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5.9. ｧ9 [89 897599 ｨ 5975 8 555 X 9 569875989 ﾁ575 755 r ｷ em e : e 5588997 985759 65975899 ｨ 59755 9 8575899 755999 9 7897 ｨ 5975556-9575 9 789579955 65 7 759 [9 5 ] 675-8957 9.. 98 9 8559, 95 679 99697 9 959589 795895 559799 679587 55- n 77 (8588 9 55 55859 58) 795755 759 755999 t e ' ｭrn 6 9 7 ' 7 8. ﾀ5ｨ 95 679 59898999 59 989595 ｨ 5975-5 59 78975 755997ｨ 9 8 6795879 ｨ 59-75597995879 559, 9 8797 959589 795899 85589ｨ 9 9585 ﾁ575 955. 799579 65755 ｨ 59755 675595899 95ｨ 575 869898 95 t e ' ｭrn 6 9 7 5 t ; 5 t 795755 759 89 (6755955 759 97599 ｨ 5975, 759 75899 879 9 9.6.). 79. 6575899 755999 ｨ 5975-55977 75-9 679 T ｷ 6 5559 589579958 m, 8 (5 8) 7 r, 7 8 7 98575 9 ﾁ59 CCl CH I C H 5Br - 閨58 9558 5999558 55659 795 - 閨58 9558 585 95659,, -779599659, -69599659 - 閨58 - ﾀ59 9558 95659 55659 9558 - 閨58 - ﾀ59,, -779599659 55659,78, 5,,68 7 7 7 7,78, 5,,6 5,68, 7,9,78,,, 7, 5,,78, 7 7,,,7,,,77,,6,,8,5,5 5,85,8,8 8,6,,7,6 6,,.. 75575995895 5857 955 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 5979 585979 95, 95 79 795898 65 85589 995989 59587 56595 9885599, 8 959 87599 ｨ 597567555899 9 799 9ｨ 59795 575 75998 79 8589 5555 7957, 898-7 8 8555758999 955 675595899. 655 95, 95 ｨ 597567555898 "959589" 799 9ｨ 59795 9 9 789575 5855 9579 565599, 595775 578ｨ 989 795899 75-88995 59899585-5889599587 759 996 M 6ｦ X > M X > M 6ｦz X 7z 7!k 7 a M 6ｦz 6ｦ X 7z : ｭ6 9 8588 X 55 ｨ 5975556957, 55 5855 795899, M X 55977 5658 [9], M 6ｦz X 7z 959 67 [, ], M 6ｦz, X 7z 85575 957, z 879555 985 955, 89855 8 5995 879 955 e i 85595595 e i ｷ ez, 5 e 879 67595. 縺9599, 95 87575 9957975 957 59 95 87ｨ 9 55977 56585 [5], 55 55 955 675 [6]. 6585 55699 [] 55977 5658 5675595989 675579555 85895995 57 955 675 9 85579 559, 8988 57 595779 55975 56585 58558995989 879 98-65789579 899. 7597567555898 799 9ｨ 59795 56987-5989 955795 87 ｨ 5975995, ｨ 86579598-75 9 95575995895 5857 59575 79 787597 6575 65595 67555 5 [ 5 6] (58959958-55 9857595 8. [, ]). ﾀ7575 5 657599 5857 5857 655759, 5895 8598 59 679997 9957975 558599. 5 ﾁ989585 9957975 58ｨ ｨ 597567555898 558ｨ 9 s [ 5 8, 7, 5] 99 l [6]; 99585 55 986588ｨ 9 659995 ｨ 9595 675595899, 5675-5955 595595 s=c, 5 c 559799 78957955 859. 7959ｨ 675595898 55-8ｨ 9 l [] 99 L [6]. ﾀ79 655 9885999 ｨ 597599 ｨ 9599 675595898 67565795-8 8755 65975899 655799587 9 5979-9587 955. 6585 7859 ｨ 589799 [8], 9855 [9], 9557 655, 縺8575 9 95885 [, ], 89895898 65975899 95 m 59 955 559799 n [] 9559 9 p 7 7 m i ｷ m i 7 b i n ; ｭ56 9 zi e b i ｷ 6pZ 6ｦ z z e s 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ez i q p pek B Tr i 6ｦ 7 7 e ; ｭ66 9 q ek B T q ｷ zz z 6ｦ z m 6ｦ m m z 6ｦ m z ; r i ｷ 6pR i Z ; 5 z i 879575 98 955 ｭi ｷ ; 6 9, Z 995-89 985898 789579959, m i 65975898 i-5 59555 95 9895 795899, 56755959 ﾁ575 77598 () 65 ｨ 5799 9999 985-899, R i ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 798 95 i-5 8579. 795 85595595 658759, 95 959 958 ﾁ57 58-59 8575898 97599 95 5 55 ｨ 5979585 655 579 9 8757 9 ﾁ579585 9 758955 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 [, 8]. ﾀ5975898 59555 95 8579 i 559579-9585 569875989 559 95 8 ﾁ5795855 79 7985 R i, 9755589 985 8655 8755. 5 ｨ 95 85 8958585 67997599 65-975898 569875989 777595 m i ｷ zie 6pR i Z : ｭ76 9 957 (5) 6585959 56755998 87 ｨ 5975-99 85675595ｨ 795898, 59575 959 958 ﾁ57 5 9959 97595 95: p 7 7 b i n 5 : ｭ86 9 m i

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 55 67957, 9 978 ﾁ5795755 8 679 R i A, Z ｷ ; ﾀ, e ｷ ;e, T ｷ 679 6755-95899 s 7 縺 7 7 9 558797 95 75 65975899 8 595 s ｷ em i n 955 m i ; 75 8 (5 8) 7 p 7 7, b i n =mi 7 5. 75 5898 96855 99697 675595895 799 9ｨ 5979-5 799579 (8) 76595989. 79 5785, 799 9ｨ 5979 567559ｨ - 5ｨ 758 97ｨ 9 6775 89558999, 67959595 57859ｨ 957 67 9 56587 955 [, ]. 755799 677 8955899 795899 7 78759 65589 [7] 9 585 5655-99 5 95, 95 8575899 98859955-7559- 957 6755885 955 99997ｨ 989 9 ﾁ ﾁ895 9 9795 955 ｨ 5979585 655. 9 75 7 7985 8575898 755999 a 59787 5-65595 [, 7]: a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9R ; ｭ96 9 5 D, D 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 9 ﾁ ﾁ899, R 8 8759 7985 55 75595. 69 879757 75595 65 659 758899 [] a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B 7 exp ｭ 7`B=R 6 9 : ｭ6 9 8588 `B ｷ r B, 5 r B 798 955 677, 5675595-7 8585 55699 65555 5 8577 [, ] r B ｷ ee 8pek B T : ｭ6 9 5 ﾁ575 () e, e 8797 955, e 85ｨ 99 9ｨ 5979589 675955898 8757, k B 6589599 58, T 85ｨ 99 9565797. 55 9598, 95 ﾁ57 () 6575599 (9) 679 r B!. 5777595 9 58997 8575899 9885999 k 957 67 58 59 9999 555 ｨ 59795855 659 869875989 95 [9, 5] ｭ rb `B k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B exp r dr 7 7 R r ｭr B 7 R 6 9 : ｭ6 9 5 85 7 957 7985 ｭR 5 r B 6 9 8 595 89695995855 67589599 ｭ = exp s ds ｷ d exp 6ｦ O ｭd 6 9 ; d 5 ; d s d ｭ6 9 655 k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B R exp 7 ; d ｷ R : ｭ6 9 d r B 縺95595 a =k 87ｨ 9 58995 885999 9 558ｨ 9 K ｷ K acc [, 5]. 9865889 () 9 (), 9 89 5589 955 ｭd ｷ R =r B 5 6 9 8695 99585 67555 () 8 ﾁ575 8577 []. ﾀ5-59 89999 9969 ﾁ989585 999 9 898 8 78979 679975999. 7, 589 985998 98 55699 5997 957 67, 95 5955 8999-899589 8 575 65998 777595 9 K acc, 65 85589 856ｨ 555 8 ﾁ575 6 (8., 67957, [5] ﾁ577 (8.) 9 (8.5)). 659, 95 ﾁ577 () 9 () 6557 9599589 5955 655-855, 7857 955 677 5675595989 8585 55699 65555 5 8577. 59995 555 ｨ 59795855 659 6755887 755999 955 9 9885999 957 67 65775 7885975 縺857 [6]. 9865889 595 655-855 7 55699 957 67 65555 5 8577 9 6756557599 5899 78575 955, 5 58, 95 8575898 755999 5 89899 59 679755899 555 659 E 9 5675595989 a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B ｷ em 6ｦ e m e ; ｭ66 9 5 m i 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 65975899 955, 89875 8 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99599 9 ﾁ ﾁ899 85595595 795 k B T=e i ｷ D i =m i. 957 (6) 8559 98 () 679 r B =R 9 655 65775 7555 679 98855-99 ｨ 597567555899 6597 8 [5, 5]. 