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1 2007 * Brain Drain in Ghana and Formation of an Internet Community: Internet Community formed by the Alumni of an Elite Secondary School in Ghana HIROSE Keiko Abstract The Internet has penetrated all over the world, including Africa. This new communicative practice has affected the way people are connected and the functions of community as well as its concept. Presenting an Internet community formed by a group of Ghanaian alumni of an elite secondary school residing overseas, this paper analyses how this community has been formed, functions and is related to resolving the brain-drain problem to which scant attention has been paid. This paper also focuses on the OBs Alma mater identity, a kind of educational identity formed through the OBs school life in their Alma mater, which has been strengthened in the Internet community whilethe OBs national identity has faded out. The Internet is now acting as a linkbetweenemigrated Africans and their home countries, and a new relationship between them has been constructed. * Nagoya University, Graduate School of Letters. 1
2 2 (Internet community) ( 2006: 373) 1) (Miller and Slater 2000: 1) ( Wilson and Peterson 2002; Kollock and Robert 1999) ( 2000) (Miller and Slater 2000; Wilson and Peterson 2002) 40 OECD (Carrington and Detergence 1998, 1999 ) 2) (Nkrumah)10 ( 1961: 2)
3 (St. Peter s Secondary School ) web ( ) 44.3% ( ) 2000 Web (1 : Web ) (: A ) (, 2002: i) (the Internet ) ( 2002: 347) (cyberspace) (William Gibson: 1982) (Burning Chrome)
4 4 (virtual) (real) (Wilson and Peterson 2002: ) 90 (1995 : 2) ( 2000: 51) (virtual Community) (cyber community) (online community) (network community) ( 2009: 738) CMC(Computer-Mediated Communication) CMC (Communication Community) (Delanty 2003) (Virtual Community) (Reingold 1993)
5 (Wellman and Gulia, et al.1999) (other social space) (Miller and Slater 2000: 5) (Wilson and Peterson 2002) ( Miller and Slater, et al. 2000) (2004) Perscoba Perscoba St.Peter s Secondary School Persco (Twi) ba ( , ) ( ) 40 (1998 )
6 Web Perscoba ( ) Perscoba (Eastern Region) (Kwahu South District ) ( Nkwatia) ) (The Accelerate Development Plan for Education) (Graham 1971: 179) (General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination)( ) 4) (West Africa Examination Council)1970 (Arts Course)1974 A (Business course) 1966 O (General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level Examination) ( 100%) 1987 (Ordinary level) (Advanced-level) 1987 (S.S.S.: Senior Secondary School ) 5) (1980 )
7 ) ( ) ( ) ) (University of Ghana) (University of Cape Coast) (University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana) (Mcwilliam 1975: 111) 1.4 km (house) ) Perscoba Perscoba ( ) ( ) ( )
8 8 4 (prion) 2002 (Medical Research council) ( ) 90 ( ) (2003 ) Perscoba ( ) Perscoba
9 Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba ( ) ( ) 10 Perscoba (1998.2) Perscoba () ( ) () ()
10 Perscoba Web Web Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba Web Perscoba () () ( ) () ( ) Web A K 1997 Perscoba ) Perscoba Perscoba () (55.7%) 267 (44.3%) ( %) ( %) (19 7.1%) (17 6.4%) (2.2%) (1.9%) (1.9%) 10
11 2007 (0.7%) (0.4%) Perscoba OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development : ) OECD 95.5% 4.5% () IMF( )Carrington W.J. and Detragiache Enrica(1998: 24) 61 11
12 12 OECD OECD (OECD OECD ) OECD 54% 93% Perscoba Perscoba () () () () (The Commonwealth) (British Council) Perscoba 693 Perscoba / ( ) (50.4%) 287 (48.4%) (1.2%) () (OECD OECD )) ( %) ( %) ( %) ( %) ( %) (11 3.8%) (9.1%) (9.8%) (0.3%) ( ) 80.8% () 67.4% %( ) ( 18 )
