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1 Bowman 3 4 (1) 1 (2) 3 (3) (1) (2) (3)
2 (4) 21 (5) (6) (7) (4) (5) (6) (7) 398
3 European Court of Human Rights, Bowman European Convention on Human Rights, (8) 1 (9) Bowman Bowman ? (8) Bowman v. United Kingdom (1998) 26 E.H.R.R. 1. (9) 10 R (on the application of the Animal Defenders International) v. Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport[2008] UKHL 15;[2008] 1 A.C Animal Defenders International v. United Kingdom (2013) 57 E.H.R.R
4 (10) Bowman 1883 Reform Act (11) corrupt practices 1695 Treating Act 1729 Bribery Act Corrupt Practices Prevention Act (12) (10) 2015 The Electoral Commission, UK Parliamentary General Election 2015: Campaign spending report (2016) pp (11) H.F.Rawlings, Law and Electoral Process (Sweet & Maxwell, 1988) p.135. (12) See, C.O leary, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections (Oxford University Press, 1962) ch.5; L.M.Helmore, Corrupt and Illegal Practices: A General Survey and a Case Study of an Election Petition (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967) pp.18 26; E.J.Evans, Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c (Longman, 2000) pp
5 (13) Gladstone 1883 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, election agent 1880 the country Returns name (13) C.2856 (1881) pp
6 89 6 (14) (15) (16) (17) third party (14) Hansard, HC, vol.276, col.1697 (4 June 1883). (15) J.Rowbottom, Democracy Distorted: Wealth, Influence and Democratic Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010) pp (16) C.Seymour, Electoral Reform in England and Wales: the Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, (Yale University Press, 1915) p.442. (17)
7 1916 Speaker s Conference (18) 1918 Representation of the People Act 1918, (19) (20) (21) (22) 1918 (18) Cd.8463 (1917) pp.6 7. (19) Hansard, HC, vol.98, cols (24 October 1917). (20) Hansard, HC, vol.99, col.1769 (26 November 1917). (21) K.D.Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties in Britain (Cambridge University Press, 1987) pp (22) O leary, supra note 12, p
8 89 6 R v. Jones (23) Lord Bingham (24) (25) 1952 R v. Tronoh Mines Ltd (26) Tronoh Mines Ltd (27) McNair (23) Rv.Jones[1999] 2 Cr.App.R (24) Ibid., at 255. (25) 10 R v. Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, supra note 9, at [28] (Lord Bingham); at [49] (Baroness Hale). See, T.Lewis and P.Cumper, Balancing Freedom of Political Expression against Equality of Political Opportunity: the Courts and the UK Broadcasting Ban on Political Advertising [2009] P.L.89, p.96. (26) R v. Tronoh Mines Ltd[1952] 1 All E.R.697. (27) a b c 3 b 404
9 Tronoh Mines Ltd Tronoh Mines (28) (29) Bowman (28) DPP v. Luft[1977] A.C.962 (29)
10 Bowman Bowman a b c c 5 Bowman 75 1 c Bowman Phyllis Bowman Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child(SPUC) Bowman Halifax
11 (30) (31) (30) summons Bowman acquittal (31) [ ] 407
12 89 6 [33] (32) [34] (33) [35] 75 3 fairness [36] Bowman [38] right to free elections [41] 3 (34) (32) [ ] (33) (34)
13 2 1 [42] 2 2 margin of appreciation (35) [43] Bowman [44] Bowman Bowman [45] Bowman [39] Bowman Bowman (35) derogation
14 89 6 Bowman Bowman [46] Bowman total barrier 5 [47] Bowman Loizou, Baka Jambrek causes [3] [4] arms 410
15 [5] 75 single-issue groups [6] Bowman [7] 75 Bowman [8] Bowman convictions 4 6 [9] [10] [11] [12] 411
16 89 6 Loizou, Baka Jambrek 75 SirJohnFreeland Levits [2] [3] 1983 [4] [5] 75 [6][7] 75 [10] 75 [11]
17 [12] [13] Bowman Bowman [14] 75 Bowman Bowman 75 Bowman 413
18 89 6 (36) (37) 3 Tronoh Mines (38) (36) N.S.Ghaleigh, Election Spending and Freedom of Expression (1998) 57 C.L.J. 431, p.433; A.C.Geddis, Democratic Visions and Third-Party Independent Expenditures: A Comparative View (2001) 9 Tul.J.Int l & Comp.L. 5, p.77. (37) Bowman See, Rowbottom, supra note 15, pp (38) F1 B. Ecclestone F1 K.D.Ewing, The Cost of Democracy (Hart Publishing, 2007) pp.3 5 and = 414
