54 SSR PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC G PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC H PSC PSC PSC PSC I PSC J SSR SSR PSC SSR PSC PSC PSC SSR counterinsurgency SSR PSC PSC SSR P

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1 The Anarchical Society A B Security Sector Reform: SSR SSR C SSR D SSR SSR NGO E SSR SSR SSR Private Security Companies: PSC 60 PSC F PSC SSR PSC PSC PSC pp

2 54 SSR PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC G PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC H PSC PSC PSC PSC I PSC J SSR SSR PSC SSR PSC PSC PSC SSR counterinsurgency SSR PSC PSC SSR PSC PSC Private Military Companies [Firms]: PMC/PMF) Private Military Security Companies: PMSC Private Security Companies PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR PSC PSC PSC SSR SSR K SSR SSR PSC SSR PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC L PSC NGO M SSR SSR PSC SSR N SSR SSRSSR SSR SSR O SSR SSR

3 55 NATONTM-A B 2010 ANA 42ANP ANA ANP 800 SSR P NATO PSC Q PSC Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction: SIGIR W PSC PSC R PSC SSR PSC PSC PSC PSC S SSR PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR 3.1. SSR T NGO U V 60 W EU X

4 56 SSR Y Z a b c d responsibility to protect 31 SSR 32 SSR PSC SSR SSR PSC 2008 ICRC PSC International Code of Conduct for Private Security National Defense Authorization Act Uniform Code of Military Justice: UCMJ PSC Blackwater PSC International Stability Operations Association: ISOA British Association of Private Security Companies: BAPSC PSC PSC PSC

5 PSC NGO PSC NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO 38 NGO PSC NGO 39 PSC NGO NGO NGO NGO PSC ICRC NGO 40 PSC PSC NGO PSC NGO PSC PSC NGO PSC SSR SSR PSC PSC 2002 PSC 2003 Vinnell MPRI SAIC PSC SSR 41 SSR PSC Congressional Research Service ,919 8,327 PSC PSC

6 58 46 PSC 47 PSC PSC 48 SSR PSC 49 PSC DynCorp PSC 50 32, , DynCorp SSR MPRI 2000 L-3 Communications L-3 MPRI SSR PAE The African Peacekeeping Program: AFRICAPSSR the Afghanistan Corrections System Support Program: CSSP SSR PAE PKO MONUC UNOCI 53 PSC PSC PSC PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC SSR PSC PSC SSR PSC SSR PSC 2003 Vinnell 56 SSR PSC 57 DynCorp ANP Regional Training Center: RTC DynCorp 60 ANP 61 DynCorp SSR 62 6,000 1, , SSR

7 59 SSR SSR low-profile PSC Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act: MEJA 2006 PSC MEJA PSC 66 PSC MEJA PSC 69 PSC 70 PSC PSC PSC PSC 72 PSC 73 PSC 74 PSC 75 SSR PSC PSC PSC 6 PSC Corporate Social Responsibility: CSR 77 PSC CSR 78 CSR Business- Based Peacebuilding 79 PSC PSC PSC PSC 80 PSC SSRPSC PSC PSC SSR SSR PSC 81

8 60 PSC PSC 82 MEJA PSC PSC PSC NGO NGO 83 PSC PSC 84 PSC PSC PSC 85 4,800 Vinnell 86 PSC PSC 87 SSR PSC PSC 88 PSC SSR SSR PSC SSR SSR PSC SSR NGO PSC SSR PSC SSR PSC SSR SSR 89 SSR SSR SSR

