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1 < > (1) (Plasma Tail) ( ) ( ) ( ) (H2O) ( ) ( ) CO +, H2O + CO +, HCO +, H3O + Hale-Bopp Biermann (Biermann, 1951) Parker (Parker, 1958) ( ) field draping model Alfven (Alfven, 1957) Fig 1. HaleBopp ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), (ESA) (NASA)
2 6 ( ) (P/Halley) (Mukai et al., 1986; Neugebauer, 1990) (P/Brorsen-Metcalf) (C/Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko) (C/Austin) (C/Levy) (Saito et al., 1995) (C/Hale-Bopp) (Abe et al., 1997; Kinoshita et al., 1997) (2) (Solar Wind) (km/s) 1958 Parker (Parker, 1958) 1962 Mariner 2 (Neugebauer and Snyder, 1962) Paker 1970 ( ) ( 750km/s) (Zirker, 1977 ) Paker 30 ( 0.3 AU) Helios1,2 (Heliopause) Voyager1, swing by Ulysses - ( )
3 1994 WIND TRACE Table ( ) 50km/s 300km/s Table 1. ( (CME) ) km/s km/s 1AU ( ) km/s 1AU 1AU 10 8 cm 3 1AU 5 cm -3 R ( 1/R 2 ) 5% 10 6 K R ( 1/R) 1AU 10 5 K 10 9 km Tp Te T// T T T = 1 3 ( T_// + 2 T ), [Marsch, 1990] ( )
4 27 (Archimedes spiral Parker spiral ) (Fig 2) 45 1AU AU R R -1 Fig 2. Vp : Vp 400 km/s, : Vp 600 km/s 2 : N Np (STE ) STE
5 Fig 3 (Kojima et al. 1998) Fig 3. (1996 ; ) 2004 (3) Ludwing Biermann (1951) CO +, H 2 O + (Jockers, 1991) 80% Biermann Biermann ( ) (Field draping model) Alfven (1957) MHD(Magneto-hydrodynamics) Alfven
6 (Fig 4) Alfven Alfven field draping windsock Alfven field draping C/Kobayashi-Berger-Milon(1957 IX) (Brandt, 1982) MHD (Ogino et al., 1986) (Minami et al., 1986) ICE P/Giacobini-Zinner (Mendis et al., 1986; Slavin et al., 1986) SUISEI P/Halley (Mukai et al., 1986) Fig 4. Field draping model[alfven, 1957] ( frozen-in IMF) (a) (b) (c) (d) (Windsock~model) - windsock Brandt Rothe (1976) windsock Alfven field draping T( ) T = VSW W VSW W
7 windsock T - 1 (Kozuka et al., 1990) Abe et al. (1997) Fig 5 Fig 5. (celestial sphere) 2 (phase angle) Fig (UT) Hale-Bopp x ( ) - y ( ) x T Alfven Field draping ( ) windsock windsock 200 Hale-Bopp
8 Fig 6. windsock 800km/s 600km/s 400km/s 200km/s Disconnection Event Niedner and Brandt (1978) (Fig 7) Hale-Bopp
9 Fig 7. DE(Disconnection Event) Niedner and Brandt model Saito et al.(1986) (27 ) 2004 NEAT(C/2001Q4) LINEAR(C/2002T7) (Fig ) (Fig 8)
10 Fig 8. DE ( ) 1. Abe, S., M. Kojima, M. Tokumaru, Y. Kozuka, K. Tarusawa, and T. Soyano, Radio and Optical Observations of Plasma Tail of Comet Hale-Bopp (1995O1), Proc. 30th ISAS Lunar Planet. Symp., , Alfven, H., On the theory of comet tails, Tellus, 9, 92-96, Biermann, L., Kometenschweife und Solare Korpuskularstrahlung, Z. Astrophys., 29, , 1w Brandt, J. C., and E. D. Rothe, The wind-sock theory of comet tails, in The Study of Comets, 5. Edited by B. Donn et al., NASA SP-393, , Brandt, J. C., Observations and dynamics of plasma tails, in Comets, Edited by L. L. Wilkening, The University of Arizona Press, , Jockers, K., Ion in the coma and in the tail of comets observations and theory, in The Cometary Plasma Processes, Edited by Alan D. Johnstone, Geophysical Monograph 61, , American Geophysical Union, Kinoshita, D., Watanabe, J., Fukushima, H., Sekiguchi, T., Yamamoto, N., Abe, S., Wide Field Imaging of Ion Tail of Comet C/Hale-Bopp, Earth, Moon, and Planets., 77, 3, Kojima, M. M. Tokumaru, H. Watanabe, A. Yokobe, K. Asai, B. V. Jackson and P. L. Hick, Heliospheric tomography using interplanetary scintillation observations II -- Latitude
11 and heliocentric distance dependence of solar wind structure at 0.1-1AU, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1981, Kozuka, Y., T. Saito, I. Konno, and T. Oki, Disturbances of there cometary magnetospheres as explained by an MHD simulation, Workshop on Observations of Recent Comets (1990), edited by W. F. Huebner, J. Rahe, P. A. Wehinger, and I. Konno, , Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, Mendis, D. A., and W.-H. Ip, The ionospheres and plasma tails of comets, Space Sci. Revs., 20, , Minami, S., P. J. Baum, G. Kamin, and R. S. White, Laboratory formation of a simulated comet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, , Mukai, T., W. Miyake, T. Terasawa, M. Kitayama, and K. Hirao, Ion dynamics and distribution around comet Halley: SUISEI observation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, , Niedner, Jr., M. B., and J. C. Brandt, Interplanetary gas. XXIII. Plasma tail disconnection events in comets: Evidence for magnetic field line reconnection at interplanetary sector boundaries?, Astrophys. J., 223, , Neugebauer, M. and C. W. Snyder, Solar plasma experiment, Science, 138, 1095, Neugebauer, M., Spacecraft observations of the interaction of active comets with the solar wind, Revs. Geophys., 28, , Ogino, T., R. J. Walker, and M. Ashour-Abdalla, An MHD simulation of the interaction of the solar wind with the outflowing plasma from a comet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, , Parker, E. N., Dynamic of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 128, 664, Readhead, A. C., Interplanetary scintillation of radio sources at meter wavelengths-ii theory, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 155, 185, Saito, T., Y. Kozuka, K. Nishioka, I. Konno, M. Saito, M. Kojima, and T. Takahashi, Disturbance of cometary and Earth's magnetospheres by single solar flares,j.geophys. Res., 100, , Slavin, J. A., E. J. Smith, B. T. Tsurutani, G. L. Siscoe, D. E. Jones, and D. A. Mendis, Giacobini-Zinner Magnetotail: ICE magnetic field observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, , Zirker, J. B. (Ed.), Coronal Holes and High Speed Solar Wind Streams, Colorad Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, CO, 1977.
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[ : ( ) ] 1 1957 1958 IGY (International Geophysical Year) 2007 THEMIS NASA 20 MTI c Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI) Research Group, Japan 2 IGY [Feldstein, 1963] 75 65 Akasofu [1964] Akasofu
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