6575898 9885999 65 縺857 5 k ｷ k F ｭ p6 9 ; F ｭ p6 9 ｷ I ｭp6 9 p ; p ｷ ee ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9E = : k B T pe ｭm e 6ｦ m e 6 9 ｭ76 9 99ｨ F ｭ p6 9 87ｨ 9 ﾁ9575 縺857, I ｭs6 9, s ｷ p, 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ99 58859 65755 6579, 56755959 795 I ｭs6 9 ｷ X n ｷ ｭs=6 9 6ｦn n! ｭn 6ｦ 6 9! : 999 F ｭ p6 9 5 5755989 599 9 55955 5878959 8 59595 759, 95 895958-8959 5 657599 8575899 9885999 957 67 ｨ 5979585 655. 7, 565977 795899 ｭe ' e 6 9 9 5587957 955 679 595 95657975 (T ｷ ) 8799585 5589 659 ｭE ｷ 5 8 7 6 9 955 p ｷ, 8987 659 ｭE ｷ 5 8 7 6 9 p ｷ. 5 65855 85 575 6557998 F ｭ p6 9 ｷ ｭpp 6 9 7= exp p : 縺98ｨ 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 98859-99 9559 9559ｨ ｨ 8655985 7589. 6 59595 559799 957 67 (6579 75 7 9 75 [5]) 58575 578595 957 97595 8585 7599 K ｷ a k ｷ pr B d exp d ; d ｷ R r B : ｭ56 9 79 ﾁ57 5995989 59 985895 ﾁ577 9588 [6] 579955 R =`B 9 85659 89695- A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ; k 6ｦ a 7 7 k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7 6ｦ B 7! B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ86 9

56.9. ｧ9 [89 ﾀ75595898, 856755759 578595 957 97595 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7, 87ｨ 9 585 []. 755979 955799 7859 58997 755899 K 759 (8), 787599 95885 9 7885 [], 585 85ｨ 59 6557599. 6995989, 95 555 "75895" 955 677 A 6ｦ B 7 8 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 78575 a 5759 8555 9797598 95 B 7 (95 A 6ｦ, 5 9 5675555899 8995 8557 5979-9587 95 B 7 ). 5 75585 85895999 7867555-95 8557 955 555 955 677 78595 599 565 5675595989 ﾁ9575 58 n i ｷ n exp 7 U ; k B T 5 n 87599 75589 6595898 955 B 7 ( 599 565); U 6595989 ｨ 5799 895-58999 955 677 9 85555 95, 56755959 9585 ｨ 59758999589 89558995: U ｷ e pe r 7 r ; r ｷ ｭa 6ｦ r 6ｦ ar cos c6 9 = ; 5 r ｭr 6 9 78895995 57 8987 955 A 6ｦ (8987 B 7 ) 9 8557 955 B 7, c 5 57 67595 9659 955 675 9 59575, 85599ｨ 59 8987 9 8557 597995875 957 B 7. ﾀ79 c ｷ 957 78979ｨ 989 79 658559585899 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7. 9588 9 788 [,, 6] ｨ 9 85ｨ 555 7775-95 9 58997 885999 957 97595: K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｷ p ｭ rd a exp 7 U r dr ; k B T ｭ96 9 5 r d 7857 9555 9759, 56755957 95 ｨ 8975 7985 ﾁ99 786755599 679 c ｷ : d dr r exp 7 U ｷ : k B T ｭ6 9 957 (9) 6756559, 95 9759 957 ｭc ｷ 6 9, 9.5. 679 67997599 597995855 95 B 7 955 675 A 6ｦ B 7 85 979 95 78979ｨ 989 79. 975 58599 95995855 655 7 6575, 95 59 ﾁ999 5795999 955 677 67555 a 5 r d 975 679599 8969599585 77759ｨ 9 K, 795ｨ 55 98 (9). 655, 85595595 (9) 6555 6756557599 "75895899" 955 677. 789 75 89998, 95 957 675 9 8557 95 895589ｨ 9 9585 65875895 ｨ 597589995-89 89, 95 6557 655 555 85 995989 6759957597, 9 95ｨ 67 5889 89998 75895 8985. 縺595, 7 655 567 9 89 5659755 789579959, 5 R 5 r B. 658999585, 7989 ﾁ99 786755599 955 955 675 675657958 exp ｭr B =r6 9, 59 95, 95 9555 575995 59955 7865-57595 955, 9.5. 679 r R. 5 ｨ 95 85 9957 (9) 575 798998 6799755: K ｷ ;6pr B d exp d ; d R r B : ｭ6 9 98 (5) 9 () 8559, 95 K ｷ ; exp 7 5 : K d 6585 ｨ 95 8559559ｨ 679 7857 955 R 5 r B 5899 885999 957 67 899585 585 58997 885999 957 97595. 979 859, 575995898 786 957 9759-5 899585 585 575995899 786 957 67, 95 995989 858995 85899 95-965855 89558999 65 8759ｨ 8 95-957. 5 8989 8 ｨ 99 58959958895 5 679998 5 995 755-99575 7599, 585575 8987 95-957 89558995 [9, 5]: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ6 9 859 ｨ 99 759 679599 8ｨ 599, 58585 599ｨ 5989 59 955799 9588 5 788. 5885979 ｨ 95 555 65755, 959 9 67575 855 9995 6755885 (8), () 95ｨ ｨ 5975675-55898 799 9ｨ 5979. 985895, 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-959 ｨ 597567555899 s ｷ e X z i m i n i ; ｭ6 9 i 5 8 575989 65 85 996 955, n i 9 5659 559799, 6795 8599 958 i ｷ 7 855959-89ｨ 9 95 A 6ｦ, B 7, A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7. 5 7558-5 85895999 559799 567559ｨ 989 85 98 757ｨ 5989 9 9858ｨ 59 955 7599 (8), (8) 9 (): k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 6ｦ n 7 a 6ｦ n N 7 a 6ｦ n n ｷ ; k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 7 n 7 a 7 n N 7 a 7 n n ｷ ; a 6ｦ n N 7 k 6ｦ n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; a 7 n N 7 k 7 n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; 5 N 559799 957 67 A 6ｦ B 7. 658995 ｨ 99 759 99ｨ 989 7589 K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｭ6 9 ｭ56 9 ｭ66 9 ｭ76 9 ; n ｷ n ; n ｷ n : ｭ86 9 8588 K 5899 885999 759 (8). 8 887 957 565595 8 595 6585-9 8559559 59 87ｨ 555 7595 N ｷ N 7 n 7 n ; ｭ96 9 5 N 89 559799 957 67 A 6ｦ B 7, 679 59575 598989ｨ 9 55957 9 9575 97599. 87599 (), (5) 65859ｨ 9 558598 89695-999 (5), (6) (8. 975). 7, 679 5 559799 957 67 ｭK N 5 6 9 8 595, 95 n ｷ n ｷ n, 98 (), (5) 655 7955 7595 595899585 5-59799 55955: K n 6ｦ n 7 N ｷ ; K ｷ a k ;