13 2007 (4) (5) 1 (0.8) 1 1 (0.7) 2 0 (0) (0.8) 1 (0.7) (1.4) 9 (7.2) (12.6) 26 /7 (5.6) (15.2) 4 (2.8) (18.2) 1 (0.8) 2 (1.4) 2 (1.6) 2 (1.4) 4 (3.2) 15 8 (5.6) 22 1 (0.8) (12.0) 1 (0.7) (15.4) 0 (0) 1 (0.7) 6 (4.8) 6 (4.2) 4(2.8) 4 (2.8) / 0 (0) 2 (1.4) 24 (19.2) (21.0) 44 4 (3.2) (30.4) 2 (1.4) (30.8) 10 (8.0) 12 (8.4) 7 (5.6) 17 4 (2.8) 19 9 (7.2) (13.6) 9 (6.3) (13.3) 1 (0.8) 6 (4.2), 3 8 (2.4) (5.6) () Perscoba (1.0) 6 51 (17.8) 4 41 (14.3) 4 86 (30.0) 4 40 (13.9) 0 11 (3.8) 93 (74.4) 121(84.6) (80.8) 3 (2.4) 11 4 (2.8) ( ) 8 (6.4) (8.8) 10 (7.0) (9.8) (9.1), 15 (12.0) 20 4 (2.8) 8 (5.6) (4.0) (16.0) 4 (2.8) (9.8) 1(0.8) (0.8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0.3) 125(100) 143 (100) (100)
14 67% (12 8 ) 12.0% ( )/2.8% ( ) (3.2/1.4) (5.6/2.8) (5.6/2.8) () (84.6%) (74.4%) Perscoba (121/214 ) Perscoba Perscoba () Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba ( / )30% ( ) (35-29 ) Perscoba ( 1979 ) Perscoba Perscoba 14
15 Perscoba ( ) Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba ( ) Perscoba Web () Perscoba () Perscoba Perscoba
16 16 (28%) Perscoba
17 Perscoba ( ) ( ) Perscoba Perscoba (15%) (13%) (28%) Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba 50 Perscoba Perscoba (20%) Perscoba ( ) Perscoba () Perscoba ( ) Perscoba ( )
18 18 Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba (31%) Perscoba Perscoba ( ) ( ) Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba ()Perscoba () () ( ) () ( ) () () ( ) ( ) ( SP ) ( ) () ( ( ) ( ) ( ) Web A
19 Perscoba Perscoba Web Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba Web ( Perscoba ) (40 ) (40 )
20 20 (40 ) ( ) ( ) ( Or maybe, I m just confused) Web Web Perscoba ( ) ( )
21 ( ) (Home coming) Perscoba Perscoba 20
22 22 Perscoba 2006 ( ) () HP( ) Perscoba () () () Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba 8 Perscoba Perscoba
23 Perscoba Perscoba Web Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba () () ()Perscoba Perscoba Perscoba ()
24 () ( ) () Perscoba Perscoba 50 Perscoba Perscoba 1) (2006 (Accra) / (cf. 78 (cedi) 2000 (20cm30cm ) ) 2) IMF Carrington W.J. and Detragiache Enrica(1998) 61 OECD % OECD % % ( ) ( ) 3) ( NGO ) ( ) 4) ( ) 5) PTA 6) ) 16 Perscoba 24
25 2007 UN 8) () 12 () ) (60 ) CARRINGTON W.J. and DETRAGIACHE Enrica 1998 How big is the Brain Drain?, In A working paper of the International Monetary Fund, International Monetary Fund. CARRINGTON W.J. and DETRAGIACHE Enrica 1999 How Extensive Is the Brain Drain?, In Finance Deve lopment, International Monetary Fund. DELANTY Gerard 2003 Virtual Community, In Community DELANTY Gerard(eds.), pp , Routledge. GRAHAM C.K The History of Education in Ghana. Frank Cass and Company Limited. MCWILLAM H.O.A. and KWAMENA-Poh M.A The development of Education in Ghana. Longman. WILSON S. M. and PETERSON L.C The Anthropology of Online Communities, Annual Review of Anthropology 22, pp FOX N. and ROBERTS C GPs in cyberspace : the sociology of a virtual community, In The Sociological Review, 47-4: KOLLOCK P. and SMITH M.A 1999 Communities in Cyberspace, In Smith, M. A. and Kollock P. (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace, Routledge, pp WELLMAN B. and GULIA M Virtual communities as communities : Net surfers don t ride alone, In Kollock P.and Smith M.A. (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace, Routledge, pp MILLER Daniel and SLATER Don 2000 The Internet. Berg. RHEINGOLD H The virtual community. A William Patrick Book. DONATH S.J Identity and deception in the virtual community, In Smith M. A. and Kollock P. (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace, Routledge, pp / 69 () pp R&D ITU 2005 ICT 2005ITU ():
26 () pp pp Web Perscoba Web ) OECD (
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