A 36 4 B 36 4 C 2n 20 2 D E F G H 30 cm I CB Xenopus borealis Cynops pyrrhogaster Ambystoma mexicanum Pleurodeles waltl 3 2 mm 1 mm 2 Armstrong and Ma

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1 Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 1, I 1 Amphibia Gymnophiona Urodela Anura a 1983b 1 Xenopus laevis 1983 Green 2009 Xenopus Silurana tropicalis

2 A 36 4 B 36 4 C 2n 20 2 D E F G H 30 cm I CB Xenopus borealis Cynops pyrrhogaster Ambystoma mexicanum Pleurodeles waltl 3 2 mm 1 mm 2 Armstrong and Malacinski

3 Xenopus laevis Pipidae Xenopus laevis Xenopus borealis Xenopus muelleri Xenopus Silurana tropicalis 1A C n Wild-type Albino J 80 g 9 cm 50 g 7 cm2a 3A 100 L cm

4 A c b a Bd e C j i f g h k Dl m n A 100 L 70 L B

5 ac.jp/~yuge/manual.html 5 6 cm 3B hcg hCG B 10 L 15 g hcg hcg hcg ml 2000 ml hcg ml hcg ml hcg A hcg 57

6 A hcg hcg B 1.5 g L hcg 12 C hcg D hcg hcg hcg hcg MS

7 FBS 10 DeBoer DB ml 0.5 ml DB 15 ml 10 ml DB 4C 60 mm D DeBoer Moriya 1976; Cynops pyrrhogaster Cynops pyrrhogaster Cynops ensicauda Tylototriton andersoni 2 3 1G 5C D 20 5B 5E 5A 6 2C 59

8 A B U C D 11 4 E 60

9 A B 61

10 A cm cm8 7A Artemia1 L g Chiba et al cm hcg B Matsuda and Oya, G hcg ml 0.05 ml 7C 1 2 cm 2 62

11 A 100 L 60 cm B hcg hcg C hcg 1 hcg 50 D E7 8 mm 63

12 D cm 7 8 mm hcg mm 1 7E Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum cm 30 CM mm Ambystomatidae Armstrong and Malacinski Scott cm Leucistic Wild-type Melanoid Albino 1D-F eyeless cardiac short-toes University of Kentucky Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center AGSG cm cm 2B 64

14 hcg cm 5 Pleurodeles waltl Pleurodeles waltl 30 cm mm mm CB CB Captive breed Wild-type Leucistic 1H I 2D 66

15 org/ cm 1 15 cm 2 18 cm Hynobiidae 18 1 VU 9 1 Hynobius nebulosus tokyoensis Hynobius nigrescens Hynobius lichenatus Rana japonica Bufo japonicus formosus Rana porosa porosa Hyla japonica Rana catesbeiana / / / 500 3,000 mm ,500 8, , ,000 40,

16 A B 6 7 C D2 3 E 5 m 20 m F mm 10B 1 68

17 A 8 mm B 4 mm Chiba et al

18 org/ hcg hcg 1 mm 2 mm 4 mm 10A Tel Tel Tel NBRP xenobiores/iweb/xenobiores_top.html Tel hcg hcg HCG ml hcg 3 MS-222 MS-222 Tricaine 0.1 w v 1 5 M NaOH ph7.4 SS mm NaCl 0.67 mm KCl 0.34 mm Ca NO mm MgSO mm HEPES 0.01% w v kanamycin sulfate 1 M NaOH ph7.4 DeBoer DB 70

19 mm NaCl 1.30 mm KCl 0.44 mm CaCl mm HEPES 1 M NaOH ph 7.3 Armstrong JB, Malacinski GM (1989) Developmental Biology of the Axolotl. Oxford University Press, New York Chiba C, Yamada S, Tanaka H, Inae-Chiba M, Miura T, Casco- Robles M. M, Yoshikawa T, Inami W, Mizuno A, Islam MR, Han W, Yasumuro H, Matsumoto M, Takayanagi M (2012) Metamorphosis inhibition: an alternative rearing protocol for the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Zoological Science, 29: Green SL (2009) The Laboratory Xenopus sp. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2004 ProFile a 1983b Matsuda M, Oya T (1977) Induced oviposition in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster by subcutaneous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Zoological Magazine, 86: Moriya M (1976) Required salt concentration for successful fertilization of Xenopus laevis. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Ser. 6, Zoology, 20: Scott PW (1995) Axolotls Care & Breeding in captivity. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune

20 Experimental Studies on Development and Regeneration Using Amphibians: I. Rearing and Egg Collection Methods Takashi Ariizumi Abstract Amphibians were the first tetrapods to develop during the evolution of vertebrates. The developmental stages of an amphibian from an egg to an adult are similar to those seen during human development. In addition, amphibians with tails, such as newts and salamanders, have a very high capacity to regenerate and are able to recover the loss of a limb or tail within a few months. Thus, amphibians have long been used in the field of embryology as model animals to aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying vertebrate development and regeneration. Studies on development and regeneration capacity that use amphibians as animal models require that the amphibians be reared under appropriate conditions and their fertilized eggs be reliably obtained. This paper details the methods involved from procurement through rearing and breeding until egg collection for several representative species of the class Amphibia and includes the modifications made to these methods by the author. An understanding of the life history of amphibians and the selection of appropriate species for observation and experimentation will aid in designing the experimental protocols and learning materials on amphibians used as models in this study. Keywords: amphibian, development, regeneration, rearing, egg collection Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6 1 1, Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo , Japan 72

04_奥田順也.indd

04_奥田順也.indd 82016 pp. 45~58 STUDIES IN ART 8 Bulletin of Tamagawa University, College of Arts 2016 This study aimed to identify the contemporary issues considered necessary in today s keyboard harmonica instruction,