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1 3-2 Generation of Convection in the Magnetosphere-ionosphere Coupling System TANAKA Takashi Based on the magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I) coupling scheme, convection as a complex (compound) system is considered including the generation of plasma population regimes in the magnetosphere. To guarantee the self-consistency, the MHD simulation is adopted to analyze the problem. In these considerations, primary elements that must be set to a self-consistent configuration are convection flows in the magnetosphere and the ionosphere, filed aligned current (FAC) systems, ionospheric currents, energy conversion processes, and plasma pressure. Then, global current systems coupled with plasma population regimes are derived from the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) force balance controlling the convection. The magnetospheric model derived from this consideration is the closed magnetosphere with open cusp. Based on the convection model proposed in this paper, a suggestion is given for the substorm models in the next decade that they must develop from a modular model to a globally self-consistent model. 69
2 Convection, Field-aligned current, Dynamo, Substorm, State transition
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16 特集 宇宙天気予報特集Ⅰ 宇宙天気諸現象の研究 図 18 テーターオーロラ発生時の磁気圏構造 電離圏中の黒丸は By の磁場の根元 赤丸は By の磁場の根元 青丸は閉磁場の根元を示す 円は緯 度 60 度 70 度 80 度を示す 比較のため 図 16 右下の図を並べて示す 6.1 電離圏対流の再構築 人々がこれに無条件に支配されすぎているため 対流の励起は太陽風にアンカーされた IMF が であろう このような説明をすると矛盾をきた 磁気圏プラズマをテイル方向に引っ張り また す問題としてよく知られているのが 磁気圏対 夜間リコネクション後の磁力線が縮み プラズ 流と電離圏対流の応答時間差の問題である マを太陽方向に引っ張り返すからであると説明 Ridley et al., 1997; Khan and Cowley, 1999; Murr されることも多い これは Dungey の磁気圏が余 りに素晴らしいアイデアだったため その後の 84 通信総合研究所季報 Vol.48 No and Hughes, 2001 IMF が北向きから南向きになった時 電離圏
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22 Akasofu, S. -I., "The development of the auroral substorm", Planet. Space Sci., 12, 273, Amm, O., P. Janhunen, H. J. Opgennoorth, T. I. Pulkkinen, and A. Viljanen, "Ionospheric shear flow situation observed by the MIRACLE network, and the concept od Harang discontinuity, in Magnetospheric current systems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.227, AGU, Washington, D. C., Atkinson, G., "A magnetosphere WAGS the tail model of substorms, in Magnetospheric substorms", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., Vol. 64, edited by J. R. Kan, T. A. Potemra, S. Kokubun, and T. Iijima, p. 191, AGU, Washington D.C., Atkinson, G., and D. Hutchison, "Effect of the day night ionospheric conductivity gradient on polar cap convection flow ", J. Geophys. Res., 83, 725, Axford, W. I., and C. O. Hines, "A unifying theory of high latitude phenomena and the geomagnetic storm ", Can. J. Phys., 39, 1433, Baker, D. N., T. I. Pulkkinen, V. Angelopoulos, W. Baumjohann, and R. L. McPherron, "Neutral line model of substorms: Past results and present view ", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,975, Chapman, S. C., N. W. Watkins, R. O. Dendy, P. Helander, and G. Rowlands, "A simple avalanshe model as an analogue for magnetospheric activity", Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2397, Cowley, S. W. H., "A qualitative study of the reconnection between the Earth's magnetic field and an interplanetary field of arbitrary orientation ", Radio Sci., 8, 903, Cowley, S. W. H., "Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions: A tutorial review, in Magnetospheric current systems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.91, AGU, Washington, D. C., Crooker, N. U., "Morphology of magnetic merging at the magnetopause ", J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 1123, Crooker, N. U., J. G. Lyon, and J. A. Fedder, "MHD model merging with IMF By: Lobe cells, sunward polar cap convection, and overdraped lobes ", J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9143, Cumnock, J. A., J. R. Sharber, R. A. Heelis, M. R. Hairston, and J. D. Craven, "Evolution of the global aurora during positive IMF Bz and varying IMF By conditions ", J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17,489, Dungey, J. W., "Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones ", Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 47, Erickson, G. M., R. W. Spiro, and R. A. Wolf, "The physics of the Harang discontinuity ", J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1633, Gombosi, T. I., K. G. Powell, and B. van Leer, "Comment on Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity by Joachim Raeder ", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 13,141, Harang, L., "Polar geomagnetic storms", J. Geophys. Res., 51, 353,1946. Harel, M., R. A. Wolf, P. H. Reiff, R. W. Spiro, W. J. Burke, F. J. Rich, and M. Smiddy, "Quantitative simulation of a magnetospheric substorm, 1, Model logic and overview ", J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2217, Heppner, J. P., and N. C. Maynard, "Empirical high-latitude electric field models ", J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4467, Iijima, T., "Field-aligned currents in geospace: Substance and significance, in Magnetospheric current sys
