スライド 1

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1 What is Dry Toilet? 新しい Sanitation System としての Dry toilet の現状 The 2 nd International Dry Toilet Conference の報告を交えて東京大学工学系研究科環境システム研究室 1

2 参考機関 Dry Toilet Club in Finland Gesellschaft fur Technische Züsammenarbeit in Germany Composting Toilet World 2

3 Eco Sanitation とは? Conventional 従来型下水道施設と異なり 水使用を抑え 循環利用を目指すシステム 特に水資源の乏しい地域や衛生施設の整備が不十分な地域 人口密度の低い地域などで有効な衛生システムと考えられる Eco-sanitation 3

4 Eco sanitation system の対象カテゴリー Solid Biowaste Faeces Urine Grey Water Rain Water Collection Treatment Use 4 GTZ Technical data sheet より

5 様々なシステムの紹介 今回説明の対象にするシステム Urine Separation Dehydration Vacuum Composting 以下のような pit system の modification 等は省く Morgan & Sei (2004) The Arborloo moves on a never ending journey leaving behind a series of fertile pits filled with a mix of human excreta, soil, wood ash and leaves etc which provide a suitable planting medium for trees when composted. Nutrients in the excreta are used by the tree to enhance its growth. 5

6 尿分離とは? 屎尿を別々に収集処理利用するシステム 尿中の窒素分を肥料として有効利用 屎から水分を分離することによる乾燥の効率性上昇 Dry Pit Early model of urine diverting squatting toilet used in China Urine diversion toilet with dual flush function Vietnamese double vault dehydrating toilet with urine diversion 6 GTZ Technical data sheet より

7 尿分離用に市販されているトイレ 7 GTZ Technical data sheet より

8 尿分離 ( 希釈 ) with dillution low dillution without dillution Urine diversion toilet with dual flush function Waterless toilet 8 GTZ Technical data sheet より

9 尿分離ー収集 貯蔵方法 Pipes and tanks may require occasional cleaning to avoid clogging of pipes and to remove accumulated sediments in tanks. Precipitation may occur to certain amount in urine pipes. However, available experiences suggest that the risk of clogging in pipes where urine is collected waterfree is smaller than in pipes from water-flushed urinals. 9 GTZ Technical data sheet より

10 尿の農業利用 Guidelines for safe use of urine and faeces recommended that urine collected from many households for reuse in agricul-ture should be stored under temperature of 4-20 C for 1-6 months depending on the types of crops. With average temperatures >20 C, 1 month of storage is generally suffcient. A general rule of thumb is to apply the urine produced by one person during one day (24 hours) to one square metre of land per growing season (crop). The urine from one person will thus be enough to fertilize m 2 of crop per year andevenupto600 m 2, if dosed to replace the phosphorus removed by the crop. 塩類蓄積の問題は? 施肥時期集中の影響は? 10

11 Dehydration Double-vault dehydration toilet in Ecuador with inclined lids to increase the solar heating effect Single-vault dehydration toilet in El Salvador: the pile of fresh faeces is regularly shifted to the rear of the chamber for drying 屎を太陽光や自然の換気により乾燥させるシステム 十分な換気システムを確保することが重要 Without urine diversion; Solid and liquid is separated at the initial stage of entering 11 GTZ Technical data sheet より

12 Dehydration system Enviro Options Brasil Ltda: 12

13 Vacuum system GTZ Technical data sheet より 五光製作所 13

14 Vacuum system( 市販品 ) 14 GTZ Technical data sheet より

15 Composting Toilet USA/Canada 15

16 Composting Toilet Envirolet composting toilet systems are designed and engineered around our unique, patented, Automatic Six- Way Aeration and evaporation process. Up to 90% of waste is water. Envirolet eliminates the liquid and the remaining 10% is converted into a clean, dry compost. To do this, Envirolet perates in conjunction with natural microbe action while dual fans continuously circulate a large volume of air, at a high flow rate, around a specially shaped Aeration Basket that maximizes waste surface area for better efficiency. 16

17 Composting Toilet 17

18 Composting Toilet Bed material dried coniferous tree-bark and peat Accelerator bone powder, horn shavings, crushed seaweed, composted chicken manure and bentonite clay Finland 18

19 Composting Toilet bacteria coarse peat moss and chopped hemp stalk enzyme USA/Canada 19

20 Composting Toilet 日本ではおが屑を使用し バイオトイレ と称されることが多い バイオトイレ呼称 正和電工 北海道 環境シーエスワン 新潟 サンバイオ 北九州 大央電設工業 長野 バイオセレント 東京 山佐木材 鹿児島 ミカサ 大分 コンポストトイレ呼称 エコライフクリエイト 愛知 コスモエース工業 東京 20

21 どこに適用すべきか? 北欧などでの取り組みがさかんなのは何故か? 発展途上国において導入する際に問題となることは何か? 21

22 Eco villagge in Sweden つのEco Village Urine separation Composting Toilet Double toilets for urine and feces Infiltration from Ecoby Org [ Wastewater treatment system at Understenhöjden ecovillage, Sweden 22 from GTZ Technical data sheet

23 Finland の事例 :Eco Village 9 households urine separation composting 23

24 Finland の事例 :Eco Village 24

25 Finland の事例 :Eco Village 取り組みは理念的 多くの作業を自分で行なわなければならないが その手間を厭わない理念的 motivation が存在している 全ての人に適用できるわけではない South Africa の事例 25

26 発展途上国への適用困難性 from Dry Toilet Conference Session 3 26

27 発展途上国への適用困難性 from Dry Toilet Conference Session 3 27

28 発展途上国への適用困難性 継続性を持たせるだけのシステム設計 現地住民への教育及びトレーニング が必要 from Dry Toilet Conference Session 3 Construction の不備 28

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