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 57 75595 595755 679 K N 5 7775989 n ｷ N, 95 8959588959 5 655 9885999 957 67. 5 75 675585 85 K N 5, K N ｨ - 5989 89 9885999 957 p 67 9 559799 955 5675595989 n ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 N =K. 55, 85 K N, 5 679 67598585 K N 95ｨ 9 5895 89 9885999 957 67 9 5899589 5-59799 97595 65 8759ｨ 8 559795 957 67: x ｷ n N 5 ; x ｷ n N 5 : ｭ6 9 98 59775 759 () 5 (7) 589897 9585 7599 (), (6), 595775 855895 8 (9) 6799-7599 () 95ｨ 9 75595 x ｷ K N 6ｦ a6ｦ 6ｦ a 7 a K N 6ｦ a 7= ｭK N 6 9 ; ｭ6 9 a x ｷ K N x ; K ｷ a : ｭ6 9 k 9865889 (), (), 98 () 655 85ｨ 555 777595 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 679 999 56585578599 9 85 9885999 957 67: s ｷ e m 6ｦ m 6ｦ ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9K N x N : ｭ6 9 縺9599, 95 955799 9588 5 788 [] ｨ 9-599 675595898 5675595989 89895898ｨ l ｷ s C N = 6ｦ C N 7= : N 8559 98 (), 59 7559957 895-5899 () 679599 555 8575 89895899 l 59 N. 縺9599 975, 95 ﾁ57 () 86759 679 67598585 8599 675985599 K N (5 5 895659 9885999 957 67!), 55 8595 85959955 89595899 (8. 975) 59 579595 K N <... 78657959875 9885599 ｨ 597567555899 78957 799 9ｨ 59795 縺857 ｨ 865795987 759 65 675575 9 ﾁ579-5855 9 7589555 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ595 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 59 87 78957 ｨ 5975995 ( 6795, 57 8 675595898ｨ 75 7 7 縺 7 8 7 ) 557- ﾁ99 [] 9 889585 7595 縺857 [6]. 5 79 759 9857595 5 5855899588 65 58955 855. 69 98ｨ 599 755 75 6795-988 96889 65 785558955 6797599 99585898ｨ 76 8 (575 8 65558ｨ 7879 558957). 5 857557 799 5895 989595 69999 986588ｨ 989 5579577 9688-55 6797599, 65555 679ｨ 59 ｨ 59-75 99798957, ﾁ5797ｨ 555 557 9688 65795 569 785558955 978 ﾁ57957 8 6585ｨ 59 89595 579955 6797599 [7]. 5588997 ｨ 865795987 985759 5 799 9ｨ 59795 7999 79 55797 855-575895.. 縺8588, 95 799 9ｨ 5979 6595 6797599 ｨ 5975 58995855, 9 9 985-7599 5 589955 986588598 989599 658959- V 5 95 5 55 6797599 65 575 855 (798. ). ﾀ5ｨ 95 5 799 9ｨ 59795 6799589 85 6795-9989 679 6589597 95 [ 5, 5 5 7, 5, 6, 7, 9 5 57].. 55 59 89 ｨ 597567555898 557 789575 78555897 659 5 8585989 8 955795 縺857 [6]. 795 59599 8 957 7595 [6] (8. 75 閨59 [5, 55], 6795575 798., ). 67957, 85895 9559 5895 9 789575 I, SbCl 5 697595, 5 59898959 679 78957599 98575, SF 6 99 9795 [5, 6] (798. 5, 6).. 655895 758 5997 9598957 6755885 65575899 ｨ 59755 8799585 87 ｨ 5979589 659. ﾀ5989 658555 58959958895 555 65755, 7885975 59585 89 65977 9 565977 795895. ﾀ59775 9ｨ 59799 (9975585, 75585, 5585, 57585, 69799, 595, 869797 9 7.) 5ｨ 9 7855 895658ｨ 959885999, 65ｨ 95 75 5755 595575 795899 (5899799 6755-5 6 V 85 5 9 598.. 75979589 85 8959 9 9857599 5 9ｨ 59-79589 795895: 95589597, 985799589 95, 89555 8567599595, ｨ 59755979589 899958 65895955 95, 5 75989797ｨ 59 9 ﾁ755 589597, 6 98959 78555 6797599. s, 縺 7 8 7,5,,5,,5,,5 5 E, 5 8 7 598.. 89895898 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 59 679-755899 659 8589 % 697955 98597, 5 % ｨ 99555 86979, % 957855 8 5855 [5]. 6659 999 9557599589 799.

58.9. ｧ9 [89 7, 6,5 J, 9 8 6, 7 9 s, 縺 7 8 7 5,5 5, 6 5,5,,5 5 E, 5 8 7 598.. 89895898 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ 597567555899 59 679-755899 659 8589 % 697955 98597, 8 % ｨ 99555 86979, % 957855 8 5855 [55]. 6659 999 9557599589 799. 6 8 E, 5 8 7 598. 5. 5 789575 69759 8 78979 59: 9899 795898 579 ﾁ55 (8959 69759), 8755-9 SF 6, ppm 9795, 87559 O. 95898 7 縺 7 8 7 [6, 56]) 95595 58589 895 58899ｨ 9 675595898 5 99697 859 7 縺 7 8 7. 5 99 795899 7587-5 78997 ｨ 597575 6755887. 85575 98575-99 [7, 58] 9 9857599 5955 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 577 [59, 6, 6] 6589, 95 8987 659 67598599 ｨ 5975-99589 97599 8795, 6795 959 975-99, 6795, 899585 9958955 55. 79 5785, 75 585, 95 65977 795-899 95ｨ 9 5895 7579 ｨ 597567555899: 87 659 (E 5 8 7 ) 675595898 98859-959 8 59589 855 675595899 9 975-959 8987 659 (E 5 5 8 7 ), 5 58-59 898 955 675595899 5785989 8 859 59899585-5889599587 ｨ 59757 759. 975955 675595898ｨ 575 67998, 5-99 795898 78975 679589, 679 ｨ 95 575 898998 995895898 ｨ 5975995855 7857599 55 5855 795899 ｨ 5975 (9 875-9 ｨ 597599589 8599 795895 7558-89895- 9 [6]). 675 9957587 86585 67599 675-595898ｨ 585 986588599 955-557 57 [6]. 5 895899, 65779 59 98 ｨ 59755, 67957 95, 9959955 575, 575 5-99889 8985 965975 97599 955 6597-7 9ｨ 5979 996 9975585 99 69759 [65]. 5659775 9ｨ 59799 575 5989998 5 758-75 985 675595899 (58997975 67557 79 縺 7 8 7 []). ﾀ75595898 6579 7 縺 7 8 7 55 58995989 675895 ﾁ989795 5758 775 9 895 895975 ﾁ98977 8 6585- ｨ 55 85 ｨ 899575. 6559 5959998, 95 75 679 99 8599 675595898 565977 7958-95 899958 857957 675588 (857-99 58 9 597 675 5758 855ｨ 6557-5898) 9 589 ｨ 59755 65575899: 99ｨ 975555755895 [66 5 68], 5897 655 9 857957 855. 59995 897977 65575899 ｨ 5975 58555 8595 675995989 8987 J, 5 5 5 6 8 E, 5 8 7 598. 6. 5 789575 69759 8 78979 59: 5 ppm I, 6 ppm SbCl 5, 7 ppm I, 8 ppm I. 659 (E 5 5 8 7 ), 5 9559 5895 559 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 95. 縺875989, 95 ｨ 95 85 ｨ 59757 ｨ 9997ｨ 989 5855 8 975-555755895, 996975 78577 59577 75 959585 59659757 ｨ 5975 (ｨ 9957 99 8987 [66]) 5899ｨ 9, 65575899 6595898 975555755895 9559 65795 8 8 7. 98595 855575895 78555895 ｨ 597567555899 679 5997ｨ 55 759 55-5 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 975589795 (9 875-7 ｨ 955) 8959555 759 5675595 555 67595 78555895 ｨ 5975 ﾁ9895 [67, 68]. 585 995758 67589959 5898 67559-5899 565977 795895 96855 7 5 7 縺 7 8 7. 6 55 895757, ｨ 95 5898 85-9 675595899 9 8757 959589 9859-7ｨ 59 795895 (978 ﾁ5795755 99 9578-8 7 6 5