9 61 SSR SSR 2009 A Bull, H. (1977), The Anarchical Society: A Study of World Order, New York: Columbia University Press, 74-94; (2010) B (2005) C (2009),(SSR), 209 D 2010 SSR SSR IPSHU No E 2008 F Musah, A. F., and Fayemi J. K. (2000), Africa in Search of Security: Mercenaries and Conflicts-an Overview, Musah A. F., and Fayemi J. K. eds., Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, London and Stirling, VA: Pluto Press; Silverstein, K. (2000), Private Warriors, London and New York: Verso, 187. G Carmola, K. (2010), Private Security Contractors and New Wars: Risk, law, and ethics, Routledge; Krahmann, E. (2010), States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security; Brooks, D. (2011), Squandering the Potential for Success: The training crunch and long-term stability, Journal of International Peace Operations, Vol.6, No.4, January- February; Doswald-Beck, L. (2007), Private military companies under international humanitarian law, in Simon Chesterman and Chia Lehnardt, From Mercenaries to Market: The rise and regulation of private military companies, Oxford University Press. H Carafano, J. J. (2008), Private Sector, Public Wars: Contractors in Combat-Afghanistan, Iraq, and Future Conflicts, CT: Praeger Security International, I Avant, D. (2005), The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, New York: Cambridge University Press, 77. J 2010 SSR nexus K L, Lilly, D. (2000), The Privatization of Peacekeeping: Prospects and Realities, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Disarmament Forum, Vol.2000, No.3. M 1994 PSC. The world may not be ready to privatize peace WFP PSC OSCE DynCorp. ECOMOG 2003 AU 2004 PSC. Durch, W. J., and Berkman, T. C. (2006), Who Should Keep the Peace?: Providing Security for Twenty-First-Century Peace Operations, Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, N Elke Krahmann, Elke. (2007), Transitional states in search of support: Private military companies and security sector reform, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., ; Salmoni, B. (2004), Iraq s unready security forces: an interim assessment, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol.8, No.3. O Chanaa, J. (2002), Security Sector Reform: Issues, Challenges and Prospects, Adelphi Paper 344, NY: Oxford University Press, 56. P Caldwell, W. B. (2011), Developing Ministries and Security Forces in Afghanistan: How NATO is securing professionalism in Afghan security forces, Journal of International Peace Operations, Vol.6, No.4, Q McLeary, op.cit. R Bandali, N. (2011), Improving Oversight of Contingency Operations: A conversation with the SIGIR, Stuart W. Bowen, Jr., Journal of International Peace Operations, Vol.6, No.6, 42. S PSC SSR Carmola (2010), op.cit., 44; Elke Krahmann, Elke. (2010), Transitional states in search of support, 98. Brooks (January- February 2011), op.cit., 30; , 214 T.

10 62 U NGO Willetts, P. (2011), Non- Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The construction of global governance, London and New York: Routledge, 162. V Lyons, G. M., and Mastanduno, M. eds. (1995), Beyond Westphalia?: State Sovereignty and International Intervention, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press; Litfin, K. T. ed. (1998), The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. W (1994),, 31. X O 1996 No.33 (1996) Y D Z Krasner, S. D. (1999), Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, NJ: Princeton University Press. a b. c (2007). d Barkin, S. J. (1998), The Evolution of the Constitution of Sovereignty and the Emergence of Human Rights Norms, Millennium, Vol.27, No.2, 231. (31) The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. (32). (33) International Committee of the Red Cross (August 2009), The Montreux Document: On pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for States related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflict; UN Document A/63/467-S/2008/636. (34) The International Code of Conduct (2011), The ICoC: An Industry-Led, Multi-Stakeholder Initiative, Journal of International Peace Operations, Vol.6, No.4, January- February, (35) Blackwater 17 PSC PSC Scahill, Jeremy (2007), Blackwater: The Rise of the World s Most Powerful Mercenary Army, NY: Nation Books, 3-9. Blackwater US House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Governmental Reform (2007), Private Military Contractors in Iraq: An Examination of Blackwater s Actions in Fallujah, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (36) Lindemann, M. (2007), Civilian Contractors under Military Law, Parameters, Autumn, (37) Dickinson, L. (2007) Contract as a tool for regulating private military companies, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., 223. (38) (2006), NGO. (39) NGO PSC (40) Buzatu, A. (2011), The ICoC: An Industry-Led, Multi- Stakeholder Initiative, Journal of International Peace Operations, Vol.6, No.4, (41) Rathmell, A., et al. (2005), Developing Iraq s Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority s Experience, RAND National Defense Research Institute, Report, 34. (42) United States Government Accountability Office (2005), Afghanistan Security: Efforts to Establish Army and Police Have Made Progress, but Future Plans Need to Be Better Defined, GAO , 3. (43) SSR PSC Krahmann (2010), States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security, ; Carafano (2008), op.cit., 81. (44) Schwartz M. (February 21, 2011), The Department of Defense s Use of Private Security Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background, Analysis, and Options for Congress, CRS Report, Congressional Research Service. (45) (46) (47) Schwartz (February 21, 2011), op.cit. (48) Isenberg, D. (2007) A government in search of cover: Private military companies in Iraq, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., 84. (49) Krahmann(2010), Transitional states in search of support, 95. (50) DynCorp AU AMISOM UNMIL SSR, 2006 DynCorp DynCorpthe Armed Forces of Liberia: AFL SSR. Cook, N. (2005), Liberia s Post-War Recovery, CRS Report for Congress,

