾁ9575 縺857, I ｭs6 9, s ｷ p, 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ99 58859 65755 6579, 56755959 795 I ｭs6 9 ｷ X n ｷ ｭs=6 9 6ｦn n! ｭn 6ｦ 6 9! : 999 F ｭ p6 9 5 5755989 599 9 55955 5878959 8 59595 759, 95 895958-8959 5 657599 8575899 9885999 957 67 ｨ 5979585 655. 7, 565977 795899 ｭe ' e 6 9 9 5587957 955 679 595 95657975 (T ｷ ) 8799585 5589 659 ｭE ｷ 5 8 7 6 9 955 p ｷ, 8987 659 ｭE ｷ 5 8 7 6 9 p ｷ. 5 65855 85 575 6557998 F ｭ p6 9 ｷ ｭpp 6 9 7= exp p : 縺98ｨ 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 98859-99 9559 9559ｨ ｨ 8655985 7589. 6 59595 559799 957 67 (6579 75 7 9 75 [5]) 58575 578595 957 97595 8585 7599 K ｷ a k ｷ pr B d exp d ; d ｷ R r B : ｭ56 9 79 ﾁ57 5995989 59 985895 ﾁ577 9588 [6] 579955 R =`B 9 85659 89695- A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ; k 6ｦ a 7 7 k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7 6ｦ B 7! B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ86 9

56.9. ｧ9 [89 ﾀ75595898, 856755759 578595 957 97595 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7, 87ｨ 9 585 []. 755979 955799 7859 58997 755899 K 759 (8), 787599 95885 9 7885 [], 585 85ｨ 59 6557599. 6995989, 95 555 "75895" 955 677 A 6ｦ B 7 8 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 78575 a 5759 8555 9797598 95 B 7 (95 A 6ｦ, 5 9 5675555899 8995 8557 5979-9587 95 B 7 ). 5 75585 85895999 7867555-95 8557 955 555 955 677 78595 599 565 5675595989 ﾁ9575 58 n i ｷ n exp 7 U ; k B T 5 n 87599 75589 6595898 955 B 7 ( 599 565); U 6595989 ｨ 5799 895-58999 955 677 9 85555 95, 56755959 9585 ｨ 59758999589 89558995: U ｷ e pe r 7 r ; r ｷ ｭa 6ｦ r 6ｦ ar cos c6 9 = ; 5 r ｭr 6 9 78895995 57 8987 955 A 6ｦ (8987 B 7 ) 9 8557 955 B 7, c 5 57 67595 9659 955 675 9 59575, 85599ｨ 59 8987 9 8557 597995875 957 B 7. ﾀ79 c ｷ 957 78979ｨ 989 79 658559585899 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7. 9588 9 788 [,, 6] ｨ 9 85ｨ 555 7775-95 9 58997 885999 957 97595: K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｷ p ｭ rd a exp 7 U r dr ; k B T ｭ96 9 5 r d 7857 9555 9759, 56755957 95 ｨ 8975 7985 ﾁ99 786755599 679 c ｷ : d dr r exp 7 U ｷ : k B T ｭ6 9 957 (9) 6756559, 95 9759 957 ｭc ｷ 6 9, 9.5. 679 67997599 597995855 95 B 7 955 675 A 6ｦ B 7 85 979 95 78979ｨ 989 79. 975 58599 95995855 655 7 6575, 95 59 ﾁ999 5795999 955 677 67555 a 5 r d 975 679599 8969599585 77759ｨ 9 K, 795ｨ 55 98 (9). 655, 85595595 (9) 6555 6756557599 "75895899" 955 677. 789 75 89998, 95 957 675 9 8557 95 895589ｨ 9 9585 65875895 ｨ 597589995-89 89, 95 6557 655 555 85 995989 6759957597, 9 95ｨ 67 5889 89998 75895 8985. 縺595, 7 655 567 9 89 5659755 789579959, 5 R 5 r B. 658999585, 7989 ﾁ99 786755599 955 955 675 675657958 exp ｭr B =r6 9, 59 95, 95 9555 575995 59955 7865-57595 955, 9.5. 679 r R. 5 ｨ 95 85 9957 (9) 575 798998 6799755: K ｷ ;6pr B d exp d ; d R r B : ｭ6 9 98 (5) 9 () 8559, 95 K ｷ ; exp 7 5 : K d 6585 ｨ 95 8559559ｨ 679 7857 955 R 5 r B 5899 885999 957 67 899585 585 58997 885999 957 97595. 979 859, 575995898 786 957 9759-5 899585 585 575995899 786 957 67, 95 995989 858995 85899 95-965855 89558999 65 8759ｨ 8 95-957. 5 8989 8 ｨ 99 58959958895 5 679998 5 995 755-99575 7599, 585575 8987 95-957 89558995 [9, 5]: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ6 9 859 ｨ 99 759 679599 8ｨ 599, 58585 599ｨ 5989 59 955799 9588 5 788. 5885979 ｨ 95 555 65755, 959 9 67575 855 9995 6755885 (8), () 95ｨ ｨ 5975675-55898 799 9ｨ 5979. 985895, 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-959 ｨ 597567555899 s ｷ e X z i m i n i ; ｭ6 9 i 5 8 575989 65 85 996 955, n i 9 5659 559799, 6795 8599 958 i ｷ 7 855959-89ｨ 9 95 A 6ｦ, B 7, A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7. 5 7558-5 85895999 559799 567559ｨ 989 85 98 757ｨ 5989 9 9858ｨ 59 955 7599 (8), (8) 9 (): k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 6ｦ n 7 a 6ｦ n N 7 a 6ｦ n n ｷ ; k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 7 n 7 a 7 n N 7 a 7 n n ｷ ; a 6ｦ n N 7 k 6ｦ n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; a 7 n N 7 k 7 n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; 5 N 559799 957 67 A 6ｦ B 7. 658995 ｨ 99 759 99ｨ 989 7589 K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｭ6 9 ｭ56 9 ｭ66 9 ｭ76 9 ; n ｷ n ; n ｷ n : ｭ86 9 8588 K 5899 885999 759 (8). 8 887 957 565595 8 595 6585-9 8559559 59 87ｨ 555 7595 N ｷ N 7 n 7 n ; ｭ96 9 5 N 89 559799 957 67 A 6ｦ B 7, 679 59575 598989ｨ 9 55957 9 9575 97599. 87599 (), (5) 65859ｨ 9 558598 89695-999 (5), (6) (8. 975). 7, 679 5 559799 957 67 ｭK N 5 6 9 8 595, 95 n ｷ n ｷ n, 98 (), (5) 655 7955 7595 595899585 5-59799 55955: K n 6ｦ n 7 N ｷ ; K ｷ a k ;