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 59 55 8 9 7.), 8 75 ｨ 95 5899 9555 995897 7 閨6-95599 [7, 8, 7, 9, 69 5 76]. 5 5959998, 95 98-8 6755885 ｨ 597559899 ｨ 5975-5599 575 58998 9 8 95595 7559 8959. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 65599 89987 75-88995 795898 595ｨ 9 5 675595899 7 縺 7 8 7, 895 59ｨ 9 8659875 959897ｨ 595 59 (55977 5, 9957 86979 9 7.) 5 58997599 675595899 5 6579-75 9855. ﾀ5 85589 ｨ 9 67557 5-9 ｨ 597599585 85995 65977 795895 7558-898959. 縺5 955989 9 79 8558957 58555895. ﾀ7575 855, 5595 ｨ 597559799587 679585 (8987 5989955 I, O 9 7.) 679599 899585 8959ｨ 98859955 959899 65 855 (). 695658 9885999 575 75875 98 9 8589959 x ｷ n=n 75 [9, 5], 5 n 75589 559799 655799587 (99 5979-9587) 955, N 89 559799 9885-997ｨ 55 859 (597855 5989959). 679 77 58959958895 99ｨ 989 ｨ 5975-995895 59899585-58895995875 7599 ｨ 5975, 595775 789ｨ 989 75 59589-9585 87 659 679 E 5 5 8 7 [57, 6, 69, 7]. 7, 8585 758899 759 [69, 7] 8589 978- ﾁ5795755 8 8 55977 55 659 679 E < 5 8 7 75985989 59589 675595898, 679 E ｷ 7 5 8 7 859 98859955-975- 959, 679 E 5 5 8 7 975959, 679 ｨ 95 7558 955 97599 65 95 65 75 575 65795 75 55. 5 ｨ 8657959 [6] 75 6585, 95 8589 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 75995899 55555759 (55855, 755855 9 575855) 67598599 96597-9 97599, 59575 959 97599 679575 78 75 55. 6559 5959998, 95 679 675-5599 6557 ｨ 86579595 55595 6759998 98589ｨ 795898: 98555 85 5-75 798 "8579", 9.5. 5 885757 67599 598599, 89, 55 9 67., 959897ｨ 595 59 577 798 99589 98979. 585ｨ 5-95 ｨ 99, 5555 5579, ｨ 55977 97559 67955 985895 6995 758899 985759 9 8955 95, 9577ｨ 55 558575898 65599 89987 7 65 ｨ 597567555899 785557 795895 [, 7, 8]. 7898 555 55 58959-958895, 99ｨ 555 7588997 985759 9 975, 89, 67959555 59 985759. 65-585 895 ｨ 8657959 8 789579 5 6799-5989 5 995 99589 995898 679589. 7, 7595 [69] 75 6585, 95 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 57 ｨ 5975-5785989 599 59 8 6585ｨ 55 5585 78975 85795 5 ｨ 597579 65575-8999, 679 99957 ｨ 5975 6557 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 5 ｨ 5989. 5655 58575, 95 9 87575 965975 8797575 679ｨ 597575 897977 [7, 58] 8987 8 8579579 6755889. 5588995 89895995855 98599 9999 959897ｨ 59 679585 7 閨6-95599 75 5977-995 965977 679ｨ 59757 89797 597-85 7665 98855955 [7, 58]. 58759 595-99 ﾁ5797599 965975 975955 6755-95899 65977 795899 65875895 955-557 57 6795799 57 5795799 ｨ 597589999 9 9ｨ 5979589 95795 ( 閨75-58) [57, 6, 65, 7]. 7557599589 9 ｨ 865795985 567559ｨ 59 758 59899585-5889599587 759 8 8995 59787 565595 6597-7 795899 (799 7989) 5585 [7], 565977 799 9ｨ 5979 759 [6, 6, 69]. 68595 ｨ 8657959875 9885599 5 9585 6595799 98859955-975957 598 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 59795 [7], 5 9 7999 79 555 959 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ595. 75 6585, 95 9659775 897977 59 57857-9889 9 59898995 85799 ｨ 5975, 5 679 588 5 65975899 97599757 955 65 8759ｨ 8 659758999 679587 55955, 578ｨ 5989 679 7865 957 67 [7, 75]. 6585 9857 ｨ 8657959 ｨ 99 8599 9559 5895 975 9 858595 85 897975 7 閨6-9559 [76]. 799 7588997, 975 75 65 ｨ 5975-999 789575 67959 75 5 85589599 78957 565977 795895 957 56585 [9, 5, 76]. 5 8959555 759 ｨ 9 95 87599 89 5997ｨ 55 [5, 77], 9 ｨ 95 8989 89 56758 5 98599 855575895 56585578599 799 9ｨ 5979. 89, 5 89 657 5 675555 8989599-5855 98599 56585578599 565977 799 9ｨ 5979. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 98855588 56585578595 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 5955 9997599 []. 65 8959 67955 798.. 5 5895 95 986588589 899989757 65 95 98959 95-5, 675985895 6 989999 6795 ﾁ9899 599 (995). 55 ｨ 597559795-855 899959 85-9 56599585 859589 65 95. 9855 795898ｨ 75 85755 978 ﾁ57957-55 85 79 7-75, 陦縺67 98-8. 778 ﾁ5795755 85 959585 ﾁ98975588 5758 775 9 895975 ﾁ98977 (996 ﾀ 縺55) 8 6585ｨ 55 5 5895 9 55857995 ｨ 899575, 879755 857595 CaCl. 985799589 95 9859988 98 57895, ｨ 59759 99988 5 6585675875 89875 68999 78575 5 8 57ｨ 59757 78895995 d ｷ ;5. 5757 899 5855 55 99 ﾁ ﾁ57595898ｨ 5. 855575899 ｨ 597567555899 98955 978- ﾁ5795755 8 655 85595989ｨ 9 59557 9957975 [, 5]. 7985 7 679557 657-755 y5 795798999, 595775 5977ｨ 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 9759759 ｨ 59755. 98 7 ﾁ95 95, 95 ｨ 5975-67555898 95595 679575 5878959, 895 759, 955 655595 9555 77755 8987 659 (7975 5 5). 7 89875 655ｨ 855-575898 67557599 95 85 85ｨ 599 6755889: ) c 65575895 ｨ 59755 675595898ｨ, 5 85797575 65575898ｨ ｨ 5975 557 57 9 98575 896ｨ 9 ｨ 5975995895 75-99 9 8 95595 7559 9ｨ 989 (9 8759 ｨ 59755989 ｨ 59755 []); ) 56595 955 55 ｨ 5979585 855; ) 8 67557595 957 5 679 999 56587 955 (8. 975). ﾀ585 6756899 95 5758 95 95595 6595775 9857599 5 8999897ｨ 989, 9 78758 7

6.9. ｧ9 [89 j, 7 8 6,5,,5, t, 598. 7. 657-755 y5 89895899 8555 89 978 ﾁ57-95755 8: E ｷ 7;6 5 8 7, E ｷ ;5 5 8 7, E ｷ 8;5 5 8 7, E ｷ ;78 5 8 7, 5 E ｷ 5; 5 8 7. j, 7 6 8 6 5 5 5 E, 5 8 7 598. 8. 5 8555 89 978 ﾁ5795755 8. 99577 9857599 75 5 85899ｨ 9 5 9. 589955. 79 855575898 5755 6758579-5989 798. 8, 5 89989 5 985775 8655 995. 7597567555898 789575 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55977 55 9857988 679 99975-99 87557 789575 8 65558ｨ 975ｨ 7599. 559799 55 5 I 87555 789575 978 ﾁ5795755 8 85899 ; 8 8 7, 565 69 v ｷ ;78 8, 985 55 65 N k ｷ 7;5 6. 縺759 7588995 985759 585589988 85ｨ 59 5785. 縺589 5758 i 557 85799 985759 9 8559598955 5758 k i 595895 658, U i ｷ x i U, J i ｷ y i J 6797595 9 657 95 (J ｷ 77, U ｷ 7 5 57 559; x i, y i 65899 679575). 85855 8567599595 s i 9 559799 5 c i 567559988 65 85595599 s i ｷ s y i x i ; s ｷ Jd SU ｷ ;6 7 Om 7 sm 7 ; c i ｷ kin k ; v i 5 S 6558 ｨ 5975, v i ｷ V 6ｦ iv 565 795899 955 (V ｷ 6;88 8 87 565 98955 978 ﾁ5795755 8). 5588997 985759 55 6795899 9579 s i ｷ ｭs i =s 6 9, a i ｷ ｭl i =l6 9, l i ｷ s i =c i, l ｷ s V =N k, 5 p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 b i ｷ s i c =c i, 5 c ｷ ;8 5 8 7 559799 5 795899 679 5599 55 69: 8559 98 (7), (8), 9 56755599 5899 755899 K, K 55595 9598 9 ﾁ579ｨ 5 599 8795 955 9 9 65975899. 5 ｨ 95 8989 987 8959989 56758 5 9857599 65975895 955 799 9ｨ 5979. 675 5 65975899 955 565977 799 9ｨ 5979 588 6759957597. ﾀ5755 ｨ 959 56758 5875989 557 ﾁ99 [] 9 58575 [5]. 95 98 9., 65975898 955 89899 5 9585 59 75 795899, 5 9 59 86585 9 55797599 795899, 6795 5 8558955 7895989 65 7 787 9575. 89, 78758 ｨ 865k i......,5 5 5 s i...... 6 5 6 78 6 8 a i...... 6 6,,,,6,,95,9 b i...... 6 9,,,5 69755 5579, 65 ｨ 9597 8567599595 8559 65998 595595 s i =N i, 5 N i 5597-99 957 67, 578ｨ 5989 7599 I M > M 6ｦ I 7 : ｭ6 9 8588 55 5855 795899. 