11 63 Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, December 13. (51) Ibid., 94. (52) Krahmann(2010), Transitional states in search of support, 95. (53) Durch and Berkman, op.cit., 83. (54) Krahmann(2010), States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security, 207; Kinsey, C. (2009), Private Contractors and the Reconstruction of Iraq: Transforming military logistics, Routledge, Ch.5. (55) Kinsey(2009), op.cit., 37-42; Aoi, C.(2011), Legitimacy and the Use of Armed Force: Stability missions in the post-cold War era, London and New York: Routledge, ; Ucko, D. H. (2009), The New Counterinsurgency Era: Transforming the U.S. Military for Modern Wars, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 112; Isenberg (2007), op.cit., 83. (56) Wilcke, C.(2008), A Hard Place: The United States and the Creation of a New Security Apparatus in Iraq, in Gordon Peake, Eric Scheye and Alice Hills eds., Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform, London and New York: Routledge, (57) Ibid., 38. (58) Harooni, M. (August 24, 2011), Billions spent on Afghan police but brutality, corruption prevail, Reuters. (59) counterinsurgency (2008), 97 (60) Kinsey (2009), op.cit., 58. (61) Harooni, op.cit. (62) Kinsey, op.cit., 59. (63) Ibid. (64) Krahmann(2010), Transitional states in search of support, 108. (65) Krahmann(2010), Transitional states in search of support, 105. (66) Ibid. (67) Krahmann(2010), Transitional states in search of support, 109. (68) Cockayne, J. (2007), Make or buy? Principal-agent theory and the regulation of private military companies, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., (69) Carafano, op.cit., 49; Bearpark, A., and Schulz, S. (2007), The future of the market, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., (70) Bearpark and Schulz, op.cit., (71) Cockayne, op.cit., 206. (72) Office of the Inspector General, US DOD, (2004), Acquisitions: Contracts Awarded for the Coalition Provisional Authority by the Defense Contracting Command-Washington, Report No D , 24. (73) Dickinson (2010), op.cit., (74) Ibid. (75) 2003 CPA PSC PSC, CPA. Isenberg (2007), op.cit., 86. (76) (2006), (77) CSR (78) 148. (79) Sweetman, D. (2009), Business, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Contributions from the private sector to address violent conflict, London and New York: Routledge, 136. (80) Avant (2005), The Market for Force, 5. (81) Ibid., 126. (82) Ibid., 125. SSRMPRI SSR MPRI Ibid., 128. (83) Sweetman, op.cit., 12. (84) Ibid., 20. (85) Ibid., 123. (86) Ibid., (87) Avant, D. (2007), The emerging market for private military services and the problems of regulation, in Chesterman and Lehnardt, op.cit., 186. (88) Cockayne (2007), op.cit., 196. (89) Chanaa (2002), op.cit., 13.

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654†i”ð‹ä”††j Sakai Hironobu 2015 9 28 2 PKO PKO PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO PKO 9 2 9 9 PKO 9 2 2015 9 3 PKO 2015 PKO No. 654 2016 9 17 1 PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO 4 PKO 7 5 PKO 1990 1990 1999 PKO 7 robust PKO 6 2000 3 7 PKO PKO PKO