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 57 75595 595755 679 K N 5 7775989 n ｷ N, 95 8959588959 5 655 9885999 957 67. 5 75 675585 85 K N 5, K N ｨ - 5989 89 9885999 957 p 67 9 559799 955 5675595989 n ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 N =K. 55, 85 K N, 5 679 67598585 K N 95ｨ 9 5895 89 9885999 957 67 9 5899589 5-59799 97595 65 8759ｨ 8 559795 957 67: x ｷ n N 5 ; x ｷ n N 5 : ｭ6 9 98 59775 759 () 5 (7) 589897 9585 7599 (), (6), 595775 855895 8 (9) 6799-7599 () 95ｨ 9 75595 x ｷ K N 6ｦ a6ｦ 6ｦ a 7 a K N 6ｦ a 7= ｭK N 6 9 ; ｭ6 9 a x ｷ K N x ; K ｷ a : ｭ6 9 k 9865889 (), (), 98 () 655 85ｨ 555 777595 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 679 999 56585578599 9 85 9885999 957 67: s ｷ e m 6ｦ m 6ｦ ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9K N x N : ｭ6 9 縺9599, 95 955799 9588 5 788 [] ｨ 9-599 675595898 5675595989 89895898ｨ l ｷ s C N = 6ｦ C N 7= : N 8559 98 (), 59 7559957 895-5899 () 679599 555 8575 89895899 l 59 N. 縺9599 975, 95 ﾁ57 () 86759 679 67598585 8599 675985599 K N (5 5 895659 9885999 957 67!), 55 8595 85959955 89595899 (8. 975) 59 579595 K N <... 78657959875 9885599 ｨ 597567555899 78957 799 9ｨ 59795 縺857 ｨ 865795987 759 65 675575 9 ﾁ579-5855 9 7589555 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ595 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 59 87 78957 ｨ 5975995 ( 6795, 57 8 675595898ｨ 75 7 7 縺 7 8 7 ) 557- ﾁ99 [] 9 889585 7595 縺857 [6]. 5 79 759 9857595 5 5855899588 65 58955 855. 69 98ｨ 599 755 75 6795-988 96889 65 785558955 6797599 99585898ｨ 76 8 (575 8 65558ｨ 7879 558957). 5 857557 799 5895 989595 69999 986588ｨ 989 5579577 9688-55 6797599, 65555 679ｨ 59 ｨ 59-75 99798957, ﾁ5797ｨ 555 557 9688 65795 569 785558955 978 ﾁ57957 8 6585ｨ 59 89595 579955 6797599 [7]. 5588997 ｨ 865795987 985759 5 799 9ｨ 59795 7999 79 55797 855-575895.. 縺8588, 95 799 9ｨ 5979 6595 6797599 ｨ 5975 58995855, 9 9 985-7599 5 589955 986588598 989599 658959- V 5 95 5 55 6797599 65 575 855 (798. ). ﾀ5ｨ 95 5 799 9ｨ 59795 6799589 85 6795-9989 679 6589597 95 [ 5, 5 5 7, 5, 6, 7, 9 5 57].. 55 59 89 ｨ 597567555898 557 789575 78555897 659 5 8585989 8 955795 縺857 [6]. 795 59599 8 957 7595 [6] (8. 75 閨59 [5, 55], 6795575 798., ). 67957, 85895 9559 5895 9 789575 I, SbCl 5 697595, 5 59898959 679 78957599 98575, SF 6 99 9795 [5, 6] (798. 5, 6).. 655895 758 5997 9598957 6755885 65575899 ｨ 59755 8799585 87 ｨ 5979589 659. ﾀ5989 658555 58959958895 555 65755, 7885975 59585 89 65977 9 565977 795895. ﾀ59775 9ｨ 59799 (9975585, 75585, 5585, 57585, 69799, 595, 869797 9 7.) 5ｨ 9 7855 895658ｨ 959885999, 65ｨ 95 75 5755 595575 795899 (5899799 6755-5 6 V 85 5 9 598.. 75979589 85 8959 9 9857599 5 9ｨ 59-79589 795895: 95589597, 985799589 95, 89555 8567599595, ｨ 59755979589 899958 65895955 95, 5 75989797ｨ 59 9 ﾁ755 589597, 6 98959 78555 6797599. s, 縺 7 8 7,5,,5,,5,,5 5 E, 5 8 7 598.. 89895898 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 59 679-755899 659 8589 % 697955 98597, 5 % ｨ 99555 86979, % 957855 8 5855 [5]. 6659 999 9557599589 799.

58.9. ｧ9 [89 7, 6,5 J, 9 8 6, 7 9 s, 縺 7 8 7 5,5 5, 6 5,5,,5 5 E, 5 8 7 598.. 89895898 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 59 679-755899 659 8589 % 697955 98597, 8 % ｨ 99555 86979, % 957855 8 5855 [55]. 6659 999 9557599589 799. 6 8 E, 5 8 7 598. 5. 5 789575 69759 8 78979 59: 9899 795898 579 ﾁ55 (8959 69759), 8755-9 SF 6, ppm 9795, 87559 O. 95898 7 縺 7 8 7 [6, 56]) 95595 58589 895 58899ｨ 9 675595898 5 99697 859 7 縺 7 8 7. 5 99 795899 7587-5 78997 ｨ 597575 6755887. 85575 98575-99 [7, 58] 9 9857599 5955 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 577 [59, 6, 6] 6589, 95 8987 659 67598599 ｨ 5975-99589 97599 8795, 6795 959 975-99, 6795, 899585 9958955 55. 79 5785, 75 585, 95 65977 795-899 95ｨ 9 5895 7579 ｨ 597567555899: 87 659 (E 5 8 7 ) 675595898 98859-959 8 59589 855 675595899 9 975-959 8987 659 (E 5 5 8 7 ), 5 58-59 898 955 675595899 5785989 8 859 59899585-5889599587 ｨ 59757 759. 975955 675595898ｨ 575 67998, 5-99 795898 78975 679589, 679 ｨ 95 575 898998 995895898 ｨ 5975995855 7857599 55 5855 795899 ｨ 5975 (9 875-9 ｨ 597599589 8599 795895 7558-89895- 9 [6]). 675 9957587 86585 67599 675-595898ｨ 585 986588599 955-557 57 [6]. 5 895899, 65779 59 98 ｨ 59755, 67957 95, 9959955 575, 575 5-99889 8985 965975 97599 955 6597-7 9ｨ 5979 996 9975585 99 69759 [65]. 5659775 9ｨ 59799 575 5989998 5 758-75 985 675595899 (58997975 67557 79 縺 7 8 7 []). ﾀ75595898 6579 7 縺 7 8 7 55 58995989 675895 ﾁ989795 5758 775 9 895 895975 ﾁ98977 8 6585- ｨ 55 85 ｨ 899575. 6559 5959998, 95 75 679 99 8599 675595898 565977 7958-95 899958 857957 675588 (857-99 58 9 597 675 5758 855ｨ 6557-5898) 9 589 ｨ 59755 65575899: 99ｨ 975555755895 [66 5 68], 5897 655 9 857957 855. 59995 897977 65575899 ｨ 5975 58555 8595 675995989 8987 J, 5 5 5 6 8 E, 5 8 7 598. 6. 5 789575 69759 8 78979 59: 5 ppm I, 6 ppm SbCl 5, 7 ppm I, 8 ppm I. 659 (E 5 5 8 7 ), 5 9559 5895 559 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 95. 縺875989, 95 ｨ 95 85 ｨ 59757 ｨ 9997ｨ 989 5855 8 975-555755895, 996975 78577 59577 75 959585 59659757 ｨ 5975 (ｨ 9957 99 8987 [66]) 5899ｨ 9, 65575899 6595898 975555755895 9559 65795 8 8 7. 98595 855575895 78555895 ｨ 597567555899 679 5997ｨ 55 759 55-5 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 975589795 (9 875-7 ｨ 955) 8959555 759 5675595 555 67595 78555895 ｨ 5975 ﾁ9895 [67, 68]. 585 995758 67589959 5898 67559-5899 565977 795895 96855 7 5 7 縺 7 8 7. 6 55 895757, ｨ 95 5898 85-9 675595899 9 8757 959589 9859-7ｨ 59 795895 (978 ﾁ5795755 99 9578-8 7 6 5