23 tems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.107, AGU, Washington, D. C., Iijima, T., and T. A. Potemra, "The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad ", J. Geophys. Res., 81, 2165, Kamide, Y., W. Sun, and S. -I. Akasofu, "The average ionospheric electrodynamics for the different substorm phases ", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 99, Khan, H., and S. W. H. Cowley, "Observations of the response time of the high-latitude ionospheric convection to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field using EISCAT and IMP-8 data ", Annales Geophysicae, 17, 1306, Kistler, L. M., E. Mobius, W. Baumjohann, and G. Paschmann, "Pressure changes in the plasma sheet during substorm injection ", J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2973, Lockwood, M., S. W. H. Cowley, P. E. Sandholt, and U. P. Lovhaug, "Causes of plasma flow bursts and dayside auroral transients: An evaluation of two models invoking reconnection pulses and changes in the Y component of the magnetosheath field ", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7613, Lui, A. T. Y., "Current disruption in the earth's magnetosphere: Observations and models ", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13,067, Lui, A. T. Y., "Electric current approach to magnetospheric physics and the distinction between current disruption and magnetic reconnection, in Magnetospheric current systems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.31, AGU, Washington, D. C., Lyons, L. R., "A new theory for magnetospheric substorms", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19,069, Lyons, L. R., G. T. Blanchard, J. C. Samson, R. P. Lepping, T. Yamamoto, and T. Moretto, "Coordinated observation demonstrating external substorm triggering ", J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,039, Murr, D. L., and W. J. Hughes, "Reconfiguration timescales of ionospheric convection ", Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2145, Newell, P. T., and D. G. Sibeck, "By fluctuation in the magnetosheath and azimuthal flow velocity transients in the dayside ionosphere ", Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1719, Ogino, T., R. J. Walker, M. Ashour-Abdalla, and J. M. Dawson, "An MHD simulation of the effects of interplanetary magnetic field By component on the interaction of the solar wind with the earth's magnetosphere during southward interplanetary magnetic field ", J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10,029, Ohtani, S., and T. Higuchi, "Four-sheet structure of dayside field-aligned currents: Statistical study", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25,317, Parker, E. N., Newton, Maxwell, and Magnetospheric Physics, in Magnetospheric current systems, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.1, AGU, Washington, D. C., Pulkkinen, T. I., D. N. Baker, M. Wiltberger, C. Goodrich, R. E. Lopez, and J. G. Lyon, "Pseudobreakup and substorm onset: Observations and MHD simulations compared ", J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,847, Ridley, A. J., G. Lu, C. R. Clauer, and V. O. Papitashvili, "Ionospheric convection during nonsteady interplanetary magnetic field conditions ", J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14563, Ruohoniemi, J. M., and R. A. Greenwald, "Statistical patterns of high-latitude convection obtained from Goose Bay HF radar observations ", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,743, Sergeev, V. A., R. J. Pellinen, and T. I. Pulkkinen, "Steady magnetospheric convection: A review of recent results ", Space Sci. Rev., 75, 551, Siscoe, G. L., N. U. Crooker, G. M. Erickson, B. U. O. Sonnerup, K. D. Siebert, D. R. Weimer, W. W. White, and N. C. Maynard, "Global geometry of magnetospheric currents inferred from MHD simulations, in Magnetospheric current systems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.41, AGU, Washington, D. C.,
24 Song, P., and C. T. Russell, "Model of the formation of the low-latitude boundary layer for strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field ", J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1411, Sonnerup, B. U. O., "Theory of low-latitude boundary layer ", J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2017, Stern, D. P., "The origin of Birkeland current ", Rev. Geophys., 21, 125, Tanaka, T., "Generation mechanisms for magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems deduced from a three-dimensional MHD simulation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes ", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 12,057, Tanaka, T., "Configuration of the magnetosphere-ionosphere convection system under northward IMF condition with non-zero IMF By ", J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14,683, Tanaka, T., "Field-aligned current systems in the numerically simulated magnetosphere, in Magnetospheric current systems ", Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Ohtani et al., p.53, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2000a. Tanaka, T., "The state transition model of the substorm onset ", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,081, 2000b. Tanaka, T., "IMF By and auroral conductance effects on high-latitude ionospheric convection ", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,505, Troshichev, O. A., "Global dynamics of the magnetosphere for northward IMF conditions ", J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 1135, Weimer, D. R., "Models of high-latitude electric potentials derived with a least error fit of spherical harmonic coefficients ", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19,595, Yahnin, A., M. V. Malkov, V. A. Sergeev, R. J. Pellinen, O. Aulamo, S. Vennerstrom, E. Friis-Christensen, K. Lassen, C. Danielsen, J. D. Craven, C. Deehr, and L. A. Frank, "Features of steady magnetospheric convection ", J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4039,
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