75 N i ｷ K c i, 5 K 5899 755899 7599 (), 5957ｨ 5 56755998. ﾀ795575 75 5585 5755 858ｨ 989 8 8555758999 ｨ 597567555899, 5855-5 565599 759 (), (8), 9.5. 55959 9 9579 56589. 795 55 65898, 759 979 8969599589 6755: ) 5898 5 559799 679589 ｭN i K < 6 9: s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9N i ; ｭ56 9 ) 5898 55955 675595899 ｭN i K, N i K 5 6 9: r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 N i s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9 ; ｭ66 9 K ) 5898 855 675595899 55959 9 9579 97599 ｭN i K 6 9, 59575 67559-5898 5675595989 855955999 (), (). 95785 98 (), () 8559, 95 575 78859-7598 8 N i K, 5 ｨ 9599 67559-5898 7599 8969599 s i =N i ｷ const. 縺5 ｨ 8657959 7598598 9ｨ 8999ｨ 6755-995, 9 679 N i K > 9559 5895 8595995-9 589595898 (8. 785.6). 6799 85595599 (5), (6) 8 79 98575-9, 575 9598, 95 679 5599 55 69 675595898 5675595989 89695995 (5): s i ｷ ;6l ｷ e ｭm c 6ｦ m 6 9K ; ｭ76 9 i 679 5599 658 89695995 (6): s i 7 7 7 p c ｷ ;s r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 K p ｷ e ｭm i c 6ｦ m 6 9 : ｭ86 9 K

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 6 79. ﾀ5975898 655799587 m 6ｦ 9 59799587 m 7 955 565977 795899, 7 8 (5 8) 7 ｧ95898 595 55799 955 55955855 5595 9957-97 9595ｨ 98899 9957-97 559 ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 9957-97 69885999 957 67 9957-97 - 閨58, 9, 9, 5,5 6 m 6ｦ m 7 m 7 m 7 m 6ｦ m 7 8,7 5,8 6,8 8,5 5,5 5 [78] [79] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [85] [85] [85] [86] 7,5,5 - 閨58 6,6, [8] [87], [9] - 縺9 5,,9 [8] 7 [89] [9] -5,8 [8] -65,7,5 [8] [89], [9] 585,5 [88] 5 5 [96] CCl,6,9 [96] 6958, [95] [87] [88] [89] [9] [9] [9] 5,5,5 6 5 8 [9] [9] [9] [95] 7595855 978 ﾁ57-95755 85 ; 55957 795987 7588995 5759 798 5855, 5-6577, 858995 955, 59579 89899 59 859 578599 955 795899, 9, 5-9577, 9759-9585 589595898ｨ 9555 5 [9]. ﾀ5859 ﾁ957 995989, 657, 75ｨ 59, 9 97599589 589595898 9555 ﾁ759 5585 895 ﾁ98975989 ｨ 8657959 9 5759 75 9798598 795898 [7]. 5 7595 [7] 9857988 65975898 955 87 78957 978 ﾁ5795755 8 8 55 5955 7559 67559 955 57. 65 8959 6795-5 798. 9. 799579 85589599 955 57 679 5655 9885999 957 67 ｨ 95 7595 9 7775989 sd 5 ; ｭ96 9 ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9eE 5 E ｷ U=d 679755898 555 659 955, s 9855899 59589 675595898. 7 75 9 [95, 96], 7595 [7] ｨ 9 69 657-755 y 79579899 9 595758999 55 85 7555 67559 955 57 (8. 798. 8 9 798. ). ﾀ5 6557 7, 65975898 95 9895 978 ﾁ579575 85 8589959 76 8 (5 8) 7. 5 ｨ 99 9857599 65957955898 7588995 5 ｨ - 88. 89, ｨ 95 575 5698998 9 ﾁ9579. 55-6577, 59555 75 97599-585 589595898ｨ 795899 9, 5-9577, 5555 5579, 555855 9957675995 89 95555 69 7559 67557599 955 57. 655 95, 95 89 95 657-755o 795 5759 798 5855 ｨ 597579 67558-89. ﾀ5ｨ 95 9 65599 577 7588995 9857599 8559 6755998 96887 659 [], 6795 99585898 9688 57 798 89-8 V 95 V R 66 9 R 縺8 ﾀ 75 598. 9. 65 8959 9 9857599 957 5: V, V 5895977, 9 985799589 95, 縺8 5657957 899958, ﾀ 555-9 ﾁ755 6755785958, R 66 9, R 859955 8567599595. j, 78 8 7 6 t t, 598.. 657-755a 9 79579899 78957 978 ﾁ57957-55 8 8 55 679 55 55 9 99955 955 679 E ｷ ;7 5 8 7. ﾀ75595898 78957 955 895 5 s ｷ 7 7 縺 7 8 7.

6.9. ｧ9 [89 79. 855575899 985599 ｨ 5975 ﾁ989589 675975 799 9ｨ 59795 89895899 59 9 65979855899 79579899 585 6 6H 6 5585 6 6H 5I 9957 86979 CH (CH ) OH 595 (CH ) CO 9975585 C 6H 5NO 778 ﾁ5795755 85 8 55 r, 8 7 e=e r i, A r B, A d ｷ R =r B ｷ r i =r B E, 5 8 7 p, E ｷ 5 8 7 p, E ｷ 5 8 7 K, 8 K, 8,88,,7 6,5,,8 8 ;6 76 ;7 7,8 5,,5 5, 7,6,5,5 ; 75 7; 79,8 6,8, 6,7,9,,65 6,5,79 8,7,8, 6,7,6 6,,,9, 8,,8 7,,6,6,98, 6,,,8 8 6; 7 7 75 9585 585 795755 7559 56599 955 ｨ 5975 9 65979889 ｨ 6979589. ﾀ5575 7588997 985759 65859ｨ 9 75 ｨ 95 ｨ 965 98 55575 8599 58997 755-899 959899 K, 957 67 K 9 97595 K. 8559 98 7 985759, 65975899 5979958-7 9 655799587 955 989 795899 95ｨ 9 9895 8599 (9. ). ﾀ7555 798599 6756557599 9 7589 9 867595899 ﾁ57-7 (7). 9865889 795798999 978 ﾁ57957-55 8 (8. 9. ), 8 595 Z ｷ ; ﾀ 7789 65975898 5758 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 798 955 R 85ｨ - 59 5785: m ｷ m ｷ m ｷ ; R 7 sm ｭB c6 9 7 : ｭ6 9 8588 9 855 8599 R 57989 8975. ﾀ58999 () (7), 9 58997 65979899 955 K ｷ 7;6 76 R : ｭ6 9 65595595 (8) 6585959 778998 K 5758 K 9 55979ｨ 5 c 679 5599 55 69: K ｷ ; : ｭ6 9 K c 85 56585578595 675995989 679 55-99 658 5. 675 5 5899 885999 K, K 9 789-7 795895 679557 9., 98 59575 95, 95 8 59595 9ｨ 5979585 675955899 (5 ﾁ989755 78575 955) 95 8 75895 7857 955 (5 ﾁ989755 e) 58997 K, K 58- ｨ 989. 795 55 65998, 9 559 89 ｨ 5799 8989 57 959 585989, 95 679599 5959ｨ 8575899 9885999 957 56585 679 6589597 8575899 755999. 5 8ｨ 595 589 955898 675557 98575-9 9 78595. 7985 87 96857 65755895 6557 95 679755895 659 (579859875 597589) 9 96857 ﾁ9-99 9857957 955 (5799875 597589). 585 9857575 589-65775 795798999 9 855959-89ｨ 595 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 ｨ 597567555899 8559-5989ｨ 9 8759 8599 87 96855. 95 85989 65755899 675557 78595 65 555 675975 R, m, K, K, K, 95 8588 67575 855 55595 599889 867595899 896-9599 (7), (8). 795 5975 8598, 9865889 65575 98575 75: 679 55 65 K N ｷ K K c ｷ ; <, 679 69 K N ｷ ｷ K K c ｷ 6;8 >. 5 6 595 (), () 98 ﾁ577 (5) 655 7-595 9 56755599 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 5595 95 ; 75 R 5 exp 5 R ｷ : 55595 ｨ 955 7599 59 55 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 55955 R ｷ A, ﾁ577 (), (), (5) 9 (6) 65859ｨ 9 55998 8599 65975899 55-955 9 5899 755899: j, 7 m ｷ ;5 76 sm ｭB c6 9 7 ; K ｷ 8;95 75 ; K ｷ 6; 7 sm ; K ｷ 6;9 75 sm : ｭ6 9 5855 ｨ 99 7 575 56755998 79995-8ｨ 55979ｨ 5, 679 59575 56585-578595 59 58798 9995 675595898. 7, 679 %-5 5 8559 6557998 K N ;, 95 N ;6 8 7. 55, 9865889 8988 N ｷ K c i, 655 c i ;8 7 8 7, 9.5. 5 6 8 6 E, 5 8 7 598.. 縺5 65755899 679 9857599 5.