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 59 55 8 9 7.), 8 75 ｨ 95 5899 9555 995897 7 閨6-95599 [7, 8, 7, 9, 69 5 76]. 5 5959998, 95 98-8 6755885 ｨ 597559899 ｨ 5975-5599 575 58998 9 8 95595 7559 8959. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 65599 89987 75-88995 795898 595ｨ 9 5 675595899 7 縺 7 8 7, 895 59ｨ 9 8659875 959897ｨ 595 59 (55977 5, 9957 86979 9 7.) 5 58997599 675595899 5 6579-75 9855. ﾀ5 85589 ｨ 9 67557 5-9 ｨ 597599585 85995 65977 795895 7558-898959. 縺5 955989 9 79 8558957 58555895. ﾀ7575 855, 5595 ｨ 597559799587 679585 (8987 5989955 I, O 9 7.) 679599 899585 8959ｨ 98859955 959899 65 855 (). 695658 9885999 575 75875 98 9 8589959 x ｷ n=n 75 [9, 5], 5 n 75589 559799 655799587 (99 5979-9587) 955, N 89 559799 9885-997ｨ 55 859 (597855 5989959). 679 77 58959958895 99ｨ 989 ｨ 5975-995895 59899585-58895995875 7599 ｨ 5975, 595775 789ｨ 989 75 59589-9585 87 659 679 E 5 5 8 7 [57, 6, 69, 7]. 7, 8585 758899 759 [69, 7] 8589 978- ﾁ5795755 8 8 55977 55 659 679 E < 5 8 7 75985989 59589 675595898, 679 E ｷ 7 5 8 7 859 98859955-975- 959, 679 E 5 5 8 7 975959, 679 ｨ 95 7558 955 97599 65 95 65 75 575 65795 75 55. 5 ｨ 8657959 [6] 75 6585, 95 8589 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 75995899 55555759 (55855, 755855 9 575855) 67598599 96597-9 97599, 59575 959 97599 679575 78 75 55. 6559 5959998, 95 679 675-5599 6557 ｨ 86579595 55595 6759998 98589ｨ 795898: 98555 85 5-75 798 "8579", 9.5. 5 885757 67599 598599, 89, 55 9 67., 959897ｨ 595 59 577 798 99589 98979. 585ｨ 5-95 ｨ 99, 5555 5579, ｨ 55977 97559 67955 985895 6995 758899 985759 9 8955 95, 9577ｨ 55 558575898 65599 89987 7 65 ｨ 597567555899 785557 795895 [, 7, 8]. 7898 555 55 58959-958895, 99ｨ 555 7588997 985759 9 975, 89, 67959555 59 985759. 65-585 895 ｨ 8657959 8 789579 5 6799-5989 5 995 99589 995898 679589. 7, 7595 [69] 75 6585, 95 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 57 ｨ 5975-5785989 599 59 8 6585ｨ 55 5585 78975 85795 5 ｨ 597579 65575-8999, 679 99957 ｨ 5975 6557 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 5 ｨ 5989. 5655 58575, 95 9 87575 965975 8797575 679ｨ 597575 897977 [7, 58] 8987 8 8579579 6755889. 5588995 89895995855 98599 9999 959897ｨ 59 679585 7 閨6-95599 75 5977-995 965977 679ｨ 59757 89797 597-85 7665 98855955 [7, 58]. 58759 595-99 ﾁ5797599 965975 975955 6755-95899 65977 795899 65875895 955-557 57 6795799 57 5795799 ｨ 597589999 9 9ｨ 5979589 95795 ( 閨75-58) [57, 6, 65, 7]. 7557599589 9 ｨ 865795985 567559ｨ 59 758 59899585-5889599587 759 8 8995 59787 565595 6597-7 795899 (799 7989) 5585 [7], 565977 799 9ｨ 5979 759 [6, 6, 69]. 68595 ｨ 8657959875 9885599 5 9585 6595799 98859955-975957 598 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 59795 [7], 5 9 7999 79 555 959 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ595. 75 6585, 95 9659775 897977 59 57857-9889 9 59898995 85799 ｨ 5975, 5 679 588 5 65975899 97599757 955 65 8759ｨ 8 659758999 679587 55955, 578ｨ 5989 679 7865 957 67 [7, 75]. 6585 9857 ｨ 8657959 ｨ 99 8599 9559 5895 975 9 858595 85 897975 7 閨6-9559 [76]. 799 7588997, 975 75 65 ｨ 5975-999 789575 67959 75 5 85589599 78957 565977 795895 957 56585 [9, 5, 76]. 5 8959555 759 ｨ 9 95 87599 89 5997ｨ 55 [5, 77], 9 ｨ 95 8989 89 56758 5 98599 855575895 56585578599 799 9ｨ 5979. 89, 5 89 657 5 675555 8989599-5855 98599 56585578599 565977 799 9ｨ 5979. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 98855588 56585578595 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 5955 9997599 []. 65 8959 67955 798.. 5 5895 95 986588589 899989757 65 95 98959 95-5, 675985895 6 989999 6795 ﾁ9899 599 (995). 55 ｨ 597559795-855 899959 85-9 56599585 859589 65 95. 9855 795898ｨ 75 85755 978 ﾁ57957-55 85 79 7-75, 陦縺67 98-8. 778 ﾁ5795755 85 959585 ﾁ98975588 5758 775 9 895975 ﾁ98977 (996 ﾀ 縺55) 8 6585ｨ 55 5 5895 9 55857995 ｨ 899575, 879755 857595 CaCl. 985799589 95 9859988 98 57895, ｨ 59759 99988 5 6585675875 89875 68999 78575 5 8 57ｨ 59757 78895995 d ｷ ;5. 5757 899 5855 55 99 ﾁ ﾁ57595898ｨ 5. 855575899 ｨ 597567555899 98955 978- ﾁ5795755 8 655 85595989ｨ 9 59557 9957975 [, 5]. 7985 7 679557 657-755 y5 795798999, 595775 5977ｨ 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 9759759 ｨ 59755. 98 7 ﾁ95 95, 95 ｨ 5975-67555898 95595 679575 5878959, 895 759, 955 655595 9555 77755 8987 659 (7975 5 5). 7 89875 655ｨ 855-575898 67557599 95 85 85ｨ 599 6755889: ) c 65575895 ｨ 59755 675595898ｨ, 5 85797575 65575898ｨ ｨ 5975 557 57 9 98575 896ｨ 9 ｨ 5975995895 75-99 9 8 95595 7559 9ｨ 989 (9 8759 ｨ 59755989 ｨ 59755 []); ) 56595 955 55 ｨ 5979585 855; ) 8 67557595 957 5 679 999 56587 955 (8. 975). ﾀ585 6756899 95 5758 95 95595 6595775 9857599 5 8999897ｨ 989, 9 78758 7

