0946: : : :30 UT 1004:30 UT global expansion global expansion pseudo breakup pseudo breakup 3 1: Kotzebue UT [Sh

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1 [ : ( ) ] IGY (International Geophysical Year) 2007 THEMIS NASA 20 MTI c Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI) Research Group, Japan 2 IGY [Feldstein, 1963] Akasofu [1964] Akasofu [1974] (A. T = 0) discrete aurora (B. T = 0 5 min) (C. T = 5 10 min) (D. T = min) (E. T = 30 min 1 hr) pulsating aurora (F. T = 1 2 hr) 1 Kotzebue X 1

0946:30 0952:00 1000:00 1004:30 UT 1004:30 UT global expansion global expansion

, 1996] 2 1 Kotzebue H 1004 UT global expansion poleward expansion pseudo breakup

2 0946: : : :30 UT 1004:30 UT global expansion global expansion pseudo breakup pseudo breakup 3 1: Kotzebue UT [Shiokawa et al., 1996] 2 1 Kotzebue H 1004 UT global expansion poleward expansion pseudo breakup 2 KOT: Kotzebue H negative bay positive bay Kotzebue pseudo breakup H negative bay X 2

3 3: 2 [Shiokawa et al., 1996] Pi 2 Shiokawa et al. [1996] Fig. 8 Pi 2 [Saito et al., 1976] 3.1 2: UT [Shiokawa et al., 1996] Kotzebue 3 H H negative bay positive bay substorm current wedge 4 Kotzebue negative bay Kotzebue positive bay X 3

5: 4: [Clauer and McPherron, 1974] 4 tail current wedge 3.

4 5: 4: [Clauer and McPherron, 1974] 4 tail current wedge IMF growth phase expansion phase dipolarization 5b X 4

5 recovery phase Pi MHD MagnetoHydroDynamics nm d v dt = (P th + P B ) + 1 µ 0 ( B ) B (1) n m v P th P B µ 0 B (1) 6: dipolarization outside-in inside-out 4.2 outside-in inside-out dipolarization 6 X 5

6 near earth neutral line (NENL) outside-in 6 current disruption rarefaction wave inside-out current disruption 6 7: [Shiokawa et al., 1998] Pi 2 X 6

7 8: GSM-XZ GSM-XY MLAT-MLT [Shiokawa et al., 1998] 9: a X-Z (GSM) THEMIS 5 P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 b THEMIS 5 outside-in inside-out 5.1 outside-in 7 8 [Shiokawa et al., 1998] UT 30 AMPTE y V y 7c HER 8 Pi UT 7 X 7

10: 557.7 nm [Lyons et al., 2002] NAQ negative bay 7f STJ positive bay 7g 0241 UT 4 6 Re 7i 0244 UT outside-in pseudo breakup THEMIS 9b 5 9a THEMIS outside-in Angelopoulos et al. [2008] 5.

8 10: nm [Lyons et al., 2002] NAQ negative bay 7f STJ positive bay 7g 0241 UT 4 6 Re 7i 0244 UT outside-in pseudo breakup THEMIS 9b 5 9a THEMIS outside-in Angelopoulos et al. [2008] 5.2 inside-out outside-in inside-out inside-out initial brightening outside-in , 0457, 0459 UT outside-in Re initial brightening [e.g., Samson et al., 1992; Lyons et al., 2002; Mende et al., 2003; Yago et al., 2005] X 8

9 10 Re inside-out 11 11a 11b 11c 1 1 nm d v dt = P th + j B (2) j 2 11d 11e 11f ion Weibel instability Lui et al. [1993] 11: [Shiokawa et al., 2005] X-Z y 12: AMPTE /CCE [Takahashi et al., 1987] X 9

10 Lyons et al. [1995] 6 13: Geotail [Saito et al., 2008] 12 kinetic ballooning instability Cheng and Lui [1988] E B [e.g., Cheng and Lui, 1988; Saito et al., 2008] 13 Geotail 1 Pi 2 initial brightening IMF northward turning THEMIS outside-in inside-out 10 X 10

11 Akasofu, S.-I., The development of the auroral substorm, Planet. Space Sci., 12, , Akasofu, S.-I., A study of auroral displays photographed from the DMSP-2 satellite and from the Alaska meridian chain of stations, Space Sci. Rev., 16, , Angelopoulos, V., et al., Tail reconnection triggering substorm onset, Science, 321, doi: /science , Cheng, C. Z. and A. T. Y. Lui, Kinetic ballooning instability for substorm onset and current disruption observed by AMPTE/CCE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, , Clauer, C. R. and R. L. McPherron, Mapping the local time-universal time development of magnetospheric substorms using mid-latitude magnetic observations, J. Geophys. Res., 79, , Feldstein, Y. I., The morphology of auroras and magnetic disturbances at high latitudes, Geomagn. Aeron., 3, , Lyons, L. R., A new theory for magnetospheric substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19,069 19,081, Lyons, L. R., I. O. Voronkov, E. F. Donovan, and E. Zesta, Relation of substorm breakup arc to other growth-phase auroral arcs, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi: /2002ja009317, Saito, M. H., Y. Miyashita, M. Fujimoto, I. Shinohara, Y. Saito, K. Liou, and T. Mukai, Ballooning mode waves prior to substorm-associated dipolarizations: Geotail observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi: /2008gl033269, Samson, J. C., L. R. Lyons, P. T. Newell, F. Creutzberg, and B. Xu, Proton aurora and substorm intensifications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, , Shiokawa, K., et al., Auroral observations using automatic optical instruments: Relations with multiple Pi 2 magnetic pulsations, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 48, , Shiokawa, K., et al., High-speed ion flow, substorm current wedge, and multiple Pi 2 pulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 103, , Shiokawa, K., Y. Miyashita, I. Shinohara, and A. Matsuoka, Decrease in B z prior to the dipolarization in the near-earth plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi: /2005ja011144, Takahashi, K., L. J. Zanetti, R. E. Lopez, R. W. McEntire, T. A. Potemra, and K. Yumoto, Disruption of the magnetotail current sheet observed by AMPTE/CCE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, , Yago, K., K. Shiokawa, K. Hayashi, and K. Yumoto, Auroral particles associated with a substorm brightening arc, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi: /2004gl021894, Lui, A. T. Y., P. H. Yoon, and C.-L. Chang, Quasi-linear analysis of ion Weibel instability in the earth s neutral sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 98, , Mende, S. B., C. W. Carlson, H. U. Frey, and T. J. Immel, IMAGE FUV and in situ FAST particle observations of substorm aurorae, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi: /2002ja009413, Saito, T., K. Yumoto, and Y. Koyama, Magnetic pulsation Pi 2 as a sensitive indicator of magnetospheric substorm, Planet. Space Sci., 24, , X 11

MTI-HandBook [ : ( ) ] 1 ( km) GPS ( ) GPS Kelley [1989] [2002] 18 MTI c Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI) Research Group, Japan 2 Rayl

MTI-HandBook [ : ( ) ] 1 ( km) GPS ( ) GPS Kelley [1989] [2002] 18 MTI c Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI) Research Group, Japan 2 Rayl [ : ( ) ] 1 ( 90 1000 km) GPS ( ) GPS Kelley [1989] [2002] 18 MTI c Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI) Research Group, Japan 2 Rayleigh-Taylor Rayleigh-Taylor 1 Rayleigh-Taylor g j F ( ) ( ) E 1