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 6. 9599 56585578599 799 9ｨ 5979 6 986588595 5857 655759 95999 75-9 78957 [7] 7595 [98] 9557599589 98 6755885 56585578599 78957 799 9ｨ 59795. 8588 7 795 98579 757 ｨ 955 98 9 67955 55 759 56585578599 7587 89999. 98859 675588 56585578599, 5 579998 995 55 85589555 58959958-895, 955 75898 59 555899 7857 955 679 78595 5899 8575895 759. 7 75 59-988 ｨ 95, 8799 ｨ 8657959855 9 95575995-855 8599 58997 885999 957 67. 縺95-99, 95 75898 ｨ 955 5895995889 85 5858-88 988559599 [], 5, 85759ｨ, 5 85 679988 5 995 [6]. 9599589 955799 585 85ｨ 59 655-7599: ) 99997ｨ 55 8995 7599 995989 675588 897599 (599) 7597ｨ 59 899, 59577 5975975989 9 ﾁ ﾁ895 9 9795, ) 7599 67598599 65 855 89558999 595-9 899 (95, 9658) 56587 5659 (959 67, 9759 9 9..). 65875989, 95 ﾁ- 9ｨ 786755599 5895655759 899 575 675-89998 95 f n ｷ W n 7 ｭr ;... ; r n 7 6 9 f ｭr6 9, 5 W n 7 56755959 786755595 n 7 899 979 5-658, f ｭr6 9 575995898 5958995855 6557599 5955 8997 575895899 5658, 858959-555 98 n 7 899, r 5957 5958995855 6557599 5955 8997 (8 5 5975 5658). 69 ﾁ99 f ｭr6 9 5955 5595 6555 7-595 7 ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 D f 6ｦ div f ｭm 6ｦ m n 7 6 9 hf n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf n 7 i 7 m hf i ｷ : ｭ6 9 8588 D, m, F ｭD n 7 ; m n 7 ; F n 7 6 9 8559598955 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 9 ﾁ ﾁ899, 65975898 9 599 89, 5958959589 5955 8995 (5658), F n 7; 89 89558999 57 56585 9 8995. 8575 859 558ｨ 9 56579ｨ 875599 65 85 5795999 5658. 閨7975 8599 9 ﾁ99 f 85 7559-99 95ｨ 9 9 r ｷ R : f ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ56 9 85 9885999 ｭ f dv ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ66 9 V 5 V 5898, 597ｨ 59 5658, 59575 8997 899ｨ 989 89879. 58997 8575899 9885999 k 9 755999 a 86987ｨ 989 95 ｭ k ｷ i n ds ; ｭ76 9 S ｭ a ｷ 7 i n ds : S ｭ86 9 8588 i ｷ 7 ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 Hf 6ｦ f ｭm 6ｦ m n 7 6 9hF n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf i 7 m hf i 5957 595899585 6595899 6595 575995899, n 599 578 8 ﾁ575 S, 8959795 597- ｨ 55 5658. ﾀ7955 7588997 78595, 859 [98]... 9599 9885999 957 67 69 8575899 9885999 957 67 955 k ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 l B A F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ96 9 5 l B ｷ r B, F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ99 縺857 (8. ()). 5-899 A 5675595989 85595595 ｭ y ｭ S ｭy6 9 A 7 ｷ plb exp d s 6ｦ p ｭ 7 cos y6 9 I ｭs; cos y6 9s ds sin y dy ; ｭ56 9 ｭ I ｭs; cos y6 9 ｷ I ｭm 7 7 p t 6 9 exp 7 t dt ; m ｷ p cos y s ; S ｭy6 9 ｷ p 6ｦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 : 6ｦ p cos y 8588 5 y 59989 98 7599 cos y ｷ 7 p ; 67597 d ｷ d=, 5 d ｷ R =r B 567555 (5), I 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ99 58859 555 6579. 9957 (5) 575 798998 6799755 675585 85 d 5, p : A 7 ｷ plb d exp : ｭ56 9 d ﾀ79 658955 (5) (9) 655 758899 縺857 (7). 5 75 675585 85 d 5, p, 5 p d 5 9 ﾁ99 縺857 655 6567 89695995 縺857 ｭ exp p ｭx6 9 exp px F ｭ p6 9! p p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6ｦ exp ｭ 7=d 6 9 p pp p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 pp d p 7 7 = S 7 p 7 7 7 dx : x ｭ56 9 5 7595 [98] 6585, 95 655 縺857 8675-9 9585 6795599 9557 95 d!. 69 59, 5 557 78575 955, 5 d 5, ﾁ577 (5), (5) 99ｨ 989 95595 955799 縺8-57. 5 895899, 98 (5) 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 9885999 5878959 5 9 78975, ｨ 95 575 798 65 955799 縺857. 5655 58575, 95 955 ｨ 99 58959958895 569895989 7857595 955799 8 78599 [99]. 695658 5858999 555 659 6755887 9885999 p9 755999 575 56755998 675975 p ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 E=E, 5 9 55879-57 955 E ｷ e= ｭ6perB 6 9. 789 E 5 E, 95 9995 555 659 55595 99798, 679 E 5 E 9995 659 675575795 5 9 55 575 5 679998 5 995.