19 Blair 2000 Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act, Electoral Commission (39) Bowman 2000 Bowman 10 2 Bowman (40) 10 strike down (41) 2000 Bowman (39) K.D.Ewing, Transparency, Accountability and Equality: The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 [2001] P.L. 542, p.542. (40) Committee on Standards in Public Life Neill (41) Cm I : The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom (1998) at [10.65]. 415
20 absolutist interpretation [10.67] Bowman [10.68] 10 Bowman [ ] level playing field Bowman [10.69] Bowman 5 10 Bowman 10 Bowman Bowman 416
21 2000 (42) registered party (43) treasurer Bowman (42) 2000 Ewing, supra note 39, pp ; N.S.Ghaleigh, Expenditure, Donations and Public Funding under the United Kingdom s Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 And Beyond? in K.D.Ewing & S.Issacharoff (eds.), Party Funding and Campaign Financing in International Perspective (Hart Publishing, 2006) pp (43)
22 89 6 (44) [4.3] [ ] [ ] (45) [10.28] [10.29] (46) (44) Cm I, at [10.64]. 500 (45) ibid., at [10.7] (46) Ewing Ewing, supra note 38, p
23 [ ] J. Straw (47) arms race (48) Lord Bassam of Brighton Parliamentary Under- Secretary of State (47) Hansard, HC, vol.342, col.34 (10 January 2000). (48) Ibid., cols
24 89 6 (49) arms (50) (51) Political Parties and Elections Act, (52) 55 (49) Hansard, HL, vol.611, col.1091 (3 April 2000). (50) Hansard, HC, vol.567, col.181 (3 September 2013). (51) See, e.g., Ewing, supra note 38, pp = (52) A 420
25 (53) Fixed-term Parliaments Act (54) (53) Hansard, HC, vol.487, cols (9 February 2009). (54)
26 (55) Transparency of Lobbying, Non-party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act (56) (57) 2000 (58) Bowman (55) R.Kelly & I.White, Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (2016) Commons Briefing papers SNO6111 (House of Commons Library) p.8. (56) Hansard, HC, vol.567, col.169 (3 September 2013). (57) Ibid., col.180. (58) Ibid., col
27 (59) (59) See, e.g., Ewing, supra note 38, p.28; B.Watt, UK Election Law: a critical examination (Glass House Press, 2006) pp ; R.Blackburn, The Electoral System in Britain (Palgrave Macmillan, 1995) pp and
28 Federal Election Campaign Act Federal Election Commission 1 Buckley v. Valeo (60) (61) 1 (62) 1 (63) (60) Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) = = = (61) Ibid., at 17. (62) Ibid., at (63) Ibid., at
29 Buckley (64) (65) (66) Lori. A. Ringhand 50 (67) (64) J.Marriott, Alarmist or Relaxed? Election Expenditure Limits and Free Speech [2005] P.L (65) See, Rowbottom, supra note 15, ch.2. (66) Marriott, supra note 64, pp (67) L.A.Ringhand, Concepts of Equality in British Election Financing Reform Proposals (2002) 22 O.J.L.S. 253, p.259. Cm. 425
30 89 6 Ringhand Ringhand equality of arms a level playing field (68) (69) Ringhand proxies (70) (71) I, at [10.28] (68) Ibid., p257. (69) Ibid., p.258. (70) Ibid., p.262. M.Linton (71) Ibid., p.263. Ringhand ibid., p
31 (72) Bowman (73) Keith. D. Ewing Ewing Ewing (72) Ewing, suora note 38, p.50 (73) Ringhand 3 Ringhand, supra note 67, p.257 Ringhand ibid., p
32 89 6 (74) Ewing Ewing cause (75) Ewing 2000 (74) Ewing, supra note 38, p.28 (75) Ibid., p
33 (76) (77) (78) (76) (77) 15 (78)
34 89 6 (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (79) 1 K.D.Ewing & J.Rowbottom, The role of spending controls: New electoral actors and new campaign techniques in K.D.Ewing, J.Rowbottom and JC.Tham(eds.), The Funding of Political Parties: Where now? (Routledge, 2012) pp (80) Cm.7329: Party finance and expenditure in the United Kingdom The Government s proposals (2008) at [3.21]-[3.32] (81) Marriott, supra note 64, p.777. (82) Ibid., p (83) Ibid., p
35 21 (84) (85) 1 (84) (85)
Title 英国ブレア政権下の貴族院改革 : 第二院の構成と機能 Author(s) 田中, 嘉彦 Citation 一橋法学, 8(1): Issue Date Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Text Version publis
Title 英国ブレア政権下の貴族院改革 : 第二院の構成と機能 Author(s) 田中, 嘉彦 Citation 一橋法学, 8(1): 221-302 Issue 2009-03 Date Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Text Version publisher URL http://doi.org/10.15057/17144 Right Hitotsubashi
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