6.9. ｧ9 [89 j, 7 8 6,5,,5, t, 598. 7. 657-755 y5 89895899 8555 89 978 ﾁ57-95755 8: E ｷ 7;6 5 8 7, E ｷ ;5 5 8 7, E ｷ 8;5 5 8 7, E ｷ ;78 5 8 7, 5 E ｷ 5; 5 8 7. j, 7 6 8 6 5 5 5 E, 5 8 7 598. 8. 5 8555 89 978 ﾁ5795755 8. 99577 9857599 75 5 85899ｨ 9 5 9. 589955. 79 855575898 5755 6758579-5989 798. 8, 5 89989 5 985775 8655 995. 7597567555898 789575 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55977 55 9857988 679 99975-99 87557 789575 8 65558ｨ 975ｨ 7599. 559799 55 5 I 87555 789575 978 ﾁ5795755 8 85899 ; 8 8 7, 565 69 v ｷ ;78 8, 985 55 65 N k ｷ 7;5 6. 縺759 7588995 985759 585589988 85ｨ 59 5785. 縺589 5758 i 557 85799 985759 9 8559598955 5758 k i 595895 658, U i ｷ x i U, J i ｷ y i J 6797595 9 657 95 (J ｷ 77, U ｷ 7 5 57 559; x i, y i 65899 679575). 85855 8567599595 s i 9 559799 5 c i 567559988 65 85595599 s i ｷ s y i x i ; s ｷ Jd SU ｷ ;6 7 Om 7 sm 7 ; c i ｷ kin k ; v i 5 S 6558 ｨ 5975, v i ｷ V 6ｦ iv 565 795899 955 (V ｷ 6;88 8 87 565 98955 978 ﾁ5795755 8). 5588997 985759 55 6795899 9579 s i ｷ ｭs i =s 6 9, a i ｷ ｭl i =l6 9, l i ｷ s i =c i, l ｷ s V =N k, 5 p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 b i ｷ s i c =c i, 5 c ｷ ;8 5 8 7 559799 5 795899 679 5599 55 69: 8559 98 (7), (8), 9 56755599 5899 755899 K, K 55595 9598 9 ﾁ579ｨ 5 599 8795 955 9 9 65975899. 5 ｨ 95 8989 987 8959989 56758 5 9857599 65975895 955 799 9ｨ 5979. 675 5 65975899 955 565977 799 9ｨ 5979 588 6759957597. ﾀ5755 ｨ 959 56758 5875989 557 ﾁ99 [] 9 58575 [5]. 95 98 9., 65975898 955 89899 5 9585 59 75 795899, 5 9 59 86585 9 55797599 795899, 6795 5 8558955 7895989 65 7 787 9575. 89, 78758 ｨ 865k i......,5 5 5 s i...... 6 5 6 78 6 8 a i...... 6 6,,,,6,,95,9 b i...... 6 9,,,5 69755 5579, 65 ｨ 9597 8567599595 8559 65998 595595 s i =N i, 5 N i 5597-99 957 67, 578ｨ 5989 7599 I M > M 6ｦ I 7 : ｭ6 9 8588 55 5855 795899. 75 N i ｷ K c i, 5 K 5899 755899 7599 (), 5957ｨ 5 56755998. ﾀ795575 75 5585 5755 858ｨ 989 8 8555758999 ｨ 597567555899, 5855-5 565599 759 (), (8), 9.5. 55959 9 9579 56589. 795 55 65898, 759 979 8969599589 6755: ) 5898 5 559799 679589 ｭN i K < 6 9: s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9N i ; ｭ56 9 ) 5898 55955 675595899 ｭN i K, N i K 5 6 9: r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 N i s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9 ; ｭ66 9 K ) 5898 855 675595899 55959 9 9579 97599 ｭN i K 6 9, 59575 67559-5898 5675595989 855955999 (), (). 95785 98 (), () 8559, 95 575 78859-7598 8 N i K, 5 ｨ 9599 67559-5898 7599 8969599 s i =N i ｷ const. 縺5 ｨ 8657959 7598598 9ｨ 8999ｨ 6755-995, 9 679 N i K > 9559 5895 8595995-9 589595898 (8. 785.6). 6799 85595599 (5), (6) 8 79 98575-9, 575 9598, 95 679 5599 55 69 675595898 5675595989 89695995 (5): s i ｷ ;6l ｷ e ｭm c 6ｦ m 6 9K ; ｭ76 9 i 679 5599 658 89695995 (6): s i 7 7 7 p c ｷ ;s r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 K p ｷ e ｭm i c 6ｦ m 6 9 : ｭ86 9 K

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 6 79. ﾀ5975898 655799587 m 6ｦ 9 59799587 m 7 955 565977 795899, 7 8 (5 8) 7 ｧ95898 595 55799 955 55955855 5595 9957-97 9595ｨ 98899 9957-97 559 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 9957-97 69885999 957 67 9957-97 - 閨58, 9, 9, 5,5 6 m 6ｦ m 7 m 7 m 7 m 6ｦ m 7 8,7 5,8 6,8 8,5 5,5 5 [78] [79] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [85] [85] [85] [86] 7,5,5 - 閨58 6,6, [8] [87], [9] - 縺9 5,,9 [8] 7 [89] [9] -5,8 [8] -65,7,5 [8] [89], [9] 585,5 [88] 5 5 [96] CCl,6,9 [96] 6958, [95] [87] [88] [89] [9] [9] [9] 5,5,5 6 5 8 [9] [9] [9] [95] 7595855 978 ﾁ57-95755 85 ; 55957 795987 7588995 5759 798 5855, 5-6577, 858995 955, 59579 89899 59 859 578599 955 795899, 9, 5-9577, 9759-9585 589595898ｨ 9555 5 [9]. ﾀ5859 ﾁ957 995989, 657, 75ｨ 59, 9 97599589 589595898 9555 ﾁ759 5585 895 ﾁ98975989 ｨ 8657959 9 5759 75 9798598 795898 [7]. 5 7595 [7] 9857988 65975898 955 87 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 5955 7559 67559 955 57. 65 8959 6795-5 798. 9. 799579 85589599 955 57 679 5655 9885999 957 67 ｨ 95 7595 9 7775989 sd 5 ; ｭ96 9 ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9eE 5 E ｷ U=d 679755898 555 659 955, s 9855899 59589 675595898. 7 75 9 [95, 96], 7595 [7] ｨ 9 69 657-755 y 79579899 9 595758999 55 85 7555 67559 955 57 (8. 798. 8 9 798. ). ﾀ5 6557 7, 65975898 95 9895 978 ﾁ579575 85 8589959 76 8 (5 8) 7. 5 ｨ 99 9857599 65957955898 7588995 5 ｨ - 88. 89, ｨ 95 575 5698998 9 ﾁ9579. 55-6577, 59555 75 97599-585 589595898ｨ 795899 9, 5-9577, 5555 5579, 555855 9957675995 89 95555 69 7559 67557599 955 57. 655 95, 95 89 95 657-755o 795 5759 798 5855 ｨ 597579 67558-89. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 65599 577 7588995 9857599 8559 6755998 96887 659 [], 6795 99585898 9688 57 798 89-8 V 95 V R 66 9 R 縺8 ﾀ 75 598. 9. 65 8959 9 9857599 957 5: V, V 5895977, 9 985799589 95, 縺8 5657957 899958, ﾀ 555-9 ﾁ755 6755785958, R 66 9, R 859955 8567599595. j, 78 8 7 6 t t, 598.. 657-755a 9 79579899 78957 978 ﾁ57957-55 8 8 55 679 55 55 9 99955 955 679 E ｷ ;7 5 8 7. ﾀ75595898 78957 955 895 5 s ｷ 7 7 縺 7 8 7.