6.9. ｧ9 [89 59 679595899 655 縺857 9 996975 8599 675975 575 9598 98 9857 7 9., 679557 9 597 9565797 T ｷ. 98 ｨ 99 7 8559, 95 9 565977 789579955 ｭe=e 5 56 9 9 589955 8987 655 78597 縺857 5679597. 縺9599, 95 ｨ 99 7 679 798599 7985 955 67565588 856595 7985 59785 557 9 855959-89ｨ 555 5 95 (ｨ 95 995989 5585 77 67997595, 6755, 9 6756557595 5 8 ﾁ579-5899 95)... 6575898 755999 955 755799 縺857 67588759 589895898 8575899 755999 95 a 59 679755899 555 659. 859 555899 78575 955 679 p d 5 59 95 758899: a ｷ a 6ｦ exp 7 d F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ56 9 5 a 5675595989 8585 (), F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ957 縺857. 98 ｨ 955 85595599 95, 95 8987 659 8575898 755999 9559 9559ｨ 7589; 67555 9557 955 d! 8575898 755999 5 89899 59 679755899 555 659... 6575898 755999 95 9 9659 575 65898 [98], 95 9995 555 ｨ 59795-855 659 675588 9885999 9759 95ｨ 67 9 5595 9 9 75599ｨ 5675595989 675975 q ｷ p r d =r B, 5 r d 79577 8999899-589 7857 9555 9759, 56755957 s 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ed r d ｷ : ｭ56 9 pek B T 8588 d 96587 559 955 677. ﾀ758975 559 6587ｨ 9, 95 6598 5 6755-7 655 67597 q <, 65ｨ 95 6575 679975-99 9995 555 659 575 6755758. ﾀ79 755999 589955 986588598 896-9599 8755 897 89558999 57 955 9 9655 [98], 777595 9 59575 9559 9 hf ; i ｷ 7 ed L ｭx6 9 pe r r ; x ｷ de i k B T ; r ｷ r r ; ｭ556 9 5 L ｭx6 9 ｷ coth x 7 x 7 ﾁ99 755, E i ｷ ｷ e=per 655 95. ﾀ585 658959 (55) () 8 595 hf i ｷ hf i ｷ 655 575555 9 ﾁ ﾁ5759855 7595, 595755 55 9957975989. 5798599 679599 85ｨ 55 77759ｨ 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 7559-99 95 9 9659: a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d Q ; Q ｷ ｭ =d x dx sinh x ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : ｭ566 9 8588 R ik 8 7985 i-5 9 k-5 955 (957 9 899ｨ 989 89879, 8557)... 6575898 9885999 9555 9759 95ｨ 67 9 5595 ﾀ79 9885999 9759 5595 975989 8755 655 9659 985 78895999 59 55, 65ｨ 95 ｨ 95 85 55595 798998 65ｨ 875ｨ ｨ 89 89558999 57 955 9 9655. 5-8585 755895 798599 679599 85ｨ - 55 758899: k ｷ D 6ｦ D rb Q ; ｭ576 9 ｭ dd Q ｷ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ds ; ｭ586 9 d ｭ ｭ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ｷ s ds ; P ｭs6 9 ｷ f ｭs6 9 ds ; f ｭs6 9 ｷ C ｭs6 9 W ｭs; x6 9 ｷ exp C ｭs6 9 ｷ s ｭ 7 W ｭs; x6 9 s 7 d x R ｭs; x6 9 dx ; s R ｭs; x6 9 ; R ｭs; x6 9 ｷ ｭs 6ｦ d 7 s d x6 9 = ; 6 7 7 W ｭs; x6 9 dx ; d ｷ R r B ; d D ｷ rd r B ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : 9957 (58) 679 d 5 d D 5 575 798998 6799755: Q ｷ r 7 7 7 7 7 p ｭd 6ｦ d6 9 d exp : ｭ596 9 e ｭd 6ｦ d6 9d = d 8588 e ｷ ;7... 658958 ｨ 865597, d ｷ R =r B. 69 5557 7588995 65585 6795899 77-7599 9 89 955 59555 798: k ｷ D 6ｦ D r B d 77= exp K ｷ a k ｷ ;7pr B d exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; d r B ｭ66 9 : d ｭ66 9 縺799 995, 95 658555 85595595, 65555 9599589 5955, 9585 9857 579955 5995989 59 ﾁ577 (), 6555 58599 5587 6758959..5. 9599 597758797 957 56585 5977587975 9575 56587 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 59 578579889 7588995 755999 957 97595 9 8557 955, 975 957 67: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; ｭ66 9 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ66 9 5599 (6) 58557 8987 95-957 895-58995, 65ｨ 95 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 755999 a 6ｦ 9 a 7 575 99 65 ﾁ575 659 () 99 9555 ﾁ575 (5). 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 755999 a 7599 (6) 5675595989 87 9658-96587 895-

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 65 58995. 69 798599 a 575 986588598 7595 (). 58585 755895 78597 6795-99 85ｨ 55 77759ｨ : a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ; ｭ66 9 9659 k ｷ a ｷ ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd 7 K d 76 exp 7 d : ｭ696 9 r dd ｷ = d d : pek B T ｭ656 9 79 ﾁ57 679 85595989ｨ 55 56755599 r dd 5698759 8575898 786 855 995 5659 997 9659. 8588 ﾁ575 (6) 5655 579958 6579 (77,7), 67597 r dd 56755959 8999589 7857 9555 5977587955 9555 5-658, d ｭd 6 9 965875 5597 755997ｨ - 59 9655 ( 85 7599 (6) d ｷ d ). 縺9599, 95 ﾁ57 (6) 86759 9 9 755-999 997 9655. 5 ｨ 95 85 r dd ｷ ｷ ｭmm m =pk B T 6 9 =, 5 m 85ｨ 99 999 675955898 5855 8757 (67957, 795899 99 95755 95), m, m 9975 5597 9655. 5977587975 56587 59 7869889 8557 95 9 957 5658 9 5 9575 677: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ ; ｭ666 9 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ676 9 69 798599 5899 8575895 ｨ 99 759 55595 898 899989958ｨ 89797 597758-7955 5658. 5 957 955 675 8987 56599585 9 99585 8988ｨ, 9555 575995 786557595 9655 95 955 5659. 7959 75 7 5585 9557599589 [] 9 58 ｨ 865795985 679575 997 9655 997 559 []. 5 85 955, 8987 9585 ｨ 597589995899 899, 9555 57599-9 5 ﾁ9799 5675595989 8595 8985-899 ｨ 5799 8989. 縺595, ｨ 9 5 ﾁ9799 79, 67599565577 579 595755 5-9989 55659775 957. 8987 8999589 7857p 59775959 65 959 79 75 r ｷ ｭ 7 7 7 7 6 9rB, 5 r B 7857 955 677 (). 5798595 5899 8575895 759 786 597-759595 (66), (67) 555 85 67589959 5585 857ｨ 8 9, 89, 887959 595855 788597599. 69 955 96585 5659 5899 75-5899 7599 (6), (67) 575 55998 5955 9588 5 788 65 ﾁ575 (9): K ｷ p ｭ rdd R exp 7 U r B T r dr ; U ｷ 7 d d pe r ; 5 R 99855 78895995 897599 67587 9655, 78655757 55 679-5, U 9 ｨ 5799 89558999. ﾀ79 R 5 r dd 955 6799755 K p r dd d 6 exp d ; d ｷ R : ｭ686 9 r dd 9865889 85595595 a =k ｷ K, 575 798-998 5899 8575899 9885999 59775959 5 89, 9. 7,.6. 9599 955-96587 89575 5 55979757 78957 65977 795895 65977 (67957, 99555 86979 978 ﾁ57-9575 85) 58575 578595 9 8757 955-96587 89575 996 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m, 5 AB 65979 55 ( 95 985 9 959 67), m 985 65977 55. 6995989, 95 65575 897977 59 9798 ｨ 758 789999 7 閨6-9559 9 578599 8659 ﾁ9589 965977 679ｨ - 59757 89797 [7, 58]. 9599 578599 955-965855 8957 5675595989 65855-9585898ｨ 759 A 6ｦ 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; k A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; ｭ76 9 k........................... A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m 7 6ｦ AB 7! am 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m : km 8588 98555 558595 5899 759: a i, k i 8575899 755999 9 9885999 i- 7599. 69 65599 7995799 85589599 955-9- 6587 89575 5 89998, 95 9659 865-9ｨ 9 9585 657ｨ 557995ｨ 8 ﾁ57 555 95 A 6ｦ 9 9995 9655 955-96585 - 89575 6755887 9885999 9 755999 i- 7599 575 6755758. 5 ｨ 95 85 8585 (56), (6) 955 a n ｷ ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d ; ｭ76 9 k n ｷ ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 rb 7 d 77= exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; ｭ76 9 d r B 5 R 99855 78895995, p 595755 89-7ｨ 989 95 A 6ｦ 9 9658, r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 R r B ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 955-965855 8957, R 9 9659. 98 (7) 8559, 95 58997 885999 85 759 (7) 5957 9 77 58995 K, 56987-55 ﾁ575 (6). 縺589 5758 N 5597-9ｨ 96587 55 AB, n 55979ｨ 855-7 955 A 6ｦ, n i 55979ｨ 955-96587 56585 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 i. 6585 99585 95995 559799 n i 567559ｨ 989 85ｨ 55 898955 759: dn dt ｷ a nn 7 k n ; dn dt ｷ a n N 7 k n ;..................... dn m dt ｷ a m n m 7 N 7 k m n m : ｭ76 9

66.9. ｧ9 [89 98 (7) 8559, 95 795755 759 67557599 i- 7599 t i ｷ r d ｷ d 7= exp : ｭ76 9 k i D 6ｦ D i 7 d ﾀ79 99697 8599 R R 7 A, r B 6 A, D 76 8 8 7 795775 755 t i 75875 7 (t i 7 8), 65ｨ 95 ｨ 8657959 7867555-95 55979 8995989 6799589 5-55 9 89899 9585 59 895659 65755999 78957. 5 755899 98 (7) 955 n ｷ ｭK N6 9n ; n i ｷ ｭK N6 9 n i 7 ｷ ｭK N6 9 i n ; i 5 : ｭ76 9 縺98ｨ 95, 95 679 K N < 755875 559-799 955-96587 89575, 8557759 i 965-5, 7ｨ 9 65 555979585 675758899, 679 K N > 9559 5895 85959959 58959-5898. 5 ｨ 95 85 955-965875 56587 ｨ 5- ｨ 9597ｨ 9 65875 75557, 595775, 896988, 76ｨ 9 585. 995 95 85959-955 589595899 895 ｨ 5989 ｨ 86579-59, 95 585959 65ｨ 7895795898 65977 795895 565977.. 8ｨ 595 5 8ｨ 595 8 ﾁ57975 85ｨ 595 757 5555 7957.. 955989 589955 9855 67589595 5 855-575899 ｨ 59755 675595899 57 ﾁ7 565-977 875 9 8599 65755 ｨ 59755 675-595899 95ｨ.. 959 ｨ 597567555898 5759 798 559-759755 (8 859 85799 98 958 ﾁ577 98575, 57 9 7. 679585) 95 59759755, 5 5955ｨ 9 785ｨ 795898 59ｨ 9 8659-875 959897ｨ 595 59 996 559755 5, 869795 9 9.. ﾀ5859 8 9555 75 8 6799585, 9 9 8 9557599585 955 87599. 5 895899, 959899 795899 ｨ 95 85 675985-99 65 598 59899585-5889599587 759 5 8999. 5 6575 578ｨ 989 5597-75 56587 8 6585ｨ 59 ﾁ5797595 957 67 (7599 7957985989 58995 959899 K ), 5 9575 786 957 67 85575 957 (7599 7957985989 58995 885999 K ).. 縺858 8558959 758 6755885 565-85578599 955 ｨ 597567555899 799 9ｨ 59795. 7967 957 759 565855785-99 9 85595989ｨ 595 8575899 759 (98859-99 9 755999) 89757 9. 5. 98 997 95, 95 8575899 9885999 957 56585 6599ｨ 989 85 77598 k ｷ k exp ｭ 7E A =k B T 6 9, 5 E A ｨ 5799 8989 57 895589ｨ 599 565599 9985 78895999 7 59 7. 6559 5959998, 95 ｨ 95 78895995 995989 567559ｨ 59 9 798599 8575895 9885999 9 55 55595 78899798 8 595 89558999 879757 56559 8 577ｨ 55 8755 (858-999). 縺595, ｨ 95 85 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 95 899585 585 55 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59955 798 58 59 858999 (798 8557 955). 795 5759 798 67995 7857599 7859 5899 8575895 759 89998995899 5959 (679-57, 5955 8999899589 8 []) 9 95995-899 5959. 5 8959555 759 ｨ 95 58959958895 58585, 67957 589 65979899 8757 99-5989 7 ﾁ9575 7859 65975899 ｨ 59755 [], 9 9 955 []. 縺799 995 95, 95 ﾁ577 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-9595 755999 975 95ｨ 9 5 9 9 75 89797: 5899, 5759 8 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-9595 9 ﾁ ﾁ899 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ5997 7857 5658.. 58997 959899 K, 885999 957 67 K 9 957 97595 K 575 9857998 65 7 9855895 59585 675595899 679 99975-99 9ｨ 5979 55 87557 789575. 5. 5 565977 875 679 559799 957 67 N, 559579ｨ 59 8599 K N 5, ｨ 5975675-55898 58558995989 9585 55959, 679 K N 55-9 565879 959, 679 K N > 9559 5895 85959959 58959-5898 78957. 6. 95 56758 5 595 9999 555 785558955 659 98859955-7559- 9575 6755887. 655755 985, 95 955799 縺8-57 995989 57955, 9.5. 867595 67555 9557 955. ﾀ5679 8 955 557 78575 6587ｨ 9, 95 555 655 89959 8575898 755999 955 ( 955799 縺857 5-79 5. 7967 759 56585578599 9 85595989ｨ 595 9 8575899 759 5599 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 755999 a A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 8p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B D 6ｦ D rb 6575898 9885999 k d 7 exp 7 d 79577 7857 957 56585 r B ｷ e 8pek B T 7 67597 d ｷ R r B A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ;7p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D 6ｦ D rb A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n 7 6ｦ AB > A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D n 7 6ｦ D rb d 77= exp 7 d d 76 exp 7 d d 77= exp 7 d p r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 d rb R d ｷ d = r dd ｷ ｷ ｭR pek B T r B6 9 = d ｷ R r dd p r d ｷ 7 7 7 7 7 d rb R d ｷ r B r B

7. 7, ] 9 縺9 7775 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ969 6977759 67 55 655 5 9959 75599ｨ ), 8575898 9885999 9559 555 857ｨ 89895898 59 679755899 555 ｨ 59795855 659 9 85589-55 5995989 59 ﾁ957 縺857. 7. ﾀ555 67589595 5 855575899 ｨ 5975-67555899 799 9ｨ 59795 558575 58 59 5997 6755885 795 785 799 9ｨ 5979 5 ｨ 5975, 99 ﾁ5797595 5-55 ｨ 59795855 859, 9995 65575899 785 98859955-75599575 6755887 679-65575895 5899 (65875895 89 98577599 9 9..), ｨ 98899 ｨ 59755 8 9755897957 555-755895, 59899585-58895995875 6755887 9759555 996, 9 9 65 78795 955 9, 55, 9995 857957 655 ｨ 5975-7 55 57 ｨ 59755 9 955 565595. 799 567587 8959555 759 787ｨ 9 585 995758 9 585595 8 99 97559 595855 788597599. 5777ｨ 575898.7. 885 8 65558 6755599 ｨ 86579595. 559 65577 795 5999 --7955. 66985 9957977. 69 9 9989 9ｨ 59795: 5898 87 655 (.: 998998, 99). 69 9 9989 9ｨ 59795: 5898 8987 655 (.: 998998, 958). 589 9 75979589 675595898 799 9ｨ 59-795 (.: 75799, 97). Thomson J J, Thomson G P Conduction of Electricity through Gases Vol. rd ed. 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68.9. ｧ9 [89 88. Chong P, Inishi Y Tech. Rep. Osaka Univ. 55 (96) 89. Terlecki I Nature 9 7 (96) 9. Minday R M, Schmidt L D, Davis H T J. Chem. Phys. 5 (97) 9. Brignell J E, Buttle A J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 56 (97) 9. Essex V, Secker P E J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 6 (968) 9. Essex V, Secker P E J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7 (969) 9. Taylor R, House H, in Proc. of the th Intern. Conf. on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, Dublin, Ireland, July 5 ﾀ 7, 97 (Dublin: The Conference, 97) p. 95. 679 9, 5 5 ﾀ 75975999 8 (966) 96. Dikarev B et al., in Proc. of 999 IEEE th Intern. Conf. on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL'99), Nara, Japan, July ﾀ 5, 999 (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 999) p. 97. 785 759759 5759 95795 () 7 (986) 98. ｧ9 9 9 7. 98. 7855 58. 95. 9. (7) 58 () 99. Pontiga F, Castellanos A IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 86 (996). Gennes P G, Pincus P A Phys. Kondens. Mater. 89 (97). 9598 9 89 7 (97). 98 6ｨ ｨ -658 9989589 59 ( ﾀ5755 8 99855 65 75. 5 75) (.: 97, 965). Atrazhev V M, Timoshkin I V, in Proc. of 996 IEEE th Intern. Conf. on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, Rome, Italy, July 5 ﾀ 9, 996 (New York: IEEE, 996) p.. Khrapak A G, Volykhin K F, in Proc. th Intern. Conf. on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids (Rome, Italy, 996) p. 9 Ionic conductivity and complexation in liquid dielectrics A.I. Zhakin Kursk State Technical University, ul. 5 Let Oktyabrya 9, 5 Kursk, Russian Federation Tel. (7-7) 56-5 9. Fax (7-7) 56-8 85 E-mail: zhakin@mail.ru Electronic and ionic conductivity in non-polar liquids is reviewed. Theoretical results on ionic complexation (ion pairs and triplets, dipole-dipole chains, ion-dipole clusters) in liquid dielectrics in an intense external electric ｨｦeld are considered, and the relation between the complexation process and ionic conductivity is discussed. Experimental results supporting the possibility of complexation are presented and compared with theoretical calculations. Onsager's theory about the effect of an intense external electric ｨｦeld on ion pair dissociation is corrected for the ｨｦnite size of ions. PACS numbers: 5.5.+v, 66..Ed, 8..Fi Bibliography references Received November, revised May

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