6.9. ｧ9 [89 79. 855575899 985599 ｨ 5975 ﾁ989589 675975 799 9ｨ 59795 89895899 59 9 65979855899 79579899 585 6 6H 6 5585 6 6H 5I 9957 86979 CH (CH ) OH 595 (CH ) CO 9975585 C 6H 5NO 778 ﾁ5795755 85 8 55 r, 8 7 e=e r i, A r B, A d ｷ R =r B ｷ r i =r B E, 5 8 7 p, E ｷ 5 8 7 p, E ｷ 5 8 7 K, 8 K, 8,88,,7 6,5,,8 8 ;6 76 ;7 7,8 5,,5 5, 7,6,5,5 ; 75 7; 79,8 6,8, 6,7,9,,65 6,5,79 8,7,8, 6,7,6 6,,,9, 8,,8 7,,6,6,98, 6,,,8 8 6; 7 7 75 9585 585 795755 7559 56599 955 ｨ 5975 9 65979889 ｨ 6979589. ﾀ5575 7588997 985759 65859ｨ 9 75 ｨ 95 ｨ 965 98 55575 8599 58997 755-899 959899 K, 957 67 K 9 97595 K. 8559 98 7 985759, 65975899 5979958-7 9 655799587 955 989 795899 95ｨ 9 9895 8599 (9. ). ﾀ7555 798599 6756557599 9 7589 9 867595899 ﾁ57-7 (7). 9865889 795798999 978 ﾁ57957-55 8 (8. 9. ), 8 595 Z ｷ ; ﾀ 7789 65975898 5758 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 798 955 R 85ｨ - 59 5785: m ｷ m ｷ m ｷ ; R 7 sm ｭB c6 9 7 : ｭ6 9 8588 9 855 8599 R 57989 8975. ﾀ58999 () (7), 9 58997 65979899 955 K ｷ 7;6 76 R : ｭ6 9 65595595 (8) 6585959 778998 K 5758 K 9 55979ｨ 5 c 679 5599 55 69: K ｷ ; : ｭ6 9 K c 85 56585578595 675995989 679 55-99 658 5. 675 5 5899 885999 K, K 9 789-7 795895 679557 9., 98 59575 95, 95 8 59595 9ｨ 5979585 675955899 (5 ﾁ989755 78575 955) 95 8 75895 7857 955 (5 ﾁ989755 e) 58997 K, K 58- ｨ 989. 795 55 65998, 9 559 89 ｨ 5799 8989 57 959 585989, 95 679599 5959ｨ 8575899 9885999 957 56585 679 6589597 8575899 755999. 5 8ｨ 595 589 955898 675557 98575-9 9 78595. 7985 87 96857 65755895 6557 95 679755895 659 (579859875 597589) 9 96857 ﾁ9-99 9857957 955 (5799875 597589). 585 9857575 589-65775 795798999 9 855959-89ｨ 595 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 ｨ 597567555899 8559-5989ｨ 9 8759 8599 87 96855. 95 85989 65755899 675557 78595 65 555 675975 R, m, K, K, K, 95 8588 67575 855 55595 599889 867595899 896-9599 (7), (8). 795 5975 8598, 9865889 65575 98575 75: 679 55 65 K N ｷ K K c ｷ ; <, 679 69 K N ｷ ｷ K K c ｷ 6;8 >. 5 6 595 (), () 98 ﾁ577 (5) 655 7-595 9 56755599 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 5595 95 ; 75 R 5 exp 5 R ｷ : 55595 ｨ 955 7599 59 55 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 55955 R ｷ A, ﾁ577 (), (), (5) 9 (6) 65859ｨ 9 55998 8599 65975899 55-955 9 5899 755899: j, 7 m ｷ ;5 76 sm ｭB c6 9 7 ; K ｷ 8;95 75 ; K ｷ 6; 7 sm ; K ｷ 6;9 75 sm : ｭ6 9 5855 ｨ 99 7 575 56755998 79995-8ｨ 55979ｨ 5, 679 59575 56585-578595 59 58798 9995 675595898. 7, 679 %-5 5 8559 6557998 K N ;, 95 N ;6 8 7. 55, 9865889 8988 N ｷ K c i, 655 c i ;8 7 8 7, 9.5. 5 6 8 6 E, 5 8 7 598.. 縺5 65755899 679 9857599 5.

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 6. 9599 56585578599 799 9ｨ 5979 6 986588595 5857 655759 95999 75-9 78957 [7] 7595 [98] 9557599589 98 6755885 56585578599 78957 799 9ｨ 59795. 8588 7 795 98579 757 ｨ 955 98 9 67955 55 759 56585578599 7587 89999. 98859 675588 56585578599, 5 579998 995 55 85589555 58959958-895, 955 75898 59 555899 7857 955 679 78595 5899 8575895 759. 7 75 59-988 ｨ 95, 8799 ｨ 8657959855 9 95575995-855 8599 58997 885999 957 67. 縺95-99, 95 75898 ｨ 955 5895995889 85 5858-88 988559599 [], 5, 85759ｨ, 5 85 679988 5 995 [6]. 9599589 955799 585 85ｨ 59 655-7599: ) 99997ｨ 55 8995 7599 995989 675588 897599 (599) 7597ｨ 59 899, 59577 5975975989 9 ﾁ ﾁ895 9 9795, ) 7599 67598599 65 855 89558999 595-9 899 (95, 9658) 56587 5659 (959 67, 9759 9 9..). 65875989, 95 ﾁ- 9ｨ 786755599 5895655759 899 575 675-89998 95 f n ｷ W n 7 ｭr ;... ; r n 7 6 9 f ｭr6 9, 5 W n 7 56755959 786755595 n 7 899 979 5-658, f ｭr6 9 575995898 5958995855 6557599 5955 8997 575895899 5658, 858959-555 98 n 7 899, r 5957 5958995855 6557599 5955 8997 (8 5 5975 5658). 69 ﾁ99 f ｭr6 9 5955 5595 6555 7-595 7 ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 D f 6ｦ div f ｭm 6ｦ m n 7 6 9 hf n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf n 7 i 7 m hf i ｷ : ｭ6 9 8588 D, m, F ｭD n 7 ; m n 7 ; F n 7 6 9 8559598955 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 9 ﾁ ﾁ899, 65975898 9 599 89, 5958959589 5955 8995 (5658), F n 7; 89 89558999 57 56585 9 8995. 8575 859 558ｨ 9 56579ｨ 875599 65 85 5795999 5658. 閨7975 8599 9 ﾁ99 f 85 7559-99 95ｨ 9 9 r ｷ R : f ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ56 9 85 9885999 ｭ f dv ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ66 9 V 5 V 5898, 597ｨ 59 5658, 59575 8997 899ｨ 989 89879. 58997 8575899 9885999 k 9 755999 a 86987ｨ 989 95 ｭ k ｷ i n ds ; ｭ76 9 S ｭ a ｷ 7 i n ds : S ｭ86 9 8588 i ｷ 7 ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 Hf 6ｦ f ｭm 6ｦ m n 7 6 9hF n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf i 7 m hf i 5957 595899585 6595899 6595 575995899, n 599 578 8 ﾁ575 S, 8959795 597- ｨ 55 5658. ﾀ7955 7588997 78595, 859 [98]... 9599 9885999 957 67 69 8575899 9885999 957 67 955 k ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 l B A F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ96 9 5 l B ｷ r B, F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ99 縺857 (8. ()). 5-899 A 5675595989 85595595 ｭ y ｭ S ｭy6 9 A 7 ｷ plb exp d s 6ｦ p ｭ 7 cos y6 9 I ｭs; cos y6 9s ds sin y dy ; ｭ56 9 ｭ I ｭs; cos y6 9 ｷ I ｭm 7 7 p t 6 9 exp 7 t dt ; m ｷ p cos y s ; S ｭy6 9 ｷ p 6ｦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 : 6ｦ p cos y 8588 5 y 59989 98 7599 cos y ｷ 7 p ; 67597 d ｷ d=, 5 d ｷ R =r B 567555 (5), I 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ99 58859 555 6579. 9957 (5) 575 798998 6799755 675585 85 d 5, p : A 7 ｷ plb d exp : ｭ56 9 d ﾀ79 658955 (5) (9) 655 758899 縺857 (7). 5 75 675585 85 d 5, p, 5 p d 5 9 ﾁ99 縺857 655 6567 89695995 縺857 ｭ exp p ｭx6 9 exp px F ｭ p6 9! p p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6ｦ exp ｭ 7=d 6 9 p pp p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 pp d p 7 7 = S 7 p 7 7 7 dx : x ｭ56 9 5 7595 [98] 6585, 95 655 縺857 8675-9 9585 6795599 9557 95 d!. 69 59, 5 557 78575 955, 5 d 5, ﾁ577 (5), (5) 99ｨ 989 95595 955799 縺8-57. 5 895899, 98 (5) 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 9885999 5878959 5 9 78975, ｨ 95 575 798 65 955799 縺857. 5655 58575, 95 955 ｨ 99 58959958895 569895989 7857595 955799 8 78599 [99]. 695658 5858999 555 659 6755887 9885999 p9 755999 575 56755998 675975 p ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 E=E, 5 9 55879-57 955 E ｷ e= ｭ6perB 6 9. 789 E 5 E, 95 9995 555 659 55595 99798, 679 E 5 E 9995 659 675575795 5 9 55 575 5 679998 5 995.

6.9. ｧ9 [89 59 679595899 655 縺857 9 996975 8599 675975 575 9598 98 9857 7 9., 679557 9 597 9565797 T ｷ. 98 ｨ 99 7 8559, 95 9 565977 789579955 ｭe=e 5 56 9 9 589955 8987 655 78597 縺857 5679597. 縺9599, 95 ｨ 99 7 679 798599 7985 955 67565588 856595 7985 59785 557 9 855959-89ｨ 555 5 95 (ｨ 95 995989 5585 77 67997595, 6755, 9 6756557595 5 8 ﾁ579-5899 95)... 6575898 755999 955 755799 縺857 67588759 589895898 8575899 755999 95 a 59 679755899 555 659. 859 555899 78575 955 679 p d 5 59 95 758899: a ｷ a 6ｦ exp 7 d F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ56 9 5 a 5675595989 8585 (), F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ957 縺857. 98 ｨ 955 85595599 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 755999 9559 9559ｨ 7589; 67555 9557 955 d! 8575898 755999 5 89899 59 679755899 555 659... 6575898 755999 95 9 9659 575 65898 [98], 95 9995 555 ｨ 59795-855 659 675588 9885999 9759 95ｨ 67 9 5595 9 9 75599ｨ 5675595989 675975 q ｷ p r d =r B, 5 r d 79577 8999899-589 7857 9555 9759, 56755957 s 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ed r d ｷ : ｭ56 9 pek B T 8588 d 96587 559 955 677. ﾀ758975 559 6587ｨ 9, 95 6598 5 6755-7 655 67597 q <, 65ｨ 95 6575 679975-99 9995 555 659 575 6755758. ﾀ79 755999 589955 986588598 896-9599 8755 897 89558999 57 955 9 9655 [98], 777595 9 59575 9559 9 hf ; i ｷ 7 ed L ｭx6 9 pe r r ; x ｷ de i k B T ; r ｷ r r ; ｭ556 9 5 L ｭx6 9 ｷ coth x 7 x 7 ﾁ99 755, E i ｷ ｷ e=per 655 95. ﾀ585 658959 (55) () 8 595 hf i ｷ hf i ｷ 655 575555 9 ﾁ ﾁ5759855 7595, 595755 55 9957975989. 5798599 679599 85ｨ 55 77759ｨ 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 7559-99 95 9 9659: a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d Q ; Q ｷ ｭ =d x dx sinh x ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : ｭ566 9 8588 R ik 8 7985 i-5 9 k-5 955 (957 9 899ｨ 989 89879, 8557)... 6575898 9885999 9555 9759 95ｨ 67 9 5595 ﾀ79 9885999 9759 5595 975989 8755 655 9659 985 78895999 59 55, 65ｨ 95 ｨ 95 85 55595 798998 65ｨ 875ｨ ｨ 89 89558999 57 955 9 9655. 5-8585 755895 798599 679599 85ｨ - 55 758899: k ｷ D 6ｦ D rb Q ; ｭ576 9 ｭ dd Q ｷ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ds ; ｭ586 9 d ｭ ｭ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ｷ s ds ; P ｭs6 9 ｷ f ｭs6 9 ds ; f ｭs6 9 ｷ C ｭs6 9 W ｭs; x6 9 ｷ exp C ｭs6 9 ｷ s ｭ 7 W ｭs; x6 9 s 7 d x R ｭs; x6 9 dx ; s R ｭs; x6 9 ; R ｭs; x6 9 ｷ ｭs 6ｦ d 7 s d x6 9 = ; 6 7 7 W ｭs; x6 9 dx ; d ｷ R r B ; d D ｷ rd r B ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : 9957 (58) 679 d 5 d D 5 575 798998 6799755: Q ｷ r 7 7 7 7 7 p ｭd 6ｦ d6 9 d exp : ｭ596 9 e ｭd 6ｦ d6 9d = d 8588 e ｷ ;7... 658958 ｨ 865597, d ｷ R =r B. 69 5557 7588995 65585 6795899 77-7599 9 89 955 59555 798: k ｷ D 6ｦ D r B d 77= exp K ｷ a k ｷ ;7pr B d exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; d r B ｭ66 9 : d ｭ66 9 縺799 995, 95 658555 85595595, 65555 9599589 5955, 9585 9857 579955 5995989 59 ﾁ577 (), 6555 58599 5587 6758959..5. 9599 597758797 957 56585 5977587975 9575 56587 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 59 578579889 7588995 755999 957 97595 9 8557 955, 975 957 67: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; ｭ66 9 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ66 9 5599 (6) 58557 8987 95-957 895-58995, 65ｨ 95 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 755999 a 6ｦ 9 a 7 575 99 65 ﾁ575 659 () 99 9555 ﾁ575 (5). 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 755999 a 7599 (6) 5675595989 87 9658-96587 895-

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 65 58995. 69 798599 a 575 986588598 7595 (). 58585 755895 78597 6795-99 85ｨ 55 77759ｨ : a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ; ｭ66 9 9659 k ｷ a ｷ ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd 7 K d 76 exp 7 d : ｭ696 9 r dd ｷ = d d : pek B T ｭ656 9 79 ﾁ57 679 85595989ｨ 55 56755599 r dd 5698759 8575898 786 855 995 5659 997 9659. 8588 ﾁ575 (6) 5655 579958 6579 (77,7), 67597 r dd 56755959 8999589 7857 9555 5977587955 9555 5-658, d ｭd 6 9 965875 5597 755997ｨ - 59 9655 ( 85 7599 (6) d ｷ d ). 縺9599, 95 ﾁ57 (6) 86759 9 9 755-999 997 9655. 5 ｨ 95 85 r dd ｷ ｷ ｭmm m =pk B T 6 9 =, 5 m 85ｨ 99 999 675955898 5855 8757 (67957, 795899 99 95755 95), m, m 9975 5597 9655. 5977587975 56587 59 7869889 8557 95 9 957 5658 9 5 9575 677: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ ; ｭ666 9 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ676 9 69 798599 5899 8575895 ｨ 99 759 55595 898 899989958ｨ 89797 597758-7955 5658. 5 957 955 675 8987 56599585 9 99585 8988ｨ, 9555 575995 786557595 9655 95 955 5659. 7959 75 7 5585 9557599589 [] 9 58 ｨ 865795985 679575 997 9655 997 559 []. 5 85 955, 8987 9585 ｨ 597589995899 899, 9555 57599-9 5 ﾁ9799 5675595989 8595 8985-899 ｨ 5799 8989. 縺595, ｨ 9 5 ﾁ9799 79, 67599565577 579 595755 5-9989 55659775 957. 8987 8999589 7857p 59775959 65 959 79 75 r ｷ ｭ 7 7 7 7 6 9rB, 5 r B 7857 955 677 (). 5798595 5899 8575895 759 786 597-759595 (66), (67) 555 85 67589959 5585 857ｨ 8 9, 89, 887959 595855 788597599. 69 955 96585 5659 5899 75-5899 7599 (6), (67) 575 55998 5955 9588 5 788 65 ﾁ575 (9): K ｷ p ｭ rdd R exp 7 U r B T r dr ; U ｷ 7 d d pe r ; 5 R 99855 78895995 897599 67587 9655, 78655757 55 679-5, U 9 ｨ 5799 89558999. ﾀ79 R 5 r dd 955 6799755 K p r dd d 6 exp d ; d ｷ R : ｭ686 9 r dd 9865889 85595595 a =k ｷ K, 575 798-998 5899 8575899 9885999 59775959 5 89, 9. 7,.6. 9599 955-96587 89575 5 55979757 78957 65977 795895 65977 (67957, 99555 86979 978 ﾁ57-9575 85) 58575 578595 9 8757 955-96587 89575 996 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m, 5 AB 65979 55 ( 95 985 9 959 67), m 985 65977 55. 6995989, 95 65575 897977 59 9798 ｨ 758 789999 7 閨6-9559 9 578599 8659 ﾁ9589 965977 679ｨ - 59757 89797 [7, 58]. 9599 578599 955-965855 8957 5675595989 65855-9585898ｨ 759 A 6ｦ 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; k A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; ｭ76 9 k........................... A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m 7 6ｦ AB 7! am 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m : km 8588 98555 558595 5899 759: a i, k i 8575899 755999 9 9885999 i- 7599. 69 65599 7995799 85589599 955-9- 6587 89575 5 89998, 95 9659 865-9ｨ 9 9585 657ｨ 557995ｨ 8 ﾁ57 555 95 A 6ｦ 9 9995 9655 955-96585 - 89575 6755887 9885999 9 755999 i- 7599 575 6755758. 5 ｨ 95 85 8585 (56), (6) 955 a n ｷ ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d ; ｭ76 9 k n ｷ ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 rb 7 d 77= exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; ｭ76 9 d r B 5 R 99855 78895995, p 595755 89-7ｨ 989 95 A 6ｦ 9 9658, r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 R r B ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 955-965855 8957, R 9 9659. 98 (7) 8559, 95 58997 885999 85 759 (7) 5957 9 77 58995 K, 56987-55 ﾁ575 (6). 縺589 5758 N 5597-9ｨ 96587 55 AB, n 55979ｨ 855-7 955 A 6ｦ, n i 55979ｨ 955-96587 56585 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 i. 6585 99585 95995 559799 n i 567559ｨ 989 85ｨ 55 898955 759: dn dt ｷ a nn 7 k n ; dn dt ｷ a n N 7 k n ;..................... dn m dt ｷ a m n m 7 N 7 k m n m : ｭ76 9

66.9. ｧ9 [89 98 (7) 8559, 95 795755 759 67557599 i- 7599 t i ｷ r d ｷ d 7= exp : ｭ76 9 k i D 6ｦ D i 7 d ﾀ79 99697 8599 R R 7 A, r B 6 A, D 76 8 8 7 795775 755 t i 75875 7 (t i 7 8), 65ｨ 95 ｨ 8657959 7867555-95 55979 8995989 6799589 5-55 9 89899 9585 59 895659 65755999 78957. 5 755899 98 (7) 955 n ｷ ｭK N6 9n ; n i ｷ ｭK N6 9 n i 7 ｷ ｭK N6 9 i n ; i 5 : ｭ76 9 縺98ｨ 95, 95 679 K N < 755875 559-799 955-96587 89575, 8557759 i 965-5, 7ｨ 9 65 555979585 675758899, 679 K N > 9559 5895 85959959 58959-5898. 5 ｨ 95 85 955-965875 56587 ｨ 5- ｨ 9597ｨ 9 65875 75557, 595775, 896988, 76ｨ 9 585. 995 95 85959-955 589595899 895 ｨ 5989 ｨ 86579-59, 95 585959 65ｨ 7895795898 65977 795895 565977.. 8ｨ 595 5 8ｨ 595 8 ﾁ57975 85ｨ 595 757 5555 7957.. 955989 589955 9855 67589595 5 855-575899 ｨ 59755 675595899 57 ﾁ7 565-977 875 9 8599 65755 ｨ 59755 675-595899 95ｨ.. 959 ｨ 597567555898 5759 798 559-759755 (8 859 85799 98 958 ﾁ577 98575, 57 9 7. 679585) 95 59759755, 5 5955ｨ 9 785ｨ 795898 59ｨ 9 8659-875 959897ｨ 595 59 996 559755 5, 869795 9 9.. ﾀ5859 8 9555 75 8 6799585, 9 9 8 9557599585 955 87599. 5 895899, 959899 795899 ｨ 95 85 675985-99 65 598 59899585-5889599587 759 5 8999. 5 6575 578ｨ 989 5597-75 56587 8 6585ｨ 59 ﾁ5797595 957 67 (7599 7957985989 58995 959899 K ), 5 9575 786 957 67 85575 957 (7599 7957985989 58995 885999 K ).. 縺858 8558959 758 6755885 565-85578599 955 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 59795. 7967 957 759 565855785-99 9 85595989ｨ 595 8575899 759 (98859-99 9 755999) 89757 9. 5. 98 997 95, 95 8575899 9885999 957 56585 6599ｨ 989 85 77598 k ｷ k exp ｭ 7E A =k B T 6 9, 5 E A ｨ 5799 8989 57 895589ｨ 599 565599 9985 78895999 7 59 7. 6559 5959998, 95 ｨ 95 78895995 995989 567559ｨ 59 9 798599 8575895 9885999 9 55 55595 78899798 8 595 89558999 879757 56559 8 577ｨ 55 8755 (858-999). 縺595, ｨ 95 85 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 95 899585 585 55 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 58 59 858999 (798 8557 955). 795 5759 798 67995 7857599 7859 5899 8575895 759 89998995899 5959 (679-57, 5955 8999899589 8 []) 9 95995-899 5959. 5 8959555 759 ｨ 95 58959958895 58585, 67957 589 65979899 8757 99-5989 7 ﾁ9575 7859 65975899 ｨ 59755 [], 9 9 955 []. 縺799 995 95, 95 ﾁ577 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-9595 755999 975 95ｨ 9 5 9 9 75 89797: 5899, 5759 8 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-9595 9 ﾁ ﾁ899 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 5658.. 58997 959899 K, 885999 957 67 K 9 957 97595 K 575 9857998 65 7 9855895 59585 675595899 679 99975-99 9ｨ 5979 55 87557 789575. 5. 5 565977 875 679 559799 957 67 N, 559579ｨ 59 8599 K N 5, ｨ 5975675-55898 58558995989 9585 55959, 679 K N 55-9 565879 959, 679 K N > 9559 5895 85959959 58959-5898 78957. 6. 95 56758 5 595 9999 555 785558955 659 98859955-7559- 9575 6755887. 655755 985, 95 955799 縺8-57 995989 57955, 9.5. 867595 67555 9557 955. ﾀ5679 8 955 557 78575 6587ｨ 9, 95 555 655 89959 8575898 755999 955 ( 955799 縺857 5-79 5. 7967 759 56585578599 9 85595989ｨ 595 9 8575899 759 5599 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 755999 a A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 8p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B D 6ｦ D rb 6575898 9885999 k d 7 exp 7 d 79577 7857 957 56585 r B ｷ e 8pek B T 7 67597 d ｷ R r B A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ;7p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D 6ｦ D rb A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n 7 6ｦ AB > A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D n 7 6ｦ D rb d 77= exp 7 d d 76 exp 7 d d 77= exp 7 d p r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 d rb R d ｷ d = r dd ｷ ｷ ｭR pek B T r B6 9 = d ｷ R r dd p r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 d rb R d ｷ r B r B

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 67 55 655 5 9959 75599ｨ ), 8575898 9885999 9559 555 857ｨ 89895898 59 679755899 555 ｨ 59795855 659 9 85589-55 5995989 59 ﾁ957 縺857. 7. ﾀ555 67589595 5 855575899 ｨ 5975-67555899 799 9ｨ 59795 558575 58 59 5997 6755885 795 785 799 9ｨ 5979 5 ｨ 5975, 99 ﾁ5797595 5-55 ｨ 59795855 859, 9995 65575899 785 98859955-75599575 6755887 679-65575895 5899 (65875895 89 98577599 9 9..), ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 9755897957 555-755895, 59899585-58895995875 6755887 9759555 996, 9 9 65 78795 955 9, 55, 9995 857957 655 ｨ 5975-7 55 57 ｨ 59755 9 955 565595. 799 567587 8959555 759 787ｨ 9 585 995758 9 585595 8 99 97559 595855 788597599. 5777ｨ 575898.7. 885 8 65558 6755599 ｨ 86579595. 559 65577 795 5999 --7955. 66985 9957977. 69 9 9989 9ｨ 59795: 5898 87 655 (.: 998998, 99). 69 9 9989 9ｨ 59795: 5898 8987 655 (.: 998998, 958). 589 9 75979589 675595898 799 9ｨ 59-795 (.: 75799, 97). Thomson J J, Thomson G P Conduction of Electricity through Gases Vol